1
|
Kahts M, Summers B, Gutta A, Pilloy W, Ebenhan T. Recently developed radiopharmaceuticals for bacterial infection imaging. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:49. [PMID: 38896373 PMCID: PMC11187059 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00279-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, regardless of advances in antimicrobial therapy and improved knowledge of microorganisms. With the major global threat posed by antimicrobial resistance, fast and accurate diagnosis of infections, and the reliable identification of intractable infection, are becoming more crucial for effective treatment and the application of antibiotic stewardship. Molecular imaging with the use of nuclear medicine allows early detection and localisation of infection and inflammatory processes, as well as accurate monitoring of treatment response. There has been a continuous search for more specific radiopharmaceuticals to be utilised for infection imaging. This review summarises the most prominent discoveries in specifically bacterial infection imaging agents over the last five years, since 2019. MAIN BODY Some promising new radiopharmaceuticals evaluated in patient studies are reported here, including radiolabelled bacterial siderophores like [68Ga]Ga-DFO-B, radiolabelled antimicrobial peptide/peptide fragments like [68Ga]Ga-NOTA-UBI29-41, and agents that target bacterial synthesis pathways (folic acid and peptidoglycan) like [11C]para-aminobenzoic acid and D-methyl-[11C]-methionine, with clinical trials underway for [18F]fluorodeoxy-sorbitol, as well as for 11C- and 18F-labelled trimethoprim. CONCLUSION It is evident that a great deal of effort has gone into the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for infection imaging over the last few years, with remarkable progress in preclinical investigations. However, translation to clinical trials, and eventually clinical Nuclear Medicine practice, is apparently slow. It is the authors' opinion that a more structured and harmonised preclinical setting and well-designed clinical investigations are the key to reliably evaluate the true potential of the newly proposed infection imaging agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryke Kahts
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, South Africa.
| | - Beverley Summers
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, South Africa
| | - Aadil Gutta
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, South Africa
- School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, South Africa
| | - Wilfrid Pilloy
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Ga-Rankuwa, 0208, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Nuclear Medicine Department and Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kleynhans J, Sathekge MM, Ebenhan T. Preclinical Research Highlighting Contemporary Targeting Mechanisms of Radiolabelled Compounds for PET Based Infection Imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:630-643. [PMID: 37012169 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
It is important to constantly monitor developments in the preclinical imaging arena of infection. Firstly, novel radiopharmaceuticals with the correct characteristics must be identified to funnel into the clinic. Secondly, it must be evaluated if enough innovative research is being done and adequate resources are geared towards the development of radiopharmaceuticals that could feed into the Nuclear Medicine Clinic in the near future. It is proposed that the ideal infection imaging agent will involve PET combined with CT but more ideally MRI. The radiopharmaceuticals currently presented in preclinical literature have a wide selection of vectors and targets. Ionic formulations of PET-radionuclides such 64CuCl2 and 68GaCl2 are evaluated for bacterial infection imaging. Many small molecule based radiopharmaceuticals are being investigated with the most prominent targets being cell wall synthesis, maltodextrin transport (such as [18F]F-maltotriose), siderophores (bacterial and fungal infections), the folate synthesis pathway (such as [18F]F-PABA) and protein synthesis (radiolabelled puromycin). Mycobacterial specific antibiotics, antifungals and antiviral agents are also under investigation as infection imaging agents. Peptide based radiopharmaceuticals are developed for bacterial, fungal and viral infections. The radiopharmaceutical development could even react quickly enough on a pandemic to develop a SARS-CoV-2 imaging agent in a timely fashion ([64Cu]Cu-NOTA-EK1). New immuno-PET agents for the imaging of viruses have recently been published, specifically for HIV persistence but also for SARS-CoV2. A very promising antifungal immuno-PET agent (hJ5F) is also considered. Future technologies could include the application of aptamers and bacteriophages and even going as far as the design of theranostic infection. Another possibility would be the application of nanobodies for immuno-PET applications. Standardization and optimization of the preclinical evaluation of radiopharmaceuticals could enhance clinical translation and reduce time spent in pursuing less than optimal candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janke Kleynhans
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological sciences, Radiopharmaceutical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mike Machaba Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa; Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Preclinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Co CM, Mulgaonkar A, Zhou N, Harris S, Öz OK, Tang L, Sun X. PET Imaging of Active Invasive Fungal Infections with d-[5- 11C]-Glutamine. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1663-1673. [PMID: 35869564 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence and severity of invasive fungal infections (IFIs), especially in immunocompromised populations, has amplified the need for rapid diagnosis of fungal pathogens. Radiotracers derived from d-amino acids (DAAs) show promise as bacterial-specific positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents due to their preferential consumption by bacteria and largely nonutilization by hosts. Unlike mammals, fungi can utilize external DAAs including d-glutamine for their growth by rapidly upregulating DAA oxidases. Additionally, glutamine is essential for fungal nitrogen assimilation, survival, and virulence. We previously validated d-[5-11C]-glutamine (d-[5-11C]-Gln) as an efficient radiotracer targeting live bacterial soft-tissue infections. Here, we further expanded this investigation to evaluate its translational potential for PET imaging of IFIs in immunocompetent mouse models subcutaneously (SubQ) and intramuscularly (IM) infected with Candida albicans (C. albicans), using its l-isomer counterpart (l-[5-11C]-Gln) as a control. Comparative studies between pathogens showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher uptake in fungi (C. albicans and C. tropicalis) versus tested bacterial species for d-[5-11C]-Gln, suggesting that it could potentially serve as a more sensitive radiotracer for detection of fungal infections. Additionally, comparative PET imaging studies in immunocompetent infected mice demonstrated significantly higher infection-to-background ratios for d- versus l-[5-11C]-Gln in both SubQ (ratio = 1.97, p = 0.043) and IM (ratio = 1.97, p = 0.028) infections. Fungal infection imaging specificity was confirmed with no significant difference observed between localized inflammation sites versus untreated muscle background (heat-killed injection site/untreated muscle: ∼1.1). Taken together, this work demonstrates the translational potential of d-[5-11C]-Gln for noninvasive PET imaging of IFIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Co
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Aditi Mulgaonkar
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Ning Zhou
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Shelby Harris
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Orhan K Öz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Liping Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
(The Role of PET/CT in Non-perfusion Cardiology). COR ET VASA 2020. [DOI: 10.33678/cor.2020.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
5
|
Polvoy I, Flavell RR, Rosenberg OS, Ohliger MA, Wilson DM. Nuclear Imaging of Bacterial Infection: The State of the Art and Future Directions. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1708-1716. [PMID: 32764120 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.244939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mortality rates from infectious diseases is a growing public health concern. Successful management of acute bacterial infections requires early diagnosis and treatment, which are not always easy to achieve. Structural imaging techniques such as CT and MRI are often applied to this problem. However, these methods generally rely on secondary inflammatory changes and are frequently not specific to infection. The use of nuclear medicine techniques can add crucial complementary information, allowing visualization of infectious pathophysiology beyond morphologic imaging. This review will discuss the current structural and functional imaging techniques used for the diagnosis of bacterial infection and their roles in different clinical scenarios. We will also present several new radiotracers in development, with an emphasis on probes targeting bacteria-specific metabolism. As highlighted by the current coronavirus disease 2019 epidemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, similar thinking may apply in imaging viral pathogens; for this case, prominent effects on host proteins, most notably angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, might also provide worthwhile imaging targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Polvoy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Oren S Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Galley J, Sutter R, Stern C, Filli L, Rahm S, Pfirrmann CWA. Diagnosis of Periprosthetic Hip Joint Infection Using MRI with Metal Artifact Reduction at 1.5 T. Radiology 2020; 296:98-108. [PMID: 32396046 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2020191901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background MRI with metal artifact reduction has gained importance in assessment of pain with total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, its role in diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) has not been well defined. Purpose To evaluate findings of PJI after THA and to determine the diagnostic performance of 1.5-T MRI with metal artifact reduction. Materials and Methods Dedicated compressed sensing-based slice encoding for metal artifact correction 1.5-T MRI examinations (from January 2015 to April 2018) in patients with THA PJI (infection group) and noninfected THA (control group) were retrospectively evaluated by two musculoskeletal radiologists. Fisher exact test was used to compare the groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were evaluated for each finding. Interobserver reliability was assessed with κ statistics. Results Forty patients (mean age, 69 years ± 11 [standard deviation]; 26 men) in the infection group and 100 patients (mean age, 67 years ± 11; 42 men) in the control group were evaluated. Periosteal reaction, capsule edema, and intramuscular edema differed between the two groups (P < .001 for each finding). Periosteal reaction was found in 31 of 40 patients with infection and 10 of 100 participants in the control group (sensitivity, 78%; specificity, 90%; accuracy, 86%); capsule edema was found in 33 of 40 (infection group) and five of 100 (control group) (sensitivity, 83%; specificity, 95%; accuracy, 91%); and intramuscular edema was found in 38 of 40 (infection group) and 14 of 100 (control group) (sensitivity, 95%; specificity, 86%; accuracy, 89%). Interobserver agreement was almost perfect, with κ values between 0.88 and 0.92. No difference between the two groups was found regarding the presence of osteolysis (infection group, 23 of 40; control group, 60 of 100), bone marrow edema (39 of 40 vs 87 of 100), effusion (20 of 40 vs 26 of 100), abductor tendon lesion (22 of 40 vs 62 of 100), or bursitis (14 of 40 vs 34 of 100) (P > .05 for each finding). Conclusion The presence of periosteal reaction, capsule edema, and intramuscular edema after total hip arthroplasty at 1.5-T MRI with metal artifact reduction had a high accuracy in evaluation of periprosthetic joint infection. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Zanetti in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Galley
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.G., R.S., C.S., L.F., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedic Surgery (S.R.), Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiology, HFR, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (J.G.)
| | - Reto Sutter
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.G., R.S., C.S., L.F., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedic Surgery (S.R.), Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiology, HFR, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (J.G.)
| | - Christoph Stern
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.G., R.S., C.S., L.F., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedic Surgery (S.R.), Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiology, HFR, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (J.G.)
| | - Lukas Filli
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.G., R.S., C.S., L.F., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedic Surgery (S.R.), Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiology, HFR, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (J.G.)
| | - Stefan Rahm
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.G., R.S., C.S., L.F., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedic Surgery (S.R.), Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiology, HFR, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (J.G.)
| | - Christian W A Pfirrmann
- From the Departments of Radiology (J.G., R.S., C.S., L.F., C.W.A.P.) and Orthopedic Surgery (S.R.), Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland; and Department of Radiology, HFR, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland (J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Diagnostic Performance of PET or PET/CT Using 18F-FDG Labeled White Blood Cells in Infectious Diseases: A Systematic Review and a Bivariate Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2019; 9:diagnostics9020060. [PMID: 31208025 PMCID: PMC6627172 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics9020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography using white blood cells labeled with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT) in patients with suspicious infectious diseases has been evaluated in several studies; however, there is no consensus about the diagnostic accuracy of this method. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out on this topic. METHODS A comprehensive computer literature search screening PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane library databases through March 2019 was performed. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR+ and LR-), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of 18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT in patients with infectious diseases were calculated. RESULTS Eight studies on the use of 18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT in suspicious infectious diseases were discussed in the systematic review. The meta-analysis of seven studies (236 patients) provided these pooled results on a per patient-based analysis: sensitivity was 86.3% [95% confidence interval (95%CI) 75-92.9%], specificity 92% (95%CI 79.8-97.1%), LR+ 6.6 (95%CI: 3.1-14.1), LR- 0.2 (95%CI: 0.12-0.33), DOR 43.5 (95%CI: 12.2-155). A statistically significant heterogeneity was not detected. CONCLUSIONS Despite limited literature data, 18F-FDG-WBC PET or PET/CT demonstrated a good diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of infectious diseases; nevertheless, larger studies are needed.
Collapse
|