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Khan J, Kim ND, Bromhead C, Truman P, Kruger MC, Mallard BL. Hepatotoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38740968 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The food additive E171 (titanium dioxide, TiO2), is widely used in foods, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. It is a fine white powder, with at least one third of its particles sized in the nanoparticulate (˂100 nm range, TiO2 NPs). The use of E171 is controversial as its relevant risk assessment has never been satisfactorily accomplished. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown dose-dependent toxicity in various organs including the liver. TiO2 NPs have been shown to induce inflammation, cell death and structural and functional changes within the liver. The toxicity of TiO2 NPs in experimental models varies between organs and according to their physiochemical characteristics and parameters such as dosage and route of administration. Among these factors, ingestion is the most significant exposure route, and the liver is a key target organ. The aim of this review is to highlight the reported adverse effects of orally administered TiO2 NPs on the liver and to discuss the controversial state of its toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jangrez Khan
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas D Kim
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Collette Bromhead
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Penelope Truman
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Beth L Mallard
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, PO Box 756, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
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2
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Zhang W, Sun J, Liu F, Li S, Wang X, Su L, Liu G. Alleviative Effect of Lactoferrin Interventions Against the Hepatotoxicity Induced by Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:624-642. [PMID: 37191759 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the alleviative effect of lactoferrin interventions against the hepatotoxicity induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups with 5 rats in each group. The first and second groups were intragastrically administered normal saline and TiO2-NPs (100 mg/kg body weight) as the negative control (NC) and TiO2-NP groups. The third, fourth, and fifth groups were intragastrically administered lactoferrin at concentrations of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight in addition to TiO2-NPs (100 mg/kg body weight). The sixth group was intragastrically administered Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsules at a concentration of 4.6 g/kg body weight in addition to TiO2-NPs (100 mg/kg body weight) as the positive control group. After treatment for 4 weeks, the concentrations of lactoferrin were optimized based on the liver index and function results. Subsequently, the alleviative effects of lactoferrin interventions against TiO2-NP-induced hepatotoxicity in rat liver tissues, including the effects on histological damage, oxidative stress-related damage, inflammation, fibrosis, DNA damage, apoptosis, and gene expression, were investigated using histopathological, biochemical, and transcriptomic assays. The results showed that 200 mg/kg lactoferrin interventions for 4 weeks not only ameliorated the liver dysfunction and histopathological damage caused by TiO2-NP exposure but also inhibited the oxidative stress-related damage, inflammation, fibrosis, DNA damage, and apoptosis in the liver tissues of TiO2-NP-exposed rats. The transcriptomic results confirmed that the alleviative effect of lactoferrin interventions against the TiO2-NP exposure-induced hepatotoxicity was related to the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Shubin Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xianjue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Liya Su
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, No. 1 Tongdao North Street, Hohhot, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China.
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3
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Zhang X, Song Y, Gong H, Wu C, Wang B, Chen W, Hu J, Xiang H, Zhang K, Sun M. Neurotoxicity of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7183-7204. [PMID: 38076727 PMCID: PMC10710240 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s442801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) across various fields has led to a growing concern regarding their environmental contamination and inevitable human exposure. Consequently, significant research efforts have been directed toward understanding the effects of TiO2 NPs on both humans and the environment. Notably, TiO2 NPs exposure has been associated with multiple impairments of the nervous system. This review aims to provide an overview of the documented neurotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs in different species and in vitro models. Following exposure, TiO2 NPs can reach the brain, although the specific mechanism and quantity of particles that cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remain unclear. Exposure to TiO2 NPs has been shown to induce oxidative stress, promote neuroinflammation, disrupt brain biochemistry, and ultimately impair neuronal function and structure. Subsequent neuronal damage may contribute to various behavioral disorders and play a significant role in the onset and progression of neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, the neurotoxic potential of TiO2 NPs can be influenced by various factors, including exposure characteristics and the physicochemical properties of the TiO2 NPs. However, a systematic comparison of the neurotoxic effects of TiO2 NPs with different characteristics under various exposure conditions is still lacking. Additionally, our understanding of the underlying neurotoxic mechanisms exerted by TiO2 NPs remains incomplete and fragmented. Given these knowledge gaps, it is imperative to further investigate the neurotoxic hazards and risks associated with exposure to TiO2 NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongyang Gong
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binquan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanhui Xiang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingkuan Sun
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
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Rastegar-Moghaddam SH, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Shahba S, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. Roles of the miR-155 in Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disorders: A Potent Biological and Therapeutic Target. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:455-467. [PMID: 35107690 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of neurological disorders. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155), a miR is known to play in inflammatory responses, is associated with susceptibility to inflammatory neurological disorders and neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as epilepsy, stroke, and brain malignancies. MiR-155 damages the central nervous system (CNS) by enhancing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IRF3. It also disturbs the blood-brain barrier by decreasing junctional complex molecules such as claudin-1, annexin-2, syntenin-1, and dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK-1), a hallmark of many neurological disorders. This review discusses the molecular pathways which involve miR-155 as a critical component in the progression of neurological disorders, representing miR-155 as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-Moghaddam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Shahba
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.
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Padilla-Godínez FJ, Ruiz-Ortega LI, Guerra-Crespo M. Nanomedicine in the Face of Parkinson's Disease: From Drug Delivery Systems to Nanozymes. Cells 2022; 11:3445. [PMID: 36359841 PMCID: PMC9657131 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The complexity and overall burden of Parkinson's disease (PD) require new pharmacological approaches to counteract the symptomatology while reducing the progressive neurodegeneration of affected dopaminergic neurons. Since the pathophysiological signature of PD is characterized by the loss of physiological levels of dopamine (DA) and the misfolding and aggregation of the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein, new proposals seek to restore the lost DA and inhibit the progressive damage derived from pathological α-syn and its impact in terms of oxidative stress. In this line, nanomedicine (the medical application of nanotechnology) has achieved significant advances in the development of nanocarriers capable of transporting and delivering basal state DA in a controlled manner in the tissues of interest, as well as highly selective catalytic nanostructures with enzyme-like properties for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (responsible for oxidative stress) and the proteolysis of misfolded proteins. Although some of these proposals remain in their early stages, the deepening of our knowledge concerning the pathological processes of PD and the advances in nanomedicine could endow for the development of potential treatments for this still incurable condition. Therefore, in this paper, we offer: (i) a brief summary of the most recent findings concerning the physiology of motor regulation and (ii) the molecular neuropathological processes associated with PD, together with (iii) a recapitulation of the current progress in controlled DA release by nanocarriers and (iv) the design of nanozymes, catalytic nanostructures with oxidoreductase-, chaperon, and protease-like properties. Finally, we conclude by describing the prospects and knowledge gaps to overcome and consider as research into nanotherapies for PD continues, especially when clinical translations take place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Padilla-Godínez
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Leonardo I. Ruiz-Ortega
- Institute for Physical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Magdalena Guerra-Crespo
- Neurosciences Division, Cell Physiology Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Coyoacan, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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Rolo D, Assunção R, Ventura C, Alvito P, Gonçalves L, Martins C, Bettencourt A, Jordan P, Vital N, Pereira J, Pinto F, Matos P, Silva MJ, Louro H. Adverse Outcome Pathways Associated with the Ingestion of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles-A Systematic Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193275. [PMID: 36234403 PMCID: PMC9565478 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely used, and humans are exposed through food (E171), cosmetics (e.g., toothpaste), and pharmaceuticals. The oral and gastrointestinal (GIT) tract are the first contact sites, but it may be systemically distributed. However, a robust adverse outcome pathway (AOP) has not been developed upon GIT exposure to TiO2-NPs. The aim of this review was to provide an integrative analysis of the published data on cellular and molecular mechanisms triggered after the ingestion of TiO2-NPs, proposing plausible AOPs that may drive policy decisions. A systematic review according to Prisma Methodology was performed in three databases of peer-reviewed literature: Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. A total of 787 records were identified, screened in title/abstract, being 185 used for data extraction. The main endpoints identified were oxidative stress, cytotoxicity/apoptosis/cell death, inflammation, cellular and systemic uptake, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. From the results, AOPs were proposed where colorectal cancer, liver injury, reproductive toxicity, cardiac and kidney damage, as well as hematological effects stand out as possible adverse outcomes. The recent transgenerational studies also point to concerns with regard to population effects. Overall, the findings further support a limitation of the use of TiO2-NPs in food, announced by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Rolo
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Assunção
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- IUEM, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, Egas Moniz-Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, CRL, 2829-511 Monte de Caparica, Portugal
| | - Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paula Alvito
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Lídia Gonçalves
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla Martins
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Bettencourt
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Jordan
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nádia Vital
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Pereira
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fátima Pinto
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Matos
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- BioISI—Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- ToxOmics—Centre for Toxicogenomics and Human Health, NOVA Medical School, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
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Contreras-Rodriguez O, Solanas M, Escorihuela RM. Dissecting ultra-processed foods and drinks: Do they have a potential to impact the brain? Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:697-717. [PMID: 35107734 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPF) are formulation of ingredients, mostly of exclusive industrial use, that result from a series of industrial processes. They usually have a low nutrient but high energy density, with a high content of saturated and trans fats, and added sugars. In addition, they have characteristic organoleptic properties, and usually contain sophisticated additives, including artificial sweeteners, to intensify their sensory qualities and imitate the appearance of minimally processed foods. In addition, recent research has warned about the presence of chemicals (e.g., bisphenol) and neo-formed contaminants in these products. UPF production and consumption growth have been spectacular in the last decades, being specially consumed in children and adolescents. UPF features have been associated with a range of adverse health effects such as overeating, the promotion of inflammatory and oxidative stress processes, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunction including problems in glucose regulation. The evidence that these UPF-related adverse health effects may have on the neural network implicated in eating behavior are discussed, including the potential impact on serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission, brain integrity and function. We end this review by placing UPF in the context of current food environments, by suggesting that an increased exposure to these products through different channels, such as marketing, may contribute to the automatic recruitment of the brain regions associated with food consumption and choice, with a detrimental effect on inhibitory-related prefrontal cortices. While further research is essential, preliminary evidence point to UPF consumption as a potential detrimental factor for brain health and eating behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Contreras-Rodriguez
- Department of Medical Imaging, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII) and CIBERSAM G17, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Solanas
- Physiology Unit, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa M Escorihuela
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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8
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Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Mental Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132568. [PMID: 35807749 PMCID: PMC9268228 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since previous meta-analyses, which were limited only to depression and by a small number of studies available for inclusion at the time of publication, several additional studies have been published assessing the link between ultra-processed food consumption and depression as well as other mental disorders. We aimed to build on previously conducted reviews to synthesise and meta-analyse the contemporary evidence base and clarify the associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food and mental disorders. A total of 17 observational studies were included (n = 385,541); 15 cross-sectional and 2 prospective. Greater ultra-processed food consumption was cross-sectionally associated with increased odds of depressive and anxiety symptoms, both when these outcomes were assessed together (common mental disorder symptoms odds ratio: 1.53, 95%CI 1.43 to 1.63) as well as separately (depressive symptoms odds ratio: 1.44, 95%CI 1.14 to 1.82; and, anxiety symptoms odds ratio: 1.48, 95%CI 1.37 to 1.59). Furthermore, a meta-analysis of prospective studies demonstrated that greater ultra-processed food intake was associated with increased risk of subsequent depression (hazard ratio: 1.22, 95%CI 1.16 to 1.28). While we found evidence for associations between ultra-processed food consumption and adverse mental health, further rigorously designed prospective and experimental studies are needed to better understand causal pathways.
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Doyle JM, Croll RP. A Critical Review of Zebrafish Models of Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:835827. [PMID: 35370740 PMCID: PMC8965100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.835827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of human diseases have been modelled in zebrafish, including various types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Recent reviews have summarized the currently available zebrafish models of Parkinson’s Disease, which include gene-based, chemically induced and chemogenetic ablation models. The present review updates the literature, critically evaluates each of the available models of Parkinson’s Disease in zebrafish and compares them with similar models in invertebrates and mammals to determine their advantages and disadvantages. We examine gene-based models, including ones linked to Early-Onset Parkinson’s Disease: PARKIN, PINK1, DJ-1, and SNCA; but we also examine LRRK2, which is linked to Late-Onset Parkinson’s Disease. We evaluate chemically induced models like MPTP, 6-OHDA, rotenone and paraquat, as well as chemogenetic ablation models like metronidazole-nitroreductase. The article also reviews the unique advantages of zebrafish, including the abundance of behavioural assays available to researchers and the efficiency of high-throughput screens. This offers a rare opportunity for assessing the potential therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological interventions. Zebrafish also are very amenable to genetic manipulation using a wide variety of techniques, which can be combined with an array of advanced microscopic imaging methods to enable in vivo visualization of cells and tissue. Taken together, these factors place zebrafish on the forefront of research as a versatile model for investigating disease states. The end goal of this review is to determine the benefits of using zebrafish in comparison to utilising other animals and to consider the limitations of zebrafish for investigating human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M Doyle
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Roger P Croll
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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10
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Mohammadipour A. A focus on natural products for preventing and cure of mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:889-900. [PMID: 35156154 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are considered the only source of energy production within cells. This organelle is vital for neural function and survival by producing energy (adenosine triphosphate (ATP)) and regulating intracellular calcium. Mitochondrial dysfunction, which significantly contributes to both idiopathic and familial types of Parkinson's disease (PD), depletes cellular energy, disrupts homeostasis, and induces oxidative stress, leading to cell death. In recent years several natural products have been discovered to be protective against mitochondrial dysfunction. This review discusses the role of mitochondria in the progression of PD to define the path for using natural products to prevent and/or cure PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Rastegar-moghaddam SH, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Shahba S, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. MicroRNA-22: a Novel and Potent Biological Therapeutics in Neurological Disorders. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2694-2701. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02769-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Waseem M, Kaushik P, Dutta S, Chakraborty R, Hassan MI, Parvez S. Modulatory Role of Quercetin in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle-Induced Hepatotoxicity. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3192-3202. [PMID: 35128232 PMCID: PMC8811893 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background : Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are among the largely manmade nanomaterials worldwide and are broadly used as both industrial and user products. The primary target site for several nanoparticles is the liver, including TiO2 nanoparticles (TNPs), exposed directly or indirectly through ingestion of contaminated water, food, or animals and elevated environmental contamination. Oxidative stress is a known facet of nanoparticle-induced toxicity, including TNPs. Mitochondria are potential targets for nanoparticles in several types of toxicity, such as hepatotoxicity. Nevertheless, its causal mechanism is still controversial due to scarcity of literature linking the role of mitochondria-mediated TNP-induced hepatotoxicity. Aim : The objective of the current study was to evaluate the relation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and respiratory chain mechanisms with TNP-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro, and explore the hepatoprotective effect of quercetin (QR), which is a polyphenolic flavonoid abundant in fruits and vegetables with known antioxidant properties, on TNP-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress and disturbance in respiratory chain complex enzymes in the liver of rats. Results: Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels, oxidative stress markers, and mitochondrial complexes were assessed with regard to TNP-induced hepatotoxicity. The depleted lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonyl content, in mitochondria, induced by TNPs were restored significantly by pretreatment with QR. QR modulated the altered non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and mitochondrial complex enzymes. Conclusion : Based on the findings, we conclude that QR, which mitigates oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, holds promising capability to potentially diminish TNP-induced adverse effects in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waseem
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Pooja Kaushik
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shamita Dutta
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Rohan Chakraborty
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre
for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department
of Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
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13
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Bigham M, Mohammadipour A, Hosseini M, Malvandi AM, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A. Neuroprotective effects of garlic extract on dopaminergic neurons of substantia nigra in a rat model of Parkinson's disease: motor and non-motor outcomes. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:927-937. [PMID: 33656625 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common and severe neurodegenerative disorder associated with a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta. The crucial role of oxidative stress and inflammation in PD onset and progression is evident. It has been proven that garlic extract (GE) protects the cells from oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis. That is, we aimed to investigate if GE reveals protective features on the preclinical model of PD. The study has been designed to evaluate both preventive (GE administered before 6-OHDA injection) and therapeutic (GE administered after 6-OHDA injection) effects of GE on the animal model. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups including control, lesion, treatment I (received GE before 6-OHDA injection) and treatment II (received GE both before and after 6-OHDA injection). At the end of treatment, hanging, rotarod, open field and passive avoidance tests as well as immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of garlic against PD. Our immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that the tyrosine hydroxylase positive cells (TH+) in GE treated groups were significantly higher (p˂0.001) than the lesion group. The motor deficiency significantly improved in hanging, rotarod, open-field and apomorphine-induced rotational tests. We observed an attenuation in memory impairment induced by PD on GE treated group. Therefore, we found that GE protects dopaminergic neurons in 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity and ameliorates movement disorders and behavioral deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Bigham
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran.
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Azadi Sq, Vakilabad Blvd, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Rastegar-Moghaddam SH, Bigham M, Hosseini M, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. Grape seed extract effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and dark neurons production in old mice. Can this extract improve learning and memory in aged animals? Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1962-1972. [PMID: 33970818 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1918983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the elderly, hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis reduce and dark neurons (DNs) increase, leading to cognitive impairment. It is believed that natural products can protect the neural cells and system by protecting from damages or promoting regeneration. Therefore, the effects of grape seed extract (GSE) on the hippocampus of aged mice were investigated in this study. METHODS twelve old mice were divided into two groups of control and GSE. Animals in the GSE group received 300 mg/kg of GSE for eight weeks via gavage. At the end of treatment, cognition performance was evaluated by Morris water maze (MWM) and passive avoidance tests. Hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptogenesis and DNs production were evaluated with immunohistochemistry and histological evaluations on 5-micron coronal tissue sections. RESULTS The hippocampal mean number of double cortin positive cells (DCX+) per unit area, as well as synaptophysin expression in the GSE group, were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.01). The frequency of DNs in the GSE group was lower than the control group (p < 0.05). Behavioral tests showed that GSE improves memory and learning performance. CONCLUSION Consuming GSE in the elderly can potentially alleviate the age-related reduction of hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis. It is also able to decrease hippocampal DNs production and increase memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Bigham
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Ngowi EE, Wang YZ, Qian L, Helmy YASH, Anyomi B, Li T, Zheng M, Jiang ES, Duan SF, Wei JS, Wu DD, Ji XY. The Application of Nanotechnology for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Diseases and Disorders. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:629832. [PMID: 33738278 PMCID: PMC7960921 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.629832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain is by far the most complex organ in the body. It is involved in the regulation of cognitive, behavioral, and emotional activities. The organ is also a target for many diseases and disorders ranging from injuries to cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain diseases are the main causes of disability and one of the leading causes of deaths. Several drugs that have shown potential in improving brain structure and functioning in animal models face many challenges including the delivery, specificity, and toxicity. For many years, researchers have been facing challenge of developing drugs that can cross the physical (blood–brain barrier), electrical, and chemical barriers of the brain and target the desired region with few adverse events. In recent years, nanotechnology emerged as an important technique for modifying and manipulating different objects at the molecular level to obtain desired features. The technique has proven to be useful in diagnosis as well as treatments of brain diseases and disorders by facilitating the delivery of drugs and improving their efficacy. As the subject is still hot, and new research findings are emerging, it is clear that nanotechnology could upgrade health care systems by providing easy and highly efficient diagnostic and treatment methods. In this review, we will focus on the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of brain diseases and disorders by illuminating the potential of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezeri Erasto Ngowi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Dar es Salaam University College of Education, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yi-Zhen Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lei Qian
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yasmeen Ahmed Saleheldin Hassan Helmy
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Municipal Key Laboratory of Cell Signal Transduction, Henan Provincial Engineering Centre for Tumor Molecular Medicine, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Bright Anyomi
- Brain Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tao Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Meng Zheng
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - En-She Jiang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Nursing and Health, Institutes of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shao-Feng Duan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Pharmacy, Institute for Innovative Drug Design and Evaluation, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jian-She Wei
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Brain Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,School of Stomatology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xin-Ying Ji
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China.,Kaifeng Key Laboratory of Infection and Biological Safety, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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16
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Bischoff NS, de Kok TM, Sijm DT, van Breda SG, Briedé JJ, Castenmiller JJ, Opperhuizen A, Chirino YI, Dirven H, Gott D, Houdeau E, Oomen AG, Poulsen M, Rogler G, van Loveren H. Possible Adverse Effects of Food Additive E171 (Titanium Dioxide) Related to Particle Specific Human Toxicity, Including the Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010207. [PMID: 33379217 PMCID: PMC7795714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is used as a food additive (E171) and can be found in sauces, icings, and chewing gums, as well as in personal care products such as toothpaste and pharmaceutical tablets. Along with the ubiquitous presence of TiO2 and recent insights into its potentially hazardous properties, there are concerns about its application in commercially available products. Especially the nano-sized particle fraction (<100 nm) of TiO2 warrants a more detailed evaluation of potential adverse health effects after ingestion. A workshop organized by the Dutch Office for Risk Assessment and Research (BuRO) identified uncertainties and knowledge gaps regarding the gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2, its distribution, the potential for accumulation, and induction of adverse health effects such as inflammation, DNA damage, and tumor promotion. This review aims to identify and evaluate recent toxicological studies on food-grade TiO2 and nano-sized TiO2 in ex-vivo, in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments along the gastrointestinal route, and to postulate an Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) following ingestion. Additionally, this review summarizes recommendations and outcomes of the expert meeting held by the BuRO in 2018, in order to contribute to the hazard identification and risk assessment process of ingested TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaj S. Bischoff
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Theo M. de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Dick T.H.M. Sijm
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Simone G. van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jacco J. Briedé
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; (T.M.d.K.); (D.T.H.M.S.); (S.G.v.B.); (J.J.B.)
| | - Jacqueline J.M. Castenmiller
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
| | - Yolanda I. Chirino
- Unidad de Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autonóma de México, Mexico City 54090, Mexico;
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 222 Skøyen, 0213 Oslo, Norway;
| | - David Gott
- Food Standard Agency, London SW1H9EX, UK;
| | - Eric Houdeau
- French National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE), 75338 Paris, France;
| | - Agnes G. Oomen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands;
| | - Morten Poulsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark;
| | - Gerhard Rogler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Henk van Loveren
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, P.O. Box 43006, 3540 AA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.J.M.C.); (A.O.); (H.v.L.)
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