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Bou Saba G, Rahal R, Bachir R, El Sayed M. Factors associated with survival in adult trauma patients undergoing angiography with and without embolization across trauma centers in the United States. Emerg Radiol 2023; 30:1-10. [PMID: 36264528 DOI: 10.1007/s10140-022-02094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interventional angiography is increasingly utilized in trauma management for various injuries. Despite published guidelines by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma on the use of angiography, limited data exist on factors associated with outcomes in angiography procedures. This study examines factors associated with survival to hospital discharge in trauma patients undergoing angiography with or without embolization across US trauma centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective observational study used the National Trauma Data Bank 2017 dataset and included adult trauma patients who underwent conventional angiography with or without embolization. A bivariate analysis was done to compare patients' characteristics by outcome (survived/died), followed by a multivariable logistic regression analysis to determine factors associated with survival to hospital discharge after adjusting for important confounders. RESULTS In the included sample of 4242 patients, median age was 41 years and male gender was predominant (72.6%). Overall mean time to angiography was 263.77 ± 750.19 min. Factors positively associated with survival included treatment at large facilities with over 401 beds (OR = 2.170; 95% CI, [1.277-3.685]), helicopter ambulance/fixed-wing transport (OR = 1.736; 95% CI, [1.325-2.275]), mild Glasgow Coma Scale (OR = 7.621; 95% CI, [5.868-9.898]) and moderate Glasgow Coma Scale (OR = 3.127; 95% CI, [2.080-4.701]), SBP ≥ 90 (OR = 1.516; 95% CI [1.199-1.916]), and spleen as embolization site (OR = 1.647; 95% CI [1.119-2.423]). CONCLUSION This nationwide study identified variables associated with survival in trauma patients who underwent angiography. These variables can serve in creating standardized risk stratification tools that could be incorporated into evidence-based guidelines for angiography candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Bou Saba
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Romy Rahal
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Rana Bachir
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mazen El Sayed
- Department of Emergency Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, P.O. Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh, Beirut, 1107 2020, Lebanon.
- Emergency Medical Services and Pre-Hospital Care Program, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
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McGraw JR, Cannon JW, Nadolski GJ, Hunt SJ, Clark TW, Gade TP. Pre-Intervention Computed Tomography Improves Performance of Endovascular Intervention in Patients with Abdominopelvic Trauma. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2022; 33:979-986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Chien LC, Herr KD, Archer-Arroyo K, Vakil M, Hanna TN. Review of Multimodality Imaging of Renal Trauma. Radiol Clin North Am 2020; 58:965-979. [PMID: 32792127 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Blunt trauma accounts for more than 95% of traumatic renal injury and results from shear forces from rapid acceleration or deceleration and/or collision against the spine or ribs. The use of multiphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) has proven pivotal in the evaluation and management of traumatic kidney injury, and CT imaging features provide the basis for nonsurgical staging. This article describes the epidemiology and mechanisms of blunt and penetrating traumatic renal injury and reviews the range of findings from various imaging modalities, with a particular emphasis on contrast-enhanced CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Chen Chien
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Emory University School of Medicine, 550 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
| | - Keith D Herr
- Division of Emergency and Trauma Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, 550 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA.
| | - Krystal Archer-Arroyo
- Division of Emergency and Trauma Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, 550 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA. https://twitter.com/krystal_archer
| | - Mona Vakil
- Division of Emergency and Trauma Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, 550 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA. https://twitter.com/MonaVakil
| | - Tarek N Hanna
- Division of Emergency and Trauma Imaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, 550 Peachtree Street, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA. https://twitter.com/,ER_Rad_Hanna
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Roh HS, Park YC, Jo YG, Kim JC. The Incidence and Impact of Abdominal Surgery on Delirium in Abdominal Trauma Patients. JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE SURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.17479/jacs.2020.10.2.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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5
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Coccolini F, Coimbra R, Ordonez C, Kluger Y, Vega F, Moore EE, Biffl W, Peitzman A, Horer T, Abu-Zidan FM, Sartelli M, Fraga GP, Cicuttin E, Ansaloni L, Parra MW, Millán M, DeAngelis N, Inaba K, Velmahos G, Maier R, Khokha V, Sakakushev B, Augustin G, di Saverio S, Pikoulis E, Chirica M, Reva V, Leppaniemi A, Manchev V, Chiarugi M, Damaskos D, Weber D, Parry N, Demetrashvili Z, Civil I, Napolitano L, Corbella D, Catena F. Liver trauma: WSES 2020 guidelines. World J Emerg Surg 2020; 15:24. [PMID: 32228707 PMCID: PMC7106618 DOI: 10.1186/s13017-020-00302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver injuries represent one of the most frequent life-threatening injuries in trauma patients. In determining the optimal management strategy, the anatomic injury, the hemodynamic status, and the associated injuries should be taken into consideration. Liver trauma approach may require non-operative or operative management with the intent to restore the homeostasis and the normal physiology. The management of liver trauma should be multidisciplinary including trauma surgeons, interventional radiologists, and emergency and ICU physicians. The aim of this paper is to present the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) liver trauma management guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Coccolini
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisia 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Raul Coimbra
- Riverside University Health System, CECORC Research Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, USA
| | - Carlos Ordonez
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Yoram Kluger
- Division of General Surgery, Rambam Health Care Campus Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Felipe Vega
- Department of Surgery, Hospital Angeles Lomas, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | | - Walt Biffl
- Trauma Surgery Department, Scripps Memorial Hospital La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Peitzman
- Surgery Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tal Horer
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Fikri M Abu-Zidan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Massimo Sartelli
- General and Emergency Surgery, Macerata Hospital, Macerata, Italy
| | - Gustavo P Fraga
- Trauma/Acute Care Surgery & Surgical Critical Care, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Enrico Cicuttin
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisia 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
| | - Michael W Parra
- Department of Trauma Critical Care, Broward General Level I Trauma Center, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Mauricio Millán
- Division of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Nicola DeAngelis
- Unit of Digestive Surgery, HPB Surgery and Liver Transplant, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil, France
| | - Kenji Inaba
- General and Trauma Surgery, LAC+USC Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - George Velmahos
- General and Emergency Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ron Maier
- Department of Surgery, Harborview Medical Centre, Seattle, USA
| | - Vladimir Khokha
- General Surgery Department, Mozir City Hospital, Mozir, Belarus
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- General Surgery Department, Medical University, University Hospital St George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Goran Augustin
- Department of Surgery, Zagreb University Hospital Centre and School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Salomone di Saverio
- General and Trauma Surgery Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emanuil Pikoulis
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attiko Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Mircea Chirica
- Chirurgie Digestive, CHUGA-CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Viktor Reva
- General and Emergency Surgery, Sergei Kirov Military Academy, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ari Leppaniemi
- General Surgery Department, Mehilati Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vassil Manchev
- General and Trauma Surgery Department, Pietermaritzburg Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Massimo Chiarugi
- General, Emergency and Trauma Surgery Department, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisia 1, 56100, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Dieter Weber
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Neil Parry
- General and Trauma Surgery Department, London Health Sciences Centre, Victoria Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ian Civil
- Trauma Surgery, Auckland University Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lena Napolitano
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Fausto Catena
- Emergency and Trauma Surgery, Maggiore Hospital, Parma, Italy
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Feng W, Yue D, ZaiMing L, ZhaoYu L, XiangXuan Z, Wei L, QiYong G. Iatrogenic hemobilia: imaging features and management with transcatheter arterial embolization in 30 patients. Diagn Interv Radiol 2017; 22:371-7. [PMID: 27328719 DOI: 10.5152/dir.2016.15295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the imaging features of computed tomography (CT) and angiography and the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) in patients with hemobilia of different iatrogenic causes. METHODS Thirty patients with hemobilia were divided into two groups according to their iatrogenic causes, i.e., group 1, 11 patients (36.7%) with transhepatic intervention and group 2, 19 patients (63.3%) with surgical procedures in the hilar area. Seventeen patients (56.7%) underwent abdominal contrast-enhanced CT before selective angiography. Polyvinyl alcohol particles, gelatin sponges, and coils were used for TAE. Data from the two groups were compared using Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS Contrast-enhanced CT showed a hematoma, extravasation of contrast material, and pseudoaneurysm. The bleeding source was determined by angiographic features in all patients, which were not significantly different between the two groups (P = 0.127), and pseudoaneurysm was the most common. The embolic material and number of coils used for TAE were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.001), but the embolization was technically successful in all patients. The clinical success rate of the first embolization was 100% in group 1 vs. 84.2% in group 2. The overall clinical success rate of TAE was 100% in all patients. The complication rate was 63.6% in group 1 vs. 68.4% in group 2 (P = 1.000). CONCLUSION CT was useful in diagnosing hemobilia, and angiograms enabled determination of the bleeding source. Pseudoaneurysm was one of the most common angiographic features. TAE was successfully performed with different embolic materials on the basis of the iatrogenic cause and bleeding location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Feng
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Richmond BK, Judhan R, Sherrill W, Yacoub M, Aburahma AF, Knackstedt K, Chumbe JT, Samanta D, Thompson SN. Trends and Outcomes in the Operative Management of Traumatic Vascular Injuries: A Comparison of Open versus Endovascular Approaches. Am Surg 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/000313481708300525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Controversy exists in vascular trauma regarding the best method of treatment—open versus endovascular techniques. Little has been published on this complex topic. Patients from 2005 to 2013 at a Level I trauma center with vascular injuries were identified via a prospectively trauma registry. Patient data, injury type/severity, treatment, and 30-day outcomes were obtained from the trauma registry and the chart review. Adverse events (limb loss, major disability, and death) were outcomes of interest. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of adverse events. In all, 346 patients were included (median age 34, range 1–93 years). Median Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 10(1–59). Endovascular repairs (n = 52) increased from 0 per cent (2005) to 32 per cent (2013), and demonstrated equivalent outcomes to open approaches (P = 0.24). On multi-variate analysis, higher ISS (P = 0.001), increasing age (P = 0.01), and lower extremity injuries (P = 0.001) were associated with adverse outcomes across the entire series. Endovascular approaches were most commonly used in vascular injuries of the chest/abdomen (39 of 52, 75% of all endovascular procedures in the series, P < 0.001), older patients(P = 0.003), blunt injury mechanism (P < 0.001), and patients with a higher ISS at presentation (P < 0.001). In conclusion, this large series, the use of endovascular procedures increased over time, and was associated with equivalent outcomes to open approaches, despite their higher usage in older patients, those with chest/abdominal injuries, and those with a higher ISS at presentation. Although these retrospective results are encouraging, further prospective study into the role of endovascular therapies in the treatment of vascular injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan K. Richmond
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Rudy Judhan
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - William Sherrill
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael Yacoub
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Ali F. Aburahma
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Kimball Knackstedt
- Department of Surgery, West Virginia University Charleston Division, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Julton T. Chumbe
- Charleston Area Medical Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Damayanti Samanta
- Charleston Area Medical Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
| | - Stephanie N. Thompson
- Charleston Area Medical Health Education and Research Institute, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, West Virginia
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Trading scalpels for sheaths: Catheter-based treatment of vascular injury can be effectively performed by acute care surgeons trained in endovascular techniques. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2016; 80:783-6. [PMID: 26891154 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skill set of the acute care surgeon can be expanded by formal training. We report the first series of traumatic vascular injury (TVI) treated by acute care surgeons trained in endovascular techniques (ACSTEV). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients admitted to our trauma center with TVI over 5 months who survived for more than 24 hours and had catheter diagnosis and/or therapy by ACSTEV. Demographics, admission data, and outcomes were reviewed. Follow-up ranged from 0 day to 150 days. RESULTS Most patients were male (63%) and sustained blunt mechanism (91%). Mean (SD) age was 48.2 (21.9) years, and mean (SD) Injury Severity Score was 32.1 (11.8). Mean (SD) admission systolic blood pressure, heart rate, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score were 126.12 (30.4) mm Hg, 101.21 (28.2) beats per minute, and 10.8 (4.73), respectively. Forty-six patients underwent 48 endovascular procedures for TVI: 32 angiograms and 16 venograms were obtained. Two pelvic angiograms and one aortic arch angiogram were negative and required no treatment. One superficial femoral artery arteriogram showed minor luminal defects requiring anticoagulation only. Pseudoaneurysms were found in 17 vessels, vessel truncation in 4, active extravasation in 5, stenosis in 1, and dissection with thrombus in 1. Four patients had resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta performed before catheter intervention for pelvic hemorrhage. Procedures included aortic repair (4), pelvic embolization (13), splenic embolization (5), lumbar artery embolization (1), bronchial artery embolization (1), profunda artery embolization (1), common carotid artery stent (1), celiac artery stent (1), inferior vena cava filter placement (14) and retrieval (2), and pharmacomechanical thrombolysis (1). Treatment material included coils (12), Gelfoam (4), and nitinol plugs (3). No procedural or device-related complications occurred. Mortality was 14.7% unrelated to any endovascular procedure. One patient had repeat coil embolization of a pelvic pseudoaneurysm on postoperative Day 7. CONCLUSION ACSTEV can safely treat TVI with good success. We performed nearly 10 procedures per month underscoring the role of the ACSTEV for training and care of TVI in a high-volume trauma center. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic study, level V.
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Salcedo ES, Brown IE, Corwin MT, Galante JM. Pelvic angioembolization in trauma - Indications and outcomes. Int J Surg 2016; 33:231-236. [PMID: 26912018 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2016.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pelvic stabilization with angioembolization (AE) is steadily supplanting operative management for the treatment of pelvic hemorrhage in trauma. We aimed to provide a brief review of the indications, effectiveness and complications associated with AE for pelvic injuries. METHODS We conducted a literature search using the terms "trauma," "angioembolization," and "pelvis" limited to studies published in the English language. Abstracts and full text were manually reviewed to identify suitable articles. RESULTS The current brief review is based on content from articles published in the last 10 years related to pelvic AE for retroperitoneal hemorrhage after trauma. DISCUSSION Pelvic injuries often require complex management because the high energy transfer causes concomitant injuries. Outcomes for hemodynamically unstable patients may be better with AE than with operative management. CONCLUSION Pelvic AE is the most effective intervention for management of hemorrhage associated with pelvic fracture in both hemodynamically stable and unstable patients. It can be used as the primary definitive intervention or in conjunction with operative management in the setting of concomitant intra-abdominal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo S Salcedo
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Room 4206, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Ian E Brown
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Room 4206, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Michael T Corwin
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Radiology, 4860 Y Street, ACC Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Joseph M Galante
- University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Acute Care Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, 2315 Stockton Blvd, Room 4206, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Ierardi AM, Duka E, Lucchina N, Floridi C, De Martino A, Donat D, Fontana F, Carrafiello G. The role of interventional radiology in abdominopelvic trauma. Br J Radiol 2016; 89:20150866. [PMID: 26642310 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20150866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The management of trauma patients has evolved in recent decades owing to increasing availability of advanced imaging modalities such as CT. Nowadays, CT has replaced the diagnostic function of angiography. The latter is considered when a therapeutic option is hypothesized. Arterial embolization is a life-saving procedure in abdominopelvic haemorrhagic patients, reducing relevant mortality rates and ensuring haemodynamic stabilization of the patient. Percutaneous transarterial embolization has been shown to be effective for controlling ongoing bleeding for patients with high-grade abdominopelvic injuries, thereby reducing the failure rate of non-operative management, preserving maximal organ function. Surgery is not always the optimal solution for stabilization of a patient with polytrauma. Mini-invasivity and repeatability may be considered as relevant advantages. We review technical considerations, efficacy and complication rates of hepatic, splenic, renal and pelvic embolization to extrapolate current evidence about transarterial embolization in traumatic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Ierardi
- 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Uninsubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ejona Duka
- 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Uninsubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Natalie Lucchina
- 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Uninsubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Chiara Floridi
- 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Uninsubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Donat
- 2 Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Department of Radiology, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Federico Fontana
- 1 Interventional Radiology Unit, Radiology Department, Uninsubria, Varese, Italy
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Smolyar
- N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care, Department of Health, Moscow
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