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Emele RE, Salim MA, Polat F, Diler SB. Investigation of TLR2 (-196 to -174del) and TLR9 (T-1486C) Gene Polymorphisms Association with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2024; 25:2003-2010. [PMID: 38918662 PMCID: PMC11382830 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.6.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) are diseases that result from the combined effects of a predisposing genetic background and several environmental factors, including smoking. Some genes can influence these diseases through genetic inheritance, and their regulation is explained by gene polymorphism. However, Toll-like receptor (TLR) genes have been identified as susceptibility genes for CD and UC. METHODS A case-control study was performed on a Turkish population composed of 105 healthy controls and 79 CD, 77 UC patients genotyped by Allele-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP for TLR9 (T-1486C) and TLR 2 (-196 to -174del) gene. Genotype and allele frequencies of TLR9 (T-1486C) and TLR 2 (-196 to -174del) gene polymorphisms compared to allele frequencies in CD and UC patients. RESULTS No statistically significant findings were found between the CD, UC patients, and the control group in terms of both genotype distributions and allele frequencies for TLR 9 (T-1486C; rs187084) and TLR 2 (-196 to -174del; rs111200466) gene polymorphisms in a Turkish population (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION No association was found between the TLR2 (rs111200466) and TLR 9 (rs187084) gene polymorphisms among IBD patients and the control groups in the Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseline Eke Emele
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Mohammed A Salim
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir, Niğde, Turkey
- Biotechnology- Proteomics and Molecular Biology, Africa City of Technology, Ministry of Higher Education And Scientific Research, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fikriye Polat
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences Education, Faculty of Education, University of Kocaeli, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Songül Budak Diler
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Letters, University of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir, Niğde, Turkey
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Atiyah NS, Fadhil HY, Ad’hiah AH. Toll-like receptor 10 gene polymorphism and risk of multiple sclerosis among Iraqi patients. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00301-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of 10 pattern recognition receptors (TLR1–TLR10) involved in the regulation of inflammatory and immune responses besides their role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). TLR10 is the least studied TLR in MS, and data for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TLR10 gene are limited. Therefore, a case–control study was performed on 85 patients with relapsing–remitting MS and 86 healthy controls (HC) to explore SNPs in the promoter region of TLR10 gene. A 927-bp region was amplified, and Sanger sequencing identified 10 SNPs with a minor allele frequency ≥ 10% (rs200395112 T/A, rs201802754 A/T, rs201228097 T/A, rs113588825 G/A, rs10004195 T/A, rs10034903 C/G, rs10012016 G/A/C, rs10012017 G/T, rs33994884 T/Deletion [Del] and rs28393318 A/G).
Results
Del allele and T/Del genotype of rs33994884, as well as AG genotype of rs28393318, showed significantly lower frequencies in MS patients compared to HC. Allele and genotype frequencies of the 10 SNPs showed no significant differences between MS patients classified according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale. Haplotype analysis revealed that haplotype A-T-A-G-A-G-G-T-A showed a significantly increased frequency in MS patients compared to HC (odds ratio [OR] = 9.70; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.28–73.31; corrected probability [pc] = 0.03), while frequency of A-T-A-G-T-C-A-T-G haplotype was significantly decreased (OR = 0.10; 95% CI = 0.01–0.85; pc = 0.05).
Conclusions
The study indicated that two SNPs may influence susceptibility to MS (rs33994884 and rs28393318), but haplotype analysis of TLR10 gene SNPs was more informative.
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Royo JL. Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium Disturbances in Case-Control Studies Lead to Non-Conclusive Results. CELL JOURNAL 2020; 22:572-574. [PMID: 32347052 PMCID: PMC7211273 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2021.7195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it has been proposed the association of a common deletion affecting toll-like receptor 2 promoter (-196
to -177) to type 2 diabetes mellitus risk. However, genotyping results show a significant deviation from the
HardyWeinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The law of Hardy-Weinberg shows that for an autosomal biallelic marker with allele
frequencies fA=p and fa=q, the proportion of subjects with genotypes AA, Aa, and aa should follow the following: fAA=p2
, fAa=2pq, and faa=q2
. Departure from HWE or Hardy-Weinberg Disequilibrium (HWD) in a human control population can
be caused by natural factors such as selective pressure against a certain genotype. However their prevalence is scarce
and magnitude of effect over the HWE are small. Other factors such as inbreeding caused by consanguinity, population
stratification, or technical problems in genotyping are more usual. Nevertheless, if the control population follows a
perfect HWE, the presence HWD among patients might be explained by the genetic association and evidencing a real
link between the locus and the trait under study. However, HWD affecting both cases and controls, such as the one
reported might be explained by one of the aforementioned issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Luis Royo
- Department of Surgery, Biochemisty and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Malaga, Boulevar Louis Pasteur s/n, Málaga, Spain. Electronic Address:
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Orliaguet L, Dalmas E, Drareni K, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Mechanisms of Macrophage Polarization in Insulin Signaling and Sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:62. [PMID: 32140136 PMCID: PMC7042402 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease of two etiologies: metabolic and inflammatory. At the cross-section of these etiologies lays the phenomenon of metabolic inflammation. Whilst metabolic inflammation is characterized as systemic, a common starting point is the tissue-resident macrophage, who's successful physiological or aberrant pathological adaptation to its microenvironment determines disease course and severity. This review will highlight the key mechanisms in macrophage polarization, inflammatory and non-inflammatory signaling that dictates the development and progression of insulin resistance and T2D. We first describe the known homeostatic functions of tissue macrophages in insulin secreting and major insulin sensitive tissues. Importantly we highlight the known mechanisms of aberrant macrophage activation in these tissues and the ways in which this leads to impairment of insulin sensitivity/secretion and the development of T2D. We next describe the cellular mechanisms that are known to dictate macrophage polarization. We review recent progress in macrophage bio-energetics, an emerging field of research that places cellular metabolism at the center of immune-effector function. Importantly, following the advent of the metabolically-activated macrophage, we cover the known transcriptional and epigenetic factors that canonically and non-canonically dictate macrophage differentiation and inflammatory polarization. In closing perspectives, we discuss emerging research themes and highlight novel non-inflammatory or non-immune roles that tissue macrophages have in maintaining microenvironmental and systemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Orliaguet
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Elise Dalmas
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Karima Drareni
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
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Yang J, Fukuchi KI. TIR-Domain-Containing Adaptor-Inducing Interferon- β (TRIF) Is Involved in Glucose Metabolism in Adipose Tissue through the Insulin/AKT Signaling Pathway. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:6942307. [PMID: 33376487 PMCID: PMC7744180 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6942307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissues, which is thought to play an essential role in developing insulin resistance. Many lines of evidence indicate that toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their downstream signaling pathways are involved in development of chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance, which are associated with obesity. Mice lacking molecules positively involved in the TLR signaling pathways are generally protected from high-fat diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. In this study, we have determined the effects of genetic deficiency of toll/interleukin-1 receptor-domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β (TRIF) on food intake, bodyweight, glucose metabolism, adipose tissue macrophage polarization, and insulin signaling in normal chow diet-fed mice to investigate the role of the TRIF-dependent TLR signaling in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation. TRIF deficiency (TRIF-/-) increased food intake and bodyweight. The significant increase in bodyweight in TRIF-/- mice was discernible as early as 24 weeks of age and sustained thereafter. TRIF-/- mice showed impaired glucose tolerance in glucose tolerance tests, but their insulin tolerance tests were similar to those in TRIF+/+ mice. Although no difference was found in the epididymal adipose mass between the two groups, the percentage of CD206+ M2 macrophages in epididymal adipose tissue decreased in TRIF-/- mice compared with those in TRIF+/+ mice. Furthermore, activation of epididymal adipose AKT in response to insulin stimulation was remarkably diminished in TRIF-/- mice compared with TRIF+/+ mice. Our results indicate that the TRIF-dependent TLR signaling contributes to maintaining insulin/AKT signaling and M2 macrophages in epididymal adipose tissue under a normal chow diet and provide new evidence that TLR4-targeted therapies for type 2 diabetes require caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Ken-Ichiro Fukuchi
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine Peoria, 1 Illini Drive, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
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Drareni K, Gautier JF, Venteclef N, Alzaid F. Transcriptional control of macrophage polarisation in type 2 diabetes. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:515-529. [PMID: 31049647 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes (T2D) is considered today as an inflammatory disease. Inflammatory processes in T2D are orchestrated by macrophage activation in different organs. Macrophages undergo classical M1 pro-inflammatory or alternative M2 anti-inflammatory activation in response to tissue microenvironmental signals. These subsets of macrophages are characterised by their expression of cell surface markers, secreted cytokines and chemokines. Transcriptional regulation is central to the polarisation of macrophages, and several major pathways have been described as essential to promote the expression of specific genes, which dictate the functional polarisation of macrophages. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of transcriptional control of macrophage polarisation and the role this plays in development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima Drareni
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France.,Lariboisière Hospital, AP-HP, Diabetology Department, University of Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France.
| | - Fawaz Alzaid
- Cordeliers Research Centre, INSERM, Immunity and Metabolism in Diabetes Laboratory, Sorbonne Université, USPC, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, F-75006, Paris, France.
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