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Hajar CGN, Md Akhir S, Zefarina Z, Riffin NSM, Tuan Mohammad TH, Hassan MN, Aziz MY, Pati S, Chambers GK, Kari ZA, Edinur HA, Che Mat NF. Distribution of 22 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in 13 Cytokine Genes in Malays, Chinese, and Indians in Peninsular Malaysia. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2022; 26:449-456. [PMID: 36166739 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2022.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cytokines are cell signaling glycoproteins that are particularly important in immunity and inflammatory responses. Therefore, variations, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in genes encoding for cytokines may have important consequences for their roles in health. Materials and Methods: A total of 222 unrelated, healthy, and un-admixed Malays (n = 97), Chinese (n = 77), and Indians (n = 48) with a median age of 30 years old (range 21-50) were typed for 22 cytokine gene SNPs: IL-1α -889 T/C, IL-1β (-511 T/C, +3962 T/C), IL-1R pst1 1970 T/C, IL-1RA mspa1 11100 T/C, IL-4Rα +1902 G/A, IL-12 - 1188 C/A, IFN-γ +874 A/T, TGF-β (cdn 10 C/T, cdn 25 G/C), TNF-α (-308 A/G, -238 A/G) IL-2 (+166 G/T, -330 T/G), IL-4 (-1098 T/G, -590 T/C, -33 T/C), IL-6 (-174 C/G, nt565 G/A), and IL-10 (-1082 G/A, -819 C/T, -592 A/C). This involved using well-established polymerase chain reaction procedures with sequence-specific primers and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. Results: The majority of the screened cytokine gene SNPs are polymorphic in all three ethnicities. Exceptions include TGF-β cdn 25 (G/C), IL-1β +3962 (T/C), and TNF-α -238 (A/G), which were all observed to be monomorphic in Malays, Chinese and Indians. Many of the analyzed cytokine gene SNP genotypes deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and the three ethnic study groups were all well-separated from reference Asian, African and European populations in a principal component analysis plot. Conclusion: We successfully typed 22 SNPs in 13 cytokine genes from genetic material collected from unrelated and un-admixed Malay, Chinese and Indian individuals in Peninsular Malaysia. These new cytokine gene population datasets reveal interesting contrasts with other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che Ghazali Norul Hajar
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Suhaida Md Akhir
- Biomedicine Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zulkafli Zefarina
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Mohd Nazri Hassan
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmaidie Aziz
- Integrative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- Forensic Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fazila Che Mat
- Transfusion Medicine Unit, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Biomedicine Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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