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Nejaddehbashi F, Rafiee Z, Orazizadeh M, Bayati V, Hemmati A, Hashemitabar M, Makvandi P. Antibacterial and antioxidant double-layered nanofibrous mat promotes wound healing in diabetic rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3166. [PMID: 36823173 PMCID: PMC9950077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wounds are problematic to heal owing to microbial infections as well as decreased proliferation and high concentrations of reactive oxygen species. In this study, a double-layered nanofibrous mat containing grape seed extract (GSE) and silver sulfadiazine (SSD) was fabricated. A synthetic biodegradable polymer, e.g., polycaprolactone (PCL), and a natural material (i.e., collagen) were employed as wound dressing substances. The results showed that GSE possesses antioxidant activity which can be helpful in reducing free radicals. The platform exhibited antibacterial activity against gram-positive and -negative bacteria. The double-layered nanofibrous mat containing GSE and SSD not only was not toxic but also amplified the cell proliferation compared to a pure mat, showing the effect of plant extract. After induction of a round wound, the animals were divided into three groups, namely (1) normal group (receiving + GSE/-GSE nanofiber), (2) diabetic group (receiving + GSE/-GSE nanofiber), and (3) control group (receiving gauze). In vivo evaluation demonstrated no significant differences in the healing process of normal rats. Surprisingly, fully repaired skin was observed on day 14 in the double-layered nanofibrous mat containing GSE in the normal and diabetic groups whereas the wound of diabetic rats treated with pure mat was not completely healed. The macroscopic and microscopic results after 14 days showed the following order in wound repair: Normal/ + GES > Diabetic/ + GSE > Normal/-GES > Diabetic/-GSE > control (with gauze) (p < 0.05). Accordingly, the double-layered nanofibrous mat containing GSE and SSD used in the present study could be considered as a suitable wound dressing in order to shorten healing time and prevent infection during the wound healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Nejaddehbashi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Zeinab Rafiee
- grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden ,grid.4514.40000 0001 0930 2361Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahmoud Orazizadeh
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahid Bayati
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Hemmati
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Marine Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemitabar
- grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran ,grid.411230.50000 0000 9296 6873Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Centre for Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Pisa, Italy. .,Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, 324000, Zhejiang, China.
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Kumar V, Kumar A, Chauhan NS, Yadav G, Goswami M, Packirisamy G. Design and Fabrication of a Dual Protein-Based Trilayered Nanofibrous Scaffold for Efficient Wound Healing. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2726-2740. [PMID: 35594572 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic wound healing is a major threat all over the world. There are currently a plethora of biomaterials-based wound dressings available for wound healing applications. In this study, a dual protein-based (silk fibroin and sericin) nanofibrous scaffold from a natural source (B.mori silkworm cocoons) with antibacterial and antioxidative properties for wound healing was investigated. An electrospun layer-by-layer silk protein-based nanofibrous scaffold was fabricated with a top layer of hydrophobic silk fibroin protein blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), a middle layer of waste protein silk sericin loaded with silver(I) sulfadiazine as an antibacterial agent, and a bottom layer using silk fibroin blended with polycaprolactone (PCL). The trilayered nanofibrous scaffold with a smooth and bead-free morphology demonstrated excellent wettability, slow in vitro degradation, controlled drug release, and potent antibacterial and antioxidant properties. In vitro, the scaffold also demonstrated excellent hemocompatibility and biocompatibility. Furthermore, in vivo wound contraction, histological, and micro-CT investigations show complete wound healing and the formation of new skin tissue in a male Balb/c mouse model treated with the scaffold. The antioxidant properties of the sericin protein and SSD-based triple-layered nanofibrous scaffold protect the wound from bacterial infection and improve wound healing in a mouse model. The current study develops a dual protein-based nanofibrous scaffold with antibacterial and antioxidant properties as a promising wound dressing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Narendra Singh Chauhan
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Govind Yadav
- Laboratory Animal Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Mayank Goswami
- Divyadrishti Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India.,Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India
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Liu Y, Fan J, Lv M, She K, Sun J, Lu Q, Han C, Ding S, Zhao S, Wang G, Zhang Y, Zang G. Photocrosslinking silver nanoparticles-aloe vera-silk fibroin composite hydrogel for treatment of full-thickness cutaneous wounds. Regen Biomater 2021; 8:rbab048. [PMID: 34513005 PMCID: PMC8419525 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to the skin causes physiological and functional issues. The most effective treatment approach is the use of wound dressings. Silk fibroin (SF) is a promising candidate biomaterial for regulating wound healing; however, its antibacterial properties and biological activity must be further improved. In this study, a photocrosslinking hydrogel was developed to treat full-thickness cutaneous wounds. The composite hydrogel (Ag–AV–SF hydrogel) was prepared by introducing the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and aloe vera (AV) as the modifiers. In vitro study exhibited great antibacterial ability, biocompatibility and cell-proliferation and -migration-promoting capacities. It also showed the pH-response releasing properties which release more AgNPs in a simulated chronic infection environment. The healing effect evaluation in vivo showed the healing-promoting ability of the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel was stronger than the single-modifiers groups, and the healing rate of it reached 97.02% on Day 21, higher than the commercial wound dressing, silver sulfadiazine (SS) cream on sale. Additionally, the histological and protein expression results showed that the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel has a greater effect on the pro-healing regenerative phenotype with M2 macrophages at the early stage, reconstructing the blood vessels networks and inhibiting the formation of scars. In summary, the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel developed in this study had good physical properties, overwhelming antibacterial properties, satisfactory biocompatibility and significantly promoting effect on cell proliferation, migration and wound healing. Overall, our results suggest that the Ag–AV–SF hydrogel we developed has great potential for improving the wound healing in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangkun Liu
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - JinChuan Fan
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - MingQi Lv
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kepeng She
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiale Sun
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qingqing Lu
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Changhao Han
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - SongTao Ding
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.,Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - GuiXue Wang
- Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - YuChan Zhang
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - GuangChao Zang
- Institute of Life Science, And Laboratory of Tissue and Cell Biology, Lab Teaching & Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Vigneswari S, Gurusamy TP, Khairul WM, H.P.S. AK, Ramakrishna S, Amirul AAA. Surface Characterization and Physiochemical Evaluation of P(3HB- co-4HB)-Collagen Peptide Scaffolds with Silver Sulfadiazine as Antimicrobial Agent for Potential Infection-Resistance Biomaterial. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2454. [PMID: 34372060 PMCID: PMC8347226 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) [P(3HB-co-4HB)] is a bacterial derived biopolymer widely known for its unique physical and mechanical properties to be used in biomedical application. In this study, antimicrobial agent silver sulfadiazine (SSD) coat/collagen peptide coat-P(3HB-co-4HB) (SCCC) and SSD blend/collagen peptide coat-P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffolds (SBCC) were fabricated using a green salt leaching technique combined with freeze-drying. This was then followed by the incorporation of collagen peptides at various concentrations (2.5-12.5 wt.%) to P(3HB-co-4HB) using collagen-coating. As a result, two types of P(3HB-co-4HB) scaffolds were fabricated, including SCCC and SBCC scaffolds. The increasing concentrations of collagen peptides from 2.5 wt.% to 12.5 wt.% exhibited a decline in their porosity. The wettability and hydrophilicity increased as the concentration of collagen peptides in the scaffolds increased. In terms of the cytotoxic results, MTS assay demonstrated the L929 fibroblast scaffolds adhered well to the fabricated scaffolds. The 10 wt.% collagen peptides coated SCCC and SBCC scaffolds displayed highest cell proliferation rate. The antimicrobial analysis of the fabricated scaffolds exhibited 100% inhibition towards various pathogenic microorganisms. However, the SCCC scaffold exhibited 100% inhibition between 12 and 24 h, but the SBCC scaffolds with SSD impregnated in the scaffold had controlled release of the antimicrobial agent. Thus, this study will elucidate the surface interface-cell interactions of the SSD-P(3HB-co-4HB)-collagen peptide scaffolds and controlled release of SSD, antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevakumaran Vigneswari
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (S.V.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Tana Poorani Gurusamy
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Wan M. Khairul
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia; (S.V.); (W.M.K.)
| | - Abdul Khalil H.P.S.
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore;
| | - Al-Ashraf Abdullah Amirul
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, Malaysia;
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Penang, Malaysia
- Malaysian Institute of Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals, NIBM, Gelugor 11700, Penang, Malaysia
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Maillard JY, Kampf G, Cooper R. Antimicrobial stewardship of antiseptics that are pertinent to wounds: the need for a united approach. JAC Antimicrob Resist 2021; 3:dlab027. [PMID: 34223101 PMCID: PMC8209993 DOI: 10.1093/jacamr/dlab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long before the nature of infection was recognized, or the significance of biofilms in delayed healing was understood, antimicrobial agents were being used in wound care. In the last 70 years, antibiotics have provided an effective means to control wound infection, but the continued emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains and the documented antibiotic tolerance of biofilms has reduced their effectiveness. A range of wound dressings containing an antimicrobial (antibiotic or non-antibiotic compound) has been developed. Whereas standardized methods for determining the efficacy of non-antibiotic antimicrobials in bacterial suspension tests were developed in the early twentieth century, standardized ways of evaluating the efficacy of antimicrobial dressings against microbial suspensions and biofilms are not available. Resistance to non-antibiotic antimicrobials and cross-resistance with antibiotics has been reported, but consensus on breakpoints is absent and surveillance is impossible. Antimicrobial stewardship is therefore in jeopardy. This review highlights these difficulties and in particular the efficacy of current non-antibiotic antimicrobials used in dressings, their efficacy, and the challenges of translating in vitro efficacy data to the efficacy of dressings in patients. This review calls for a unified approach to developing standardized methods of evaluating antimicrobial dressings that will provide an improved basis for practitioners to make informed choices in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Yves Maillard
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Günter Kampf
- Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rose Cooper
- School of Sport & Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Samadi A, Azandeh S, Orazizadeh M, Bayati V, Rafienia M, Karami MA. Fabrication and Characterization of Glycerol/Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol-Based Transparent Hydrogel Films Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Wound Dressing Applications. Adv Biomed Res 2021; 10:4. [PMID: 33959561 PMCID: PMC8095260 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_211_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wounds have a bad prognostic nature and excessive discharges whose regular wound dressings are ineffective. Hydrogels are the best candidates for dressing such wounds due to their high water content and ability to exchange substances. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to make a novel hydrogel wound dressing following the integration of various findings on wound healing and the use of regenerative medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS Various compounds were fabricated by glycerol/chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and then characterized to obtain the optimal composition using several techniques, including a water vapor passage test, scanning electron microscopy, water absorption, tensile strength, biodegradability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and antibacterial test. RESULTS The findings revealed the optimal dressing ratio. Better antibacterial activity was found for the silver nanoparticle (AgNP) dressing. CONCLUSION Our new fabricated dressing, glycerol/chitosan/PVA hydrogel loaded with AgNPs, exhibited satisfactory wound healing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeed Azandeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Orazizadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Vahid Bayati
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rafienia
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Ali Karami
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Faccendini A, Ruggeri M, Miele D, Rossi S, Bonferoni MC, Aguzzi C, Grisoli P, Viseras C, Vigani B, Sandri G, Ferrari F. Norfloxacin-Loaded Electrospun Scaffolds: Montmorillonite Nanocomposite vs. Free Drug. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12040325. [PMID: 32260441 PMCID: PMC7238150 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections in nonhealing wounds remain one of the major challenges. Recently, nanomedicine approach seems a valid option to overcome the antibiotic resistance mechanisms. The aim of this study was the development of three types of polysaccharide-based scaffolds (chitosan-based (CH), chitosan/chondroitin sulfate-based (CH/CS), chitosan/hyaluronic acid-based (CH/HA)), as dermal substitutes, to be loaded with norfloxacin, intended for the treatment of infected wounds. The scaffolds have been loaded with norfloxacin as a free drug (N scaffolds) or in montmorillonite nanocomposite (H—hybrid-scaffolds). Chitosan/glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid) scaffolds were prepared by means of electrospinning with a simple, one-step process. The scaffolds were characterized by 500 nm diameter fibers with homogeneous structures when norfloxacin was loaded as a free drug. On the contrary, the presence of nanocomposite caused a certain degree of surface roughness, with fibers having 1000 nm diameters. The presence of norfloxacin–montmorillonite nanocomposite (1%) caused higher deformability (90–120%) and lower elasticity (5–10 mN/cm2), decreasing the mechanical resistance of the systems. All the scaffolds were proven to be degraded via lysozyme (this should ensure scaffold resorption) and this sustained the drug release (from 50% to 100% in 3 days, depending on system composition), especially when the drug was loaded in the scaffolds as a nanocomposite. Moreover, the scaffolds were able to decrease the bioburden at least 100-fold, proving that drug loading in the scaffolds did not impair the antimicrobial activity of norfloxacin. Chondroitin sulfate and montmorillonite in the scaffolds are proven to possess a synergic performance, enhancing the fibroblast proliferation without impairing norfloxacin’s antimicrobial properties. The scaffold based on chondroitin sulfate, containing 1% norfloxacin in the nanocomposite, demonstrated adequate stiffness to sustain fibroblast proliferation and the capability to sustain antimicrobial properties to prevent/treat nonhealing wound infection during the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Faccendini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Marco Ruggeri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Dalila Miele
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bonferoni
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Carola Aguzzi
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.A.); (C.V.)
| | - Pietro Grisoli
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Cesar Viseras
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain; (C.A.); (C.V.)
| | - Barbara Vigani
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
| | - Giuseppina Sandri
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +0039-0382-987728
| | - Franca Ferrari
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.F.); (M.R.); (D.M.); (S.R.); (M.C.B.); (P.G.); (B.V.); (F.F.)
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