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Zeng A, Tang Q, O'Hagan E, McCaffery K, Ijaz K, Quiroz JC, Kocaballi AB, Rezazadegan D, Trivedi R, Siette J, Shaw T, Makeham M, Thiagalingam A, Chow CK, Laranjo L. Use of digital patient decision-support tools for atrial fibrillation treatments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Evid Based Med 2024:bmjebm-2023-112820. [PMID: 38950915 DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2023-112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of digital patient decision-support tools for atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment decisions in adults with AF. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluated digital patient decision-support tools for AF treatment decisions in adults with AF. INFORMATION SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus from 2005 to 2023.Risk-of-bias (RoB) assessment: We assessed RoB using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool 2 for RCTs and cluster RCT and the ROBINS-I tool for quasi-experimental studies. SYNTHESIS OF RESULTS We used random effects meta-analysis to synthesise decisional conflict and patient knowledge outcomes reported in RCTs. We performed narrative synthesis for all outcomes. The main outcomes of interest were decisional conflict and patient knowledge. RESULTS 13 articles, reporting on 11 studies (4 RCTs, 1 cluster RCT and 6 quasi-experimental) met the inclusion criteria. There were 2714 participants across all studies (2372 in RCTs), of which 26% were women and the mean age was 71 years. Socioeconomically disadvantaged groups were poorly represented in the included studies. Seven studies (n=2508) focused on non-valvular AF and the mean CHAD2DS2-VASc across studies was 3.2 and for HAS-BLED 1.9. All tools focused on decisions regarding thromboembolic stroke prevention and most enabled calculation of individualised stroke risk. Tools were heterogeneous in features and functions; four tools were patient decision aids. The readability of content was reported in one study. Meta-analyses showed a reduction in decisional conflict (4 RCTs (n=2167); standardised mean difference -0.19; 95% CI -0.30 to -0.08; p=0.001; I2=26.5%; moderate certainty evidence) corresponding to a decrease in 12.4 units on a scale of 0 to 100 (95% CI -19.5 to -5.2) and improvement in patient knowledge (2 RCTs (n=1057); risk difference 0.72, 95% CI 0.68, 0.76, p<0.001; I2=0%; low certainty evidence) favouring digital patient decision-support tools compared with usual care. Four of the 11 tools were publicly available and 3 had been implemented in healthcare delivery. CONCLUSIONS In the context of stroke prevention in AF, digital patient decision-support tools likely reduce decisional conflict and may result in little to no change in patient knowledge, compared with usual care. Future studies should leverage digital capabilities for increased personalisation and interactivity of the tools, with better consideration of health literacy and equity aspects. Additional robust trials and implementation studies are warranted. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020218025.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Zeng
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Queenie Tang
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edel O'Hagan
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirsten McCaffery
- Sydney Health Literacy Lab, School of Public Health, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kiran Ijaz
- Affective Interactions lab, School of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Juan C Quiroz
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ahmet Baki Kocaballi
- School of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dana Rezazadegan
- Department of Computing Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ritu Trivedi
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joyce Siette
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Timothy Shaw
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Meredith Makeham
- The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Aravinda Thiagalingam
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Clara K Chow
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Liliana Laranjo
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Ayo‐Ajibola O, Davis RJ, Theriault C, Lamb C, Choe D, Lin ME, Angell TE, Kwon DI. Evaluation of YouTube As A Source For Graves' Disease Information: Is High-Quality Guideline-Based Information Available? OTO Open 2024; 8:e118. [PMID: 38504881 PMCID: PMC10949313 DOI: 10.1002/oto2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To understand the quality of informational Graves' disease (GD) videos on YouTube for treatment decision-making quality and inclusion of American Thyroid Association (ATA) treatment guidelines. Study Design Cross-sectional cohort. Setting Informational YouTube videos with subject matter "Graves' Disease treatment." Method The top 50 videos based on our query were assessed using the DISCERN instrument. This validated algorithm discretely rates treatment-related information from excellent (≥4.5) to very poor (<1.9). Videos were also screened for ATA guideline inclusion. Descriptive statistics were used for cohort characterization. Univariate and multivariate linear regressions characterized factors associated with DISCERN scores. Significance was set at P < .05. Results The videos featured 57,513.43 views (SD = 162,579.25), 1054.70 likes (SD = 2329.77), and 168.80 comments (SD = 292.97). Most were patient education (52%) or patient experience (24%). A minority (40%) were made by thyroid specialists (endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, or otolaryngologists). Under half did not mention all 3 treatment modalities (44%), and 54% did not mention any ATA recommendations. Overall, videos displayed poor reliability (mean = 2.26, SD = 0.67), treatment information quality (mean = 2.29, SD = 0.75), and overall video quality (mean = 2.47, SD = 1.07). Physician videos were associated with lower likes, views, and comments (P < .001) but higher DISCERN reliability (P = .015) and overall score (P = .019). Longer videos (P = .015), patient accounts (P = .013), and patient experience (P = .002) were associated with lower scores. Conclusion The most available GD treatment content on YouTube varies significantly in the quality of medical information. This may contribute to suboptimal disease understanding, especially for patients highly engaged with online health information sources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan J. Davis
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Claire Theriault
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Christopher Lamb
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Deborah Choe
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Matthew E. Lin
- Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Trevor E. Angell
- Division of Endocrinology and DiabetesKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Daniel I. Kwon
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck SurgeryKeck School of Medicine of the University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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McIntyre D, Kovoor JG, Chow CK, Quintans D, Marschner S, Thomas S, Kovoor P, Thiagalingam A. Clinician-Created Video Education for Patients With AF: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e2345308. [PMID: 38064218 PMCID: PMC10709770 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.45308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Importance Patient education is a critical aspect of atrial fibrillation (AF) management. However, there is limited time to provide effective patient education during routine care, and resources available online are of variable quality. Objective To determine whether clinician-led creation of video-based AF education is feasible and improves knowledge of AF. Design, Setting, and Participants This single-center randomized clinical trial was conducted between 2020 and 2022. Outcomes were assessed prior to their clinic visit and 2 and 90 days after the visit by blinded assessors. Participants included adults with AF and congestive heart failure, hypertension, age at least 75 years (doubled), diabetes, prior stroke or transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism (doubled), vascular disease, age 65 to 74 years, and sex category scores of 1 or greater presenting for routine care at publicly funded outpatient cardiology clinics within a tertiary teaching hospital. Individuals too unwell to participate or with limited English were excluded. Data were assessed as intention to treat and analyzed from December 2022 to October 2023. Intervention Intervention participants viewed a series of 4 videos designed and narrated by clinicians that aimed to improve understanding of AF pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. After viewing the videos, participants received weekly email links to review the videos. The control group received usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures The prospectively selected primary outcome was AF knowledge at 90 days, measured by the validated Jessa Atrial Fibrillation Knowledge Questionnaire (JAFKQ). Results Among 657 individuals screened, 208 adults with AF were randomized (mean [SD] age, 65.0 [12.2] years; 133 [65.2%] male) and included in analysis. Participants were randomized 1-to-1, with 104 participants in the control group and 104 participants in the video intervention group. At 90 days after the baseline clinic visit, intervention participants were more likely to correctly answer JAFKQ questions than control participants (odds ratio [OR], 1.23 [95% CI, 1.01-1.49]). The difference was greater in participants who remotely accessed videos on 3 or more occasions during the study (OR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.14-1.88]). Conclusions and Relevance In this randomized clinical trial of patients with AF, remotely delivered, clinician-created video education improved medium-term AF knowledge beyond usual care of standard in-clinic education. The improvement demonstrated in this study provides support for the implementation of clinician-created educational resources across the care continuum. Further work is needed to assess for impact on clinical outcomes. Trial Registration anzctr.org.au Identifier: ANZCTRN12620000729921.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McIntyre
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Clara K. Chow
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Desi Quintans
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone Marschner
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Stuart Thomas
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Pramesh Kovoor
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aravinda Thiagalingam
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Cardiology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Jacobs AT, Macintosh JLB, Luthy KEB, Beckstrand RL, Robinson MS, Macintosh CI. Parental reports of vaccine information statement usage in Utah. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2023; 35:299-305. [PMID: 36940247 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the implementation in 1986, there is little research focused on vaccine information statements (VISs) use for vaccine education and parental perception. PURPOSE To explore parental reports of dissemination and use of VISs. METHODS Data for this pilot, cross-sectional, descriptive study were collected through an online survey in both English and Spanish. RESULTS Responses from 130 parents in one school district were analyzed. Most participants (67.7%) reported getting vaccine information from a pediatric health care provider. A majority (71.5%) said that VISs were included in the vaccination process. Approximately one third of participants (37.7%) reported reading some or all the VIS before their child was vaccinated, and more than half (59.3%) read some or all the VIS after their child was vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS While promising that many parents reported receiving a VIS, more than one quarter of parents reported they did not. Inadequate time to read and understand VIS information before an immunization may lead to limited parental understanding. Although some participants reported struggling to understand VISs, more than half said that VISs were helpful and would read another in the future. IMPLICATIONS Without appropriate use of vaccine education material, providers miss the opportunity to educate parents on the risks and benefits of vaccinating their children. Providers must be aware of literacy levels and vaccine attitudes and create appropriate opportunities for parents to read and learn about vaccines. VISs are valuable educational tools for patients and parents. Improvements are needed to improve both VIS clarity and dissemination.
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Nalda CM, McSherry ML, Schmidt CM, Neumann ML, Boss RD, Weaver MS. Video tools in pediatric goals of care communication: A systematic review. PEC INNOVATION 2022; 1:100029. [PMID: 37213739 PMCID: PMC10194233 DOI: 10.1016/j.pecinn.2022.100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
•Goals of Care resources are primarily in written format and for adult patients.•Video tools can support families of pediatric patients facing prognostic uncertainty.•Videos represent an effective but underutilized Goals of Care communication tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M. Nalda
- Department of Pediatrics, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author at: 200 N Wolfe Street, Room 2019, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Megan L. McSherry
- Department of Pediatrics, Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia M. Schmidt
- Leon S. McGoogan Health Sciences Library, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Marie L. Neumann
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Communication Studies, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Renee D. Boss
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Neonatal - Perinatal Medicine, Berman Institute of Bioethics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meaghann S. Weaver
- National Center for Ethics in Health Care, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Pediatric Palliative Care, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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Kovoor JG, Stretton B, Hewitt JN, Gupta AK, Ovenden CD, Bacchi S, Jacobsen JHW, Maddern GJ. Food for IDEAL thought: redesigning junior journal clubs to enhance surgical innovation. ANZ J Surg 2022; 92:2417-2419. [PMID: 36221207 PMCID: PMC9828727 DOI: 10.1111/ans.17994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua G. Kovoor
- Information in Surgery Journal ClubAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Brandon Stretton
- Information in Surgery Journal ClubAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Joseph N. Hewitt
- Information in Surgery Journal ClubAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Aashray K. Gupta
- Information in Surgery Journal ClubAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Stephen Bacchi
- Information in Surgery Journal ClubAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | | | - Guy J. Maddern
- Information in Surgery Journal ClubAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
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Khanafer N, Oudot S, Planckaert C, Paquin N, Mena C, Mandel NT, Chapurlat R, Lombard C, Martin-Gaujard G, Juillard L, Elias C, Janoly-Dumenil A, Jolivot A, Benazzouz M, Maligeay M, Ayala MP, Ismail D, Vanhems P. Using ELEFIGHT® QR Codes for Quick Access to Information on Influenza Burden and Prevention: A Pilot Study in Lyon University Hospital. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101591. [PMID: 36298457 PMCID: PMC9610108 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The Vaccine Coverage Rate of influenza remains low and omnichannel efforts are required to improve it. The objective was to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of a QR Code nudging system in outpatient departments. (2) Methods: The study was performed in 6 departments ensuring ambulatory activities in a French university Hospital between November and December 2021. By scanning QR codes, users accessed anonymously to the ELEFIGHT® web app, which provides medical information on influenza and invites them to initiate a discussion about influenza prevention with their physicians during the consultation. (3) Results: 351 people made 529 scans with an average reading time of 1 min and 4 s and a conversion rate of 32%, i.e., people willing to engage in a discussion. (4) Conclusions: The study suggests that direct access to medical information through QR codes in hospitals might help nudge people to raise their awareness and trigger their action on influenza prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagham Khanafer
- Unité D’hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69003 Lyon, France
- Equipe PHE3ID, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon1, 69007 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-27-85-80-63; Fax: +33-4-72-11-07-26
| | | | | | - Nathalie Paquin
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Camille Mena
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69437 Lyon, France
| | | | - Roland Chapurlat
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Catherine Lombard
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69437 Lyon, France
| | | | - Laurent Juillard
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69437 Lyon, France
| | - Christelle Elias
- Unité D’hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69003 Lyon, France
- Equipe PHE3ID, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon1, 69007 Lyon, France
| | | | - Anne Jolivot
- Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69437 Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Philippe Vanhems
- Unité D’hygiène, Epidémiologie et Prévention, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69003 Lyon, France
- Equipe PHE3ID, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Université de Lyon1, 69007 Lyon, France
- Inserm, F-CRIN, Réseau Innovative Clinical Research in Vaccinology (I-REIVAC), 75679 Paris, France
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Hung CT, Chen YH, Hung TL, Chiang CP, Chen CY, Wang WM. Clinician-created educational video for shared decision-making in the outpatient management of acne. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271100. [PMID: 35802643 PMCID: PMC9269380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Shared decision-making (SDM) provides patient-centered care. However, the limited consultation time was the main factor hindering the application. Patient education is crucial in the process of SDM. The use of visual aids as health education materials is an effective way to improve patients’ health literacy and medication adherence. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the clinician-created educational video of acne, accessed by patients during the waiting time, including knowledge level and satisfaction. This study was conducted in dermatology outpatient clinics and collected patient responses through electronic devices. During the waiting time, patients with acne would read educational pamphlets and complete the test first. Then, a clinician-created 8-minute educational video, as a patient decision aid (PDA), was accessed by patients using their own mobile smart devices, followed by a test and questionnaire about the satisfaction of the pamphlet and video. We enrolled 50 patients with acne, including 33 males and 17 females. The mean age is 25.55 ± 6.27 years old, ranging from 15 to 47 years old. About the patients’ knowledge, the test score improved significantly after watching the video (P < .001). The same findings were observed in the subgroup analysis of gender and different age groups. A higher proportion of patients preferred the educational video over the pamphlet in both genders and different age groups. All patients agreed with the video helped them to understand the educational information and impressed them more than reading pamphlets. The application of clinician-created educational videos in patient education seems to be an efficient solution to implement SDM in the daily clinical work. Besides, we could remind patients to watch the video anytime when they were not sure about the treatment choices, side effects, or the precautions of medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Tsung Hung
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of General Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of General Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ling Hung
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Vice Chairman, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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