Rapid Enzymatically Reduction of Zincum Gluconicum for the Biomanufacturing of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Mycoextracellular Filtrate of Penicillium Digitatum (Pdig-B3) as a Soft Green Technique

The biofabrication of ZnO nanoparticles using the green soft technique reduction of Zincum Gluconicum (ZNG) by extracellular mycofiltrate of Penicillium italicum Pit-L6

Recently, biological techniques for manufacturing nanoparticles, such as employing filamentous fungi to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles, have become environmentally friendly, bio congruous, and safe. This study aimed to look for Penicillium italicum [Filamentous Blue Mold (FiBM)] in rotting citrus fruits and exploit this in the biofabrication of ZnO nanoparticles. The study isolated 39 different filamentous mold samples and used conventional and molecular diagnosis. Only 11 (28%) of the isolates obtained contained Penicillium italicum, for which we investigated the capability of ZnO nanoparticles biosynthesis by fungal extracellular free-cells filtrate solution. The results showed that Penicillium italicum Pit-L6 was given the peak of ZnONps 378 nm detected by UV-visible spectrophotometry, and it considered significantly optimum strain in the highest quantity (mean±S.D) 0.015±0.002 gm/100 ml with small enough average nanoparticles size. The ZnONps were characterized by UV-visible scanning spectrophotometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), X|-RD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The final average ZnONps through 0f in all measuring devices ranged between 53.13-69.67 nm (with different shapes and dimensions). This study concluded that these fungi (FiBMs) are highly capable as eco-friendly and cheap bio-nano factories to manufacture ZnONps as alternative novel biological technology, in fine particles within average size at nano-level, as continuous renewable sources for producing nanoparticles, for different usage.

Conductive Gels: Properties and Applications of Nanoelectronics

Conductive gels are a special class of soft materials. They harness the 3D micro/nanostructures of gels with the electrical and optical properties of semiconductors, producing excellent novel attributes, like the formation of an intricate network of conducting micro/nanostructures that facilitates the easy movement of charge carriers. Conductive gels encompass interesting properties, like adhesion, porosity, swelling, and good mechanical properties compared to those of bulk conducting polymers. The porous structure of the gels allows the easy diffusion of ions and molecules and the swelling nature provides an effective interface between molecular chains and solution phases, whereas good mechanical properties enable their practical applications. Due to these excellent assets, conductive gels are promising candidates for applications like energy conversion and storage, sensors, medical and biodevices, actuators, superhydrophobic coatings, etc. Conductive gels offer promising applications, e.g., as soft sensors, energy storage, and wearable electronics. Hydrogels with ionic species have some potential in this area. However, they suffer from dehydration due to evaporation when exposed to the air which limits their applications and lifespan. In addition to conductive polymers and organic charge transfer complexes, there is another class of organic matter called "conductive gels" that are used in the organic nanoelectronics industry. The main features of this family of organic materials include controllable photoluminescence, use in photon upconversion technology, and storage of optical energy and its conversion into electricity. Various parameters change the electronic and optical behaviors of these materials, which can be changed by controlling some of the structural and chemical parameters of conductive gels, their electronic and optical behaviors depending on the applications. If the conjugated molecules with π bonds come together spontaneously, in a relative order, to form non-covalent bonds, they form a gel-like structure that has photoluminescence properties. The reason for this is the possibility of excitation of highest occupied molecular orbital level electrons of these molecules due to the collision of landing photons and their transfer to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level. This property can be used in various nanoelectronic applications such as field-effect organic transistors, organic solar cells, and sensors to detect explosives. In this paper, the general introduction of conductive or conjugated gels with π bonds is discussed and some of the physical issues surrounding electron excitation due to incident radiation and the mobility of charge carriers, the position, and role of conductive gels in each of these applications are discussed.