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Gender Norms, Roles and Relations and Cannabis-Use Patterns: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030947. [PMID: 32033010 PMCID: PMC7037619 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, boys and men use cannabis at higher rates than girls and women, but the gender gap is narrowing. With the legalization of recreational cannabis use in Canada and in multiple US states, these trends call for urgent attention to the need to consider how gender norms, roles and relations influence patterns of cannabis use to inform health promotion and prevention responses. Based on a scoping review on sex, gender and cannabis use, this article consolidates existing evidence from the academic literature on how gender norms, roles and relations impact cannabis-use patterns. Evidence is reviewed on: adherence to dominant masculine and feminine norms and cannabis-use patterns among adolescents and young adults, and how prevailing norms can be both reinstated or reimagined through cannabis use; gendered social dynamics in cannabis-use settings; and the impact of gender roles and relations on cannabis use among young adults of diverse sexual orientations and gender identities. Findings from the review are compared and contrasted with evidence on gender norms, roles and relations in the context of alcohol and tobacco use. Recommendations for integrating gender transformative principles in health promotion and prevention responses to cannabis use are provided.
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Punjani N, Flannigan R, Oliffe JL, McCreary DR, Black N, Goldenberg SL. Unhealthy Behaviors Among Canadian Men Are Predictors of Comorbidities: Implications for Clinical Practice. Am J Mens Health 2018; 12:2183-2193. [PMID: 30222015 PMCID: PMC6199435 DOI: 10.1177/1557988318799022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Men's poor health behaviors are an increasingly prevalent issue with long-term consequences. This study broadly samples Canadian men to obtain information regarding health behaviors as a predictor of downstream medical comorbidities. A survey of Canadian men included questions regarding demographics, comorbidities, and health behaviors (smoking and alcohol consumption, sleep and exercise behaviors, and dietary habits). Health behaviors were classified as either healthy or unhealthy based upon previous studies and questionnaire thresholds. Multivariate regression was performed to determine predictors for medical comorbidities. The 2,000 participants were aged 19-94 (median 48, interquartile range 34-60). Approximately half (47.4%) were regular smokers, 38.7% overused alcohol, 53.9% reported unhealthy sleep, 48.9% had low levels of exercise, and 61.8% had unhealthy diets. On multivariate analysis, regular smoking predicted heart disease (OR 2.08, p < .01), elevated cholesterol (OR 1.35, p = .02), type 2 diabetes (OR 1.57, p = .02), osteoarthritis (OR 1.43, p = .04), and depression (OR 1.62, p < .01). Alcohol overuse predicted hypertension (OR 1.40, p < .01) and protected against type 2 diabetes (OR 0.61, p < .01). Unhealthy sleep predicted hypertension (OR 1.46, p < .01), erectile dysfunction (OR 1.50, p = .04), and depression (OR 1.87, p < .01). Low levels of exercise predicted hypertension (OR 1.30, p = .03) and elevated cholesterol (OR 1.27, p = .05). Finally, unhealthy diet predicted depression (OR 1.65, p < .01). This study confirms the association of poor health behaviors and comorbidities common to middle-aged and older men. The results emphasize the potential scope of targeted gender-sensitized public awareness campaigns and interventions to reduce common male disease, morbidity, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Punjani
- Division of Urology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Flannigan
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Department of Urology, Male Reproduction & Microsurgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canadian Men’s Health Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John L. Oliffe
- Canadian Men’s Health Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nick Black
- Intensions Consulting, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S. Larry Goldenberg
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Canadian Men’s Health Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- S. Larry Goldenberg, CM, OBC, MD, FRCSC, FACS, FCAHS, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2775 Laurel Street, 6th floor, Vancouver, BC V5Z1M9, Canada.
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Houle J, Meunier S, Coulombe S, Mercerat C, Gaboury I, Tremblay G, de Montigny F, Cloutier L, Roy B, Auger N, Lavoie B. Peer Positive Social Control and Men's Health-Promoting Behaviors. Am J Mens Health 2017; 11:1569-1579. [PMID: 28670962 PMCID: PMC5675192 DOI: 10.1177/1557988317711605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Men are generally thought to be less inclined to take care of their health. To date, most studies about men’s health have focused on deficits in self-care and difficulties in dealing with this sphere of their life. The present study reframes this perspective, using a salutogenic strengths-based approach and seeking to identify variables that influence men to take care of their health, rather than neglect it. This study focuses on the association between peer positive social control and men’s health behaviors, while controlling for other important individual and social determinants (sociodemographic characteristics, health self-efficacy, home neighborhood, spousal positive social control, and the restrictive emotionality norm). In a mixed-method study, 669 men answered a self-reported questionnaire, and interviews were conducted with a maximum variation sample of 31 men. Quantitative results indicated that, even after controlling for sociodemographic variables and other important factors, peer positive social control was significantly associated with the six health behaviors measured in the study (health responsibility, nutrition, physical activity, interpersonal relations, stress management, and spirituality). Interview results revealed that peer positive social control influenced men’s health behaviors through three different mechanisms: shared activity, being inspired, and serving as a positive role model for others. In summary, friends and coworkers could play a significant role in promoting various health behaviors among adult men in their daily life. Encouraging men to socialize and discuss health, and capitalizing on healthy men as role models appear to be effective ways to influence health behavior adoption among this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janie Houle
- 1 Department of psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,2 CRIUSMM, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sophie Meunier
- 1 Department of psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Coulombe
- 3 Department of psychology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Coralie Mercerat
- 1 Department of psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Gaboury
- 4 Family Medicine Department, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Gilles Tremblay
- 5 School of Social Work, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Lyne Cloutier
- 7 Nursing Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Bernard Roy
- 8 Nursing Department, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Auger
- 9 Institut national de santé publique du Québec, Montreal, Canada
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Bottorff JL, Oliffe JL, Sarbit G, Caperchione C, Clark M, Anand A, Howay K. Assessing the feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness of an integrated approach to smoking cessation for new and expectant fathers: The Dads in Gear study protocol. Contemp Clin Trials 2017; 54:77-83. [PMID: 28088514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence related to the effects of tobacco exposure in pregnancy and on infant and child health have focused on women's smoking cessation. Less often addressed is men's smoking, which when continued in fatherhood, reduces the chances of female partners' cessation and can negatively impact children's health as well as men's health. Dads in Gear (DIG) is an innovative program designed specifically for new fathers who want to reduce and quit smoking that includes three components: smoking cessation, fathering, and physical activity. The over-arching purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of the DIG program and provide estimates of program efficacy. The purpose of this article is to describe the rationale and protocol for evaluating the DIG program's feasibility, acceptability and potential effectiveness. METHODS Using a prospective, non-comparative design, the DIG program will be implemented and evaluated in six communities. The program will be offered by trained facilitators to fathers who currently smoke and want to quit. The RE-AIM framework will guide the evaluation. Open-ended questions in participant surveys, and semi-structured interviews and weekly telephone de-briefs with facilitators will provide data for a process evaluation. Estimates of effectiveness include smoking behavior, fathering and physical activity measures at baseline, end of program, and 3-month follow up. CONCLUSION The DIG program could support positive changes with respect to smoking cessation, physical activity and overall health for men. These effects could also promote family health. The program might also provide an effective model for engaging men in other health behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, T201-2211 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada.
| | - Gayl Sarbit
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
| | - Cristina Caperchione
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 360, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
| | - Marianne Clark
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
| | - Anima Anand
- The Bridge Youth and Family Services, #8-2604 Enterprise Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1X 7Y5, Canada.
| | - Kym Howay
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, 1147 Research Road, Art 223, Kelowna, British Columbia VIV 1V7, Canada.
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Bottorff JL, Oliffe JL, Sarbit G, Sharp P, Caperchione CM, Currie LM, Schmid J, Mackay MH, Stolp S. Evaluation of QuitNow Men: An Online, Men-Centered Smoking Cessation Intervention. J Med Internet Res 2016; 18:e83. [PMID: 27097991 PMCID: PMC4856882 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.5076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men continue to smoke cigarettes in greater numbers than women. There is growing evidence for the value of developing targeted, men-centered health promotion programs. However, few smoking cessation interventions have been designed for men. A gender-specific website, QuitNow Men, was developed based on focus group interview findings, stakeholder feedback, and evidence-based cessation strategies. The website was designed to incorporate a masculine look and feel through the use of images, direct language, and interactive content. Usability experts and end-users provided feedback on navigation and functionality of the website prior to pilot testing. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the pilot study were to describe (1) men's use and evaluations of the interactive resources and information on the QuitNow Men website, and (2) the potential of QuitNow Men to engage men in reducing and quitting smoking. METHODS A one-group, pretest-posttest study design was used. Men who were interested in quitting were recruited and invited to use the website over a 6-month period. Data were collected via online questionnaires at baseline, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up. A total of 117 men completed the baseline survey. Over half of those (67/117, 57.3%) completed both follow-up surveys. RESULTS At baseline, participants (N=117) had been smoking for an average of 24 years (SD 12.1) and smoked on average 15 cigarettes a day (SD 7.4). The majority had not previously used a quit smoking website (103/117, 88.0%) or websites focused on men's health (105/117, 89.7%). At the 6-month follow-up, the majority of men used the QuitNow Men website at least once (64/67, 96%). Among the 64 users, 29 (43%) reported using the website more than 6 times. The men using QuitNow Men agreed or strongly agreed that the website was easy to use (51/64, 80%), the design and images were appealing (42/64, 66%), they intended to continue to use the website (42/64, 66%), and that they would recommend QuitNow Men to others who wanted to quit (46/64, 72%). Participants reported using an average of 8.76 (SD 4.08) of the 15 resources available on the website. At 6-month follow-up, 16 of the 67 participants (24%) had quit, 27 (40%) had reduced their smoking and 24 (36%) had not changed their smoking habits. Repeated measures general linear model showed a significant decrease in the number of cigarettes smoked between the 3-month and 6-month follow-up (F1,63=6.41, P=.01, eta squared=0.09). Number of resources used on the website, quit confidence, nicotine dependence and age significantly predicted number of quit attempts by those still smoking at 6 months (F4,45=2.73, P=.04), with number of resources used being the strongest predictor (P=.02). CONCLUSIONS The results of this research support efforts to integrate gender-sensitive approaches in smoking cessation interventions and indicate that this novel Web-based resource has potential in supporting men's smoking cessation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Bottorff
- Institute for Healthy Living and Chronic Disease Prevention, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
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