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Liu JP, Wang JL, Hu BE, Zou FL, Wu CL, Shen J, Zhang WJ. Olfactory ensheathing cells and neuropathic pain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1147242. [PMID: 37223000 PMCID: PMC10201020 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1147242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage to the nervous system can lead to functional impairment, including sensory and motor functions. Importantly, neuropathic pain (NPP) can be induced after nerve injury, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. Therefore, the repair of nerve damage and the treatment of pain are particularly important. However, the current treatment of NPP is very weak, which promotes researchers to find new methods and directions for treatment. Recently, cell transplantation technology has received great attention and has become a hot spot for the treatment of nerve injury and pain. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a kind of glial cells with the characteristics of lifelong survival in the nervous system and continuous division and renewal. They also secrete a variety of neurotrophic factors, bridge the fibers at both ends of the injured nerve, change the local injury microenvironment, and promote axon regeneration and other biological functions. Different studies have revealed that the transplantation of OECs can repair damaged nerves and exert analgesic effect. Some progress has been made in the effect of OECs transplantation in inhibiting NPP. Therefore, in this paper, we provided a comprehensive overview of the biology of OECs, described the possible pathogenesis of NPP. Moreover, we discussed on the therapeutic effect of OECs transplantation on central nervous system injury and NPP, and prospected some possible problems of OECs transplantation as pain treatment. To provide some valuable information for the treatment of pain by OECs transplantation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-peng Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jia-ling Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bai-er Hu
- Department of Physical Examination, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fei-long Zou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chang-lei Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wen-jun Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Lima R, Monteiro A, Salgado AJ, Monteiro S, Silva NA. Pathophysiology and Therapeutic Approaches for Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213833. [PMID: 36430308 PMCID: PMC9698625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disabling condition that disrupts motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Despite extensive research in the last decades, SCI continues to be a global health priority affecting thousands of individuals every year. The lack of effective therapeutic strategies for patients with SCI reflects its complex pathophysiology that leads to the point of no return in its function repair and regeneration capacity. Recently, however, several studies started to uncover the intricate network of mechanisms involved in SCI leading to the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this work, we present a detailed description of the physiology and anatomy of the spinal cord and the pathophysiology of SCI. Additionally, we provide an overview of different molecular strategies that demonstrate promising potential in the modulation of the secondary injury events that promote neuroprotection or neuroregeneration. We also briefly discuss other emerging therapies, including cell-based therapies, biomaterials, and epidural electric stimulation. A successful therapy might target different pathologic events to control the progression of secondary damage of SCI and promote regeneration leading to functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Lima
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Andreia Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A. Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s Associate Laboratory, PT Government Associated Laboratory, 4806-909 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Wang H, Xia Y, Li B, Li Y, Fu C. Reverse Adverse Immune Microenvironments by Biomaterials Enhance the Repair of Spinal Cord Injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:812340. [PMID: 35646849 PMCID: PMC9136098 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.812340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe and traumatic disorder that ultimately results in the loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic nervous function. After SCI, local immune inflammatory response persists and does not weaken or disappear. The interference of local adverse immune factors after SCI brings great challenges to the repair of SCI. Among them, microglia, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, astrocytes, and the release of various cytokines, as well as the destruction of the extracellular matrix are mainly involved in the imbalance of the immune microenvironment. Studies have shown that immune remodeling after SCI significantly affects the survival and differentiation of stem cells after transplantation and the prognosis of SCI. Recently, immunological reconstruction strategies based on biomaterials have been widely explored and achieved good results. In this review, we discuss the important factors leading to immune dysfunction after SCI, such as immune cells, cytokines, and the destruction of the extracellular matrix. Additionally, the immunomodulatory strategies based on biomaterials are summarized, and the clinical application prospects of these immune reconstructs are evaluated.
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Zhang L, Zhuang X, Kotitalo P, Keller T, Krzyczmonik A, Haaparanta-Solin M, Solin O, Forsback S, Grönroos TJ, Han C, López-Picón FR, Xia H. Intravenous transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells reduces neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury via interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:1147-1161. [PMID: 33391526 PMCID: PMC7738890 DOI: 10.7150/thno.52197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation has emerged as a promising therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) repair. In the present study, we explored the possible mechanisms of OECs transplantation underlying neuroinflammation modulation. Methods: Spinal cord inflammation after intravenous OEC transplantation was detected in vivo and ex vivo by translocator protein PET tracer [18F]F-DPA. To track transplanted cells, OECs were transduced with enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and HSV1-39tk using lentiviral vector and were monitored by fluorescence imaging and [18F]FHBG study. Protein microarray analysis and ELISA studies were employed to analyze differential proteins in the injured spinal cord after OEC transplantation. The anti-inflammation function of the upregulated protein was also proved by in vitro gene knocking down experiments and OECs/microglia co-culture experiment. Results: The inflammation in the spinal cord was decreased after OEC intravenous transplantation. The HSV1-39tk-eGFP-transduced OECs showed no accumulation in major organs and were found at the injury site. After OEC transplantation, in the spinal cord tissues, the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) was highly upregulated while many chemokines, including pro-inflammatory chemokines IL-1α, IL-1β were downregulated. In vitro studies confirmed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulus triggered OECs to secrete IL-1Ra. OECs significantly suppressed LPS-stimulated microglial activity, whereas IL-1Ra gene knockdown significantly reduced their ability to modulate microglial activity. Conclusion: The OECs that reached the lesion site were activated by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from activated microglia in the lesion site and secreted IL-1Ra to reduce neuroinflammation. Intravenous transplantation of OECs has high therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of SCI via the secretion of IL-1Ra to reduce neuroinflammation.
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Circulating PAMM, a novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protein, is elevated in acute SCI. J Transl Med 2020; 18:135. [PMID: 32204712 PMCID: PMC7092454 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Peroxiredoxin activated in M-CSF stimulated monocytes (PAMM) is a novel protein produced by adipocytes with putative redox regulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Because acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation and because PAMM can be detected in systemic circulation, we hypothesized that acute neuro-trauma might induce changes in circulating PAMM expression. Specifically, we hypothesized that PAMM levels might vary based on the presence or absence of acute, traumatic SCI. We therefore investigated circulating PAMM levels in adults with and without acute traumatic SCI. Methods We studied 105 men and women (54 with SCI and 51 without SCI). Participants with SCI were admitted for acute rehabilitation within 1 month after injury. Serum samples were obtained during hospitalization and stored at − 80 °C until batch analysis. Total PAMM was quantified by ELISA assay (MyBiosource, Cat. No: MBS9327247) with a detection limit of 0.25 ng/ml. Separate multivariate models including age, BMI, and injury severity were assessed to determine significant clinical predictors of change in PAMM levels. Results When adjusting for BMI, age, and gender, mean change in PAMM levels were greatest in participants with motor complete SCI compared to able-bodied (1.65 ng/ml versus 0.94 ng/ml, p = 0.003). This model explained 26% of the variation in change in circulating PAMM levels. Conclusions Our results suggest that PAMM may be a novel biomarker of neurological injury or of native anti-inflammatory responses to neurological injury. More work is needed to establish the role of PAMM and other adipocyte-derived factors in the acute response to neurotrauma.
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Qian D, Li L, Rong Y, Liu W, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Gu C, Huang Y, Zhao X, Chen J, Fan J, Yin G. Blocking Notch signal pathway suppresses the activation of neurotoxic A1 astrocytes after spinal cord injury. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:3010-3029. [PMID: 31530090 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1667189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic disease which has complicated pathogenesis including inflammation, oxidative stress and glial scar formation. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in central nervous system and fulfill homeostatic functions. Recent studies have described a new reactive phenotype of astrocytes, A1, induced by inflammation, which may have negative effects in SCI. As the Notch signaling pathway has been linked to cell differentiation and inflammation, we aimed to investigate its potential role in the differentiation of astrocytes in SCI. Contusive SCI rat model showed elevated A1 astrocyte numbers at the damage site 28 days after SCI and the expression levels of Notch signaling and its downstream genes were upregulated parallelly. Western blotting, RT-qPCR and immunofluorescence revealed that blocking of Notch pathway using γ-secretase blocker (DAPT) suppressed the differentiation of A1 astrocytes. Flow cytometry, and TUNEL staining indicated that DAPT alleviated neuronal apoptosis and axonal damage caused by A1 astrocytes likely through the Notch-dependent release of pro-inflammatory factors. CO-IP and western blotting revealed an interaction between Notch pathway and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), which played a vital role in differentiation of A1 astrocytes. We conclude that phenotypic transition of A1 astrocytes and their neurotoxity were controlled by the Notch-Stat3 axis and that Notch pathway in astrocytes may serve as a promising therapeutic target for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfei Qian
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Linwei Li
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yuluo Rong
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Changjiang Gu
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Yifan Huang
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Jin Fan
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
| | - Guoyong Yin
- Department of Orthopedic, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , P.R. China
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Intranasal Borna Disease Virus (BoDV-1) Infection: Insights into Initial Steps and Potential Contagiosity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061318. [PMID: 30875911 PMCID: PMC6470550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian Bornavirus (BoDV-1) typically causes a fatal neurologic disorder in horses and sheep, and was recently shown to cause fatal encephalitis in humans with and without transplant reception. It has been suggested that BoDV-1 enters the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway. However, (I) susceptible cell types that replicate the virus for successful spread, and (II) the role of olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), remained unclear. To address this, we studied the intranasal infection of adult rats with BoDV-1 in vivo and in vitro, using olfactory mucosal (OM) cell cultures and the cultures of purified OECs. Strikingly, in vitro and in vivo, viral antigen and mRNA were present from four days post infection (dpi) onwards in the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), but also in all other cell types of the OM, and constantly in the OECs. In contrast, in vivo, BoDV-1 genomic RNA was only detectable in adult and juvenile ORNs, nerve fibers, and in OECs from 7 dpi on. In vitro, the rate of infection of OECs was significantly higher than that of the OM cells, pointing to a crucial role of OECs for infection via the olfactory pathway. Thus, this study provides important insights into the transmission of neurotropic viral infections with a zoonotic potential.
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