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Bayir B, Ünal E, Küçükköseler AD. The effects of women's insight levels on breast cancer prevention behaviors: a cross-sectional study. Women Health 2023; 63:828-836. [PMID: 37933087 DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2023.2276146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the effect of women's insight levels on their breast cancer prevention behaviors in primary health care services. A systematic sampling method was used to select a sample of 393 women in a province in Turkey. Socio-demographic Characteristics Form, Insight Scale and Scale for Determining Factors Affecting Women's Breast Cancer Prevention Behaviour were used as data collection tools. Data were collected face-to-face and then analyzed statistically using Student's t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey HSD, Spearman correlation test and multiple regression analysis. The results showed that those who felt "healthy" had significantly higher mean breast cancer prevention behavior (p < .05). It was determined that there was a weak positive correlation between the level of insight and breast cancer prevention behaviors, and the increase in the level of insight had a significant positive effect of 0.37 ± 0.051 points on breast cancer prevention behaviors. It was found that there was a significant negative effect on prevention behaviors with 1.66 ± 0.796 points in those with a high education level and 1.58 ± 0.505 points in those with suspected disease. In conclusion, in this study, it was determined that insight level, education level, and awareness of early diagnosis affected the prevention behaviors of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Bayir
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, kto Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Esra Ünal
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nursing, kto Karatay University, Konya, Turkey
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Rezaeimanesh M, Solhi M, Azar FEF, Sajjadi H, Rafiey H, Nejad FN, Gharehghani MAM, Najafi M, Hosseini SM, Karimi SE. Determinants of mammography screening in Tehranian women in 2018 based on the health belief model: A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2021; 10:119. [PMID: 34084866 PMCID: PMC8150056 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_339_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer among women. Mammography is the most sensitive and important method for screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. Considering the importance of using mammography in breast cancer screening, this study was performed to evaluate mammographic determinants. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the cross-sectional study, we surveyed 985 women over 40 years in Tehran concerning demographic characteristics: age, socioeconomic status, a problem in the breast, alcohol use, drug use, and health belief model. Logistic regression was used to identify determinant factors associated with mammography performance. RESULTS The results of this study showed that 42.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 38, 45) participant performed mammography at least once during their lifetime. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 4.252; 95% CI = 2.041-8.857); housing situation (OR = 1.706; 95% CI = 1.178-2.469); having breast problems (OR = 5.224; 95% CI = 3.501-7.795); socioeconomic status (OR = 1.855; 95% CI = 1.035-3.325); family income level (OR = 1.998; 95% CI = 1.028-3.884); alcohol consumption (OR = 2.676; 95% CI = 1.344-5.328); smoking (OR = 2.824; 95% CI = 1.418-5.623); self-efficacy (OR = 1.935; 95% CI = 1.242-3.015); perceived barriers (OR = 2.017; 95% CI = 1.348-3.019); self-care (OR = 4.901; 95% CI = 3.152-7.620); perceived susceptibility (OR = 1.971; 95% CI = 1.271-3.057) and perceived severity (OR = 1.830; 95% CI = 1.170-2.860) were mammography behaviors determinants. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that the rate of mammography screening among Tehranian women is low and highlights the need for developing a comprehensive national breast cancer control program, which should be considered as the priority for health-care providers. Furthermore, the identification of these factors can help to design an appropriate educational intervention that focuses on the benefits of mammography screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Rezaeimanesh
- PhD Candidate of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Solhi
- Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Homeira Sajjadi
- Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Rafiey
- Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Social Welfare Management Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Nosrati Nejad
- Department of Social Welfare Management, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Sayedeh Mahboobeh Hosseini
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Ayatollah Kashani Hospital, Shahrekord University of Medical Science, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Salah Eddin Karimi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Feng GC, Lin Z, Ou W, Su X, Yan Q. A Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Willingness to Participate in Cancer Screening. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:2580. [PMID: 33806652 PMCID: PMC7967393 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18052580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Although early screening tests are beneficial for the detection and treatment of cancers, many people have failed to participate in screening tests. The present study aims to explore the theoretical underpinning of low participation in screening programs using the method of meta-analytic structural equation modeling. It was found that the health belief model is the most adopted theoretical framework. Moreover, the intended uptake of screening was positively predicted only by cues to action, health literacy, and perceived susceptibility. As a result, a health intention model, including the three significant variables, is proposed. The practical implications of the findings are that health communication campaigns should focus on enlightening and engaging the public through all necessary means to raise awareness and transfer knowledge in relation to screening procedures as well as cancers per se.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiliang Lin
- School of Literature and Media, Nanfang College of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510970, China;
| | - Wanhua Ou
- College of Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518600, China; (W.O.); (X.S.)
| | - Xianglin Su
- College of Communication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518600, China; (W.O.); (X.S.)
| | - Qing Yan
- School of Journalism and Communication, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510610, China;
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Rezaei H, Negarandeh R, Pasheypoor S, Kazemnejad A. Effect of Educational Program based on the Theory of Planned Behavior on Prostate Cancer Screening: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Prev Med 2020; 11:146. [PMID: 33209216 PMCID: PMC7643565 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_137_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Prostate cancer screening applied for early diagnosis of prostate cancer. But it is not usually pursued by men. This study was conducted to determine the effect of educational program based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) on prostate cancer screening. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was carried out on 68 middle-aged men referring to community houses in Iran. Samples were selected consecutively considering the inclusion criteria. Then block randomization was used to assign the participants into two groups. Data collection included demographic characteristics, knowledge and construct of TPB (Attitude towards the behavior, Subjective norms, Perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention) and behavior. The participants in the intervention group attended a theory based program 4 session twice per week. The participants were evaluated before and two month after the intervention. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: After the 2 months intervention, the pretest-posttest changes in the intervention group compared to the control group were in the Knowledge 9.26 ± 3.5 vs. 0.03 ± 1.68, Attitude 11.46 ± 3.5 vs. -0.16 ± 1.39, Subjective norms 3.16 ± 2.6 vs. 0.29 ± 1.3, Behavioral control 6.76 ± 4 vs. 0.12 ± 1.60 and Behavioral intention 1.4 ± 1.54 vs. 0.00 ± 1.00 (P < 0.05). While none of the subjects in control group performed the prostate screening, 10 people (33.2%) performed it in the intervention group. (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Educational program based on TPB has a positive effect on prostate cancer screening. It is recommended to set up regular training programs based on TPB to encourage middle-aged men for prostate cancer screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesam Rezaei
- Department of Community Health and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Negarandeh
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahzad Pasheypoor
- Department of Community Health and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anoshirvan Kazemnejad
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Salmani F, Moodi M, Yousefi A, Norozi E. Healthy Beliefs regarding Breast Cancer Screening in Iranian Women Health Volunteers: A Path Analysis. Korean J Fam Med 2020; 42:132-139. [PMID: 32460471 PMCID: PMC8010436 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.20.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In Iran, 82% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in late stages, resulting in low survival rates. In the present study, the Stages of Change Theory and Health Belief Model were used as theoretical frameworks for assessing Women Health Volunteer readiness to act on different breast cancer screening behaviors. Methods A total of 1,410 Women Health Volunteers were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography stages of change were measured independently. A standardized questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model was used to assess their beliefs about breast cancer screening methods. A path analysis using PASW SPSS ver. 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to test the effects of individual beliefs on breast cancer screening stages of change. Results Most participants were classified in the pre-contemplation stage of breast cancer screening behaviors. Perceived barriers, benefits, and susceptibility emerged as BSE stages of change predictors. No beliefs were significant mammography stages of change predictors. Conclusion Iranian Women Health Volunteers had a very low adherence to common BSE and mammography practices. Healthy beliefs have a strong association with the stages of change for performing BSE, but not for mammography. The impact of health beliefs on an individual’s readiness to act on different breast cancer screening methods may vary with respect to the type of screening method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Salmani
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mitra Moodi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Azam Yousefi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Science, Birjand, Iran
| | - Ensiyeh Norozi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Schaafsma D, Karami-Matin B, Jalilian F. Socio-cognitive determinants of colorectal cancer screening uptake: An application of intervention mapping approach. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2019; 33:80. [PMID: 31696074 PMCID: PMC6825394 DOI: 10.34171/mjiri.33.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is one of the common screening tests for colorectal cancer. This study was designed to determine the socio-cognitive determinants related to FOBT uptake for colorectal cancer screening based on intervention mapping (IM). Methods: A total of 500 individuals aged over 50 years were randomly selected to participate in this study in Kermanshah, Iran, in 2016. Data were collected by interviews based on a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS16 using bivariate correlation, linear, and logistic regression models. Results: Of the 500 respondents, 468 (93.6%) signed the consent form and voluntarily participated in the study. Almost 11.1% of the participants had a history of FOBT uptake. Socio-cognitive variables accounted for 38% of the variation in the outcome measure of the intention to uptake FOBT. Perceived self-efficacy (OR = 3.345 & 95% CI: 1.342, 8.339), perceived susceptibility (OR = 2.204& 95% CI: 1.320, 3.680), attitude (OR = 1.674& 95% CI: 1.270, 2.137), and perceived severity (OR = 1.457& 95% CI: 0.954, 2.224) were the strongest predictors of fecal occult blood test uptake. Conclusion: IM-based analysis of behavior may provide insights to design interventions for modifying individuals’ beliefs about the usefulness of FOBT uptake to prevent colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Dilana Schaafsma
- Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Behzad Karami-Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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MIRZAEI-ALAVIJEH M, JOUYBARI T, JALILIAN F, MOTLAGH M, JALILIAN F. Using intervention mapping approach to finding socio-cognitive determinants of diabetes preventive behaviors. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2019; 60:E237-E242. [PMID: 31650060 PMCID: PMC6797886 DOI: 10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2019.60.3.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is one of the most common chronic illnesses with complications. The objective of this study was to determine socio-cognitive determinants of diabetes preventive behaviors among sample of at risk group based on intervention mapping approach (IM) in Kermanshah, the west of Iran. METHODS This cross-sectional study conducted among a total of 200 male and female aged more than 30 years old referred to health centers that randomly selected to participate voluntarily, during 2018. Participants filled out a self-report questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations and linear regression at 95% significant level. RESULTS The mean age of respondents was 38.4 years [95% CI: 37.3, 39.4], ranged from 30 to 56 years. Socio-cognitive determinants were accounted for 40% of the variation in diabetes prevention behaviors F = 35.559, P < 0.001. As well as, perceived self-efficacy, perceived severity, and perceived barrier were the most influential predictors on diabetes preventive behaviors. CONCLUSIONS It seems that planning health promotion programs to reduce barrier to perform diabetes preventive behaviors and increase confidence towards ability to perform preventive behaviors, and seriousness about sides effect of diabetes may be usefulness of the results in order to promotion of diabetes preventive behaviors among at risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. MIRZAEI-ALAVIJEH
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - T.A. JOUYBARI
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - F. JALILIAN
- Lifestyle Modification Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - M.E. MOTLAGH
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - F. JALILIAN
- Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Che Mohamed N, Moey SF, Lim BC. Validity and Reliability of Health Belief Model Questionnaire for Promoting Breast Self-examination and Screening Mammogram for Early Cancer Detection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2865-2873. [PMID: 31554389 PMCID: PMC6976832 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.9.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early detection of breast cancer is essential in improving overall women’s health. The researchers sought to develop a comprehensive measure that combined the basic components of the health belief model (HBM) with a focus on breast self-examination (BSE) and screening mammogram amongst women. Methods: Questionnaire items were developed following a review of relevant literature of HBM on BSE and screening mammogram. The sampling frame for the study was Malaysian women aged 35 to 70 years old, living in Kuantan, Pahang and able to read or write in Bahasa Malaysia or English. As such, 103 women were randomly selected to participate in the study. Tests of validity using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and reliability were subsequently performed to determine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. Results: The EFA revealed nine factors (self-efficacy of mammogram, perceived barriers of BSE and mammogram, perceived susceptibility of breast cancer, perceived severity of breast cancer, cues to action for mammogram screening, perceived benefits of BSE, health motivation, perceived benefits of mammogram and self-efficacy of BSE) containing 54 items that jointly accounted for 74.2% of the observed variance. All nine factors have good internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.8. Fifty-four items remained in the final questionnaire after deleting 13 problematic items. The scale also showed good convergent and discriminant validity. Conclusion: The findings showed that the designed questionnaire was a valid and reliable instrument for the study involving women in Kuantan, Pahang. The instrument can help to assess women’s beliefs on BSE adoption and mammogram screening in health care practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfariha Che Mohamed
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan Campus, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Soo-Foon Moey
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan Campus, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Bee Chiu Lim
- Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Ebrahimi M, Jalilian F, Ashtarian H, Heidari Z, Rajati F. The role of integrative model of behavioral prediction in voluntary counseling of individuals with sexual high-risk behavior. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2019; 8:138. [PMID: 31463323 PMCID: PMC6691743 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_364_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) is one of the main efforts for the prevention of high-risk sexual behavior, including HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The aim of this study was to determine cognitive determinants related to voluntary counseling and HIV testing among Iranian adults based on the integrative model of behavioral prediction (IMBP). MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 among Iranian adults with high-risk sexual behaviors, including drug abuse and unprotected sex, in western Iran. A total of 300 adults were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in this study. Participants filled out a self-administered questionnaire, including the background data and IMBP constructs. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21, using statistical treatments, such as bivariate correlations, Chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression at a 95% significant level. RESULTS Almost 73.3% of the participants had a history of VCT. The highest probability of VCT use was in participants who were in high level of VCT skills (odds ratio: 9.635; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.255, 28.514]), following environmental constraints (odds ratio: 6.274; 95% CI: 2.166, 18.171). Furthermore, the IMBP constructs accounted for 85% of the variations in the outcome measure of the VCT use intention. CONCLUSIONS Based on the result, it appears that the design and implementation of educational programs to improve upon skills and environmental constraints toward VCT use among adults with high-risk behaviors could be useful to the promotion of VCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ebrahimi
- Students Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzad Jalilian
- Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hossein Ashtarian
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zahra Heidari
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rajati
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Mirzaei-Alavijeh M, Babakhani M, Jalilian F, Vaezi M, Jalilian F, Khashij S, Hamzeh B. Socio-cognitive determinants of safe road-crossing behaviors: an application of the prototype willingness model. J Inj Violence Res 2019; 11:93-100. [PMID: 30770525 PMCID: PMC6420915 DOI: 10.5249/jivr.v11i1.1078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pedestrians are one of the most vulnerable groups of road users that potentially are at risk for road traffic injuries and deaths. The present paper reports an application of the Prototype Willingness Model (PWM) to the prediction of road-crossing behaviors among students from Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) in the west of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out among a sample of 315 medical students who were randomly selected from seven faculties of KUMS in 2017 according to their size, and who filled out a self-administered questionnaire containing a scenario depicting a potentially hazardous road-crossing behavior, followed by items measuring the PWM constructs. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 at 95% significant level. Results: The mean score of safe road-crossing behaviors was 9.57 [95% CI: 9.10, 10.05], ranging from 0 to 16. Attitude, subjective norms, and prototype accounted for 15% and 9% of the variation of willingness and intention, respectively. Willingness was a stronger predictor of the safe road-crossing behaviors (P less than 0.001). The road crossing behavior of female student pedestrian was safer than that of their male counterparts (P less than 0.035). Conclusions: The results have a number of implications. In particular, PWM-based interventions should focus on willingness in order to encourage safer road-crossing behavior among pedestrians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Behrooz Hamzeh
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Khashij S, Jalilian F, Vaezi M, Jalilian M, Gharibnavaz H, Ahmadi-Jouybari T, Naghibifar Z, Karami H. Measuring Beliefs Related to Colorectal Cancer Screening Behavior among Iranian Middle-Aged and Elderly: a Psychometric Study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2211-2216. [PMID: 30139227 PMCID: PMC6171398 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.8.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual fecal occult blood test is a very important method for colorectal cancer early detection through screening.
Our aim was to assess psychometrics of instrument measuring beliefs related to fecal occult blood test uptake among
Iranian middle-aged and elderly, based on the theory of planned behavior. This cross-sectional study was performed on
150 middle-aged and elderly who were randomly selected to participate voluntarily in Kermanshah, in the west of Iran.
The studied constructs included attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and behavior intention. Data
were analyzed with SPSS software (ver. 21.0). The mean age of the respondents was 59.1 years [SD: 6.73], in the range
from 50 to 73. All of the loads of the exploratory factorial analysis were larger than 0.4. KMO was calculated as 0.756.
Overall, four factors under investigation accounted for 82% of the variance in the hypothesized model. Cronbach’s
alpha for the measured constructs of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavior control, and behavior intention
were 0.92, 0.88, 0.70 and 0.88, respectively. Our findings indicated the final scale to be adequately reliable and valid for
measurement of these constructs for prediction of fecal occult blood test uptake among Iranian middle-aged and elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Khashij
- Clinical Research Development Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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