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The term CAKUT has outlived its usefulness: the case for the prosecution. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:2785-2791. [PMID: 35575937 PMCID: PMC9489548 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
CAKUT stands for Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney and Urinary Tract, and the acronym first appeared in a review article published in 1998. Since then, CAKUT has become a familiar term encountered in the medical literature, especially in nephrology journals. I reason that the term CAKUT was conceived as not a simple description of various diseases, but more as shorthand for a bold conceptual package that linked the occurrence of diverse types of anatomical malformations with insights from genetic and developmental biology research. Moreover, the angiotensin II receptor type 2 was seen as a paradigmatic molecule in the pathobiology of CAKUT. I contend that the acronym, while appearing as an intellectually good idea at the time it was conceived, has outlived its usefulness. To reach these conclusions, I focus on the complex of research observations that led to the theory behind CAKUT, and then question whether these scientific foundations still stand firm. In addition, it is noted that not all clinicians have adopted the acronym, and I speculate why this is the case. I proceed to demonstrate that there is an incompatibility between the semantic meaning of CAKUT and the diseases for which the term was originally conceived. Instead, I suggest the acronym UTM, standing for Urinary Tract Malformation, is a simpler and less ambiguous one to use. Finally, I contend that the continued use of the acronym is a regressive step for the disciplines of nephrology and urology, taking us back two centuries when all kidney diseases were simply called Bright's disease.
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Roberts NA, Hilton EN, Lopes FM, Singh S, Randles MJ, Gardiner NJ, Chopra K, Coletta R, Bajwa Z, Hall RJ, Yue WW, Schaefer F, Weber S, Henriksson R, Stuart HM, Hedman H, Newman WG, Woolf AS. Lrig2 and Hpse2, mutated in urofacial syndrome, pattern nerves in the urinary bladder. Kidney Int 2019; 95:1138-1152. [PMID: 30885509 PMCID: PMC6481288 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich-repeats and immunoglobulin-like-domains 2 (LRIG2) or in heparanase 2 (HPSE2) cause urofacial syndrome, a devastating autosomal recessive disease of functional bladder outlet obstruction. It has been speculated that urofacial syndrome has a neural basis, but it is unknown whether defects in urinary bladder innervation are present. We hypothesized that urofacial syndrome features a peripheral neuropathy of the bladder. Mice with homozygous targeted Lrig2 mutations had urinary defects resembling those found in urofacial syndrome. There was no anatomical blockage of the outflow tract, consistent with a functional bladder outlet obstruction. Transcriptome analysis revealed differential expression of 12 known transcripts in addition to Lrig2, including 8 with established roles in neurobiology. Mice with homozygous mutations in either Lrig2 or Hpse2 had increased nerve density within the body of the urinary bladder and decreased nerve density around the urinary outflow tract. In a sample of 155 children with chronic kidney disease and urinary symptoms, we discovered novel homozygous missense LRIG2 variants that were predicted to be pathogenic in 2 individuals with non-syndromic bladder outlet obstruction. These observations provide evidence that a peripheral neuropathy is central to the pathobiology of functional bladder outlet obstruction in urofacial syndrome, and emphasize the importance of LRIG2 and heparanase 2 for nerve patterning in the urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Roberts
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Emma N Hilton
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Filipa M Lopes
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Subir Singh
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michael J Randles
- School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Natalie J Gardiner
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Karl Chopra
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Riccardo Coletta
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Zunera Bajwa
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Robert J Hall
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Franz Schaefer
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Weber
- Pediatric Nephrology, University-Children's Hospital Marburg, Philipps-University Marburg, Germany
| | - Roger Henriksson
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Regional Cancer Center Stockholm/Gotland, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen M Stuart
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Håkan Hedman
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - William G Newman
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, UK; Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Genome-wide linkage and association study implicates the 10q26 region as a major genetic contributor to primary nonsyndromic vesicoureteric reflux. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14595. [PMID: 29097723 PMCID: PMC5668427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) is the commonest urological anomaly in children. Despite treatment improvements, associated renal lesions – congenital dysplasia, acquired scarring or both – are a common cause of childhood hypertension and renal failure. Primary VUR is familial, with transmission rate and sibling risk both approaching 50%, and appears highly genetically heterogeneous. It is often associated with other developmental anomalies of the urinary tract, emphasising its etiology as a disorder of urogenital tract development. We conducted a genome-wide linkage and association study in three European populations to search for loci predisposing to VUR. Family-based association analysis of 1098 parent-affected-child trios and case/control association analysis of 1147 cases and 3789 controls did not reveal any compelling associations, but parametric linkage analysis of 460 families (1062 affected individuals) under a dominant model identified a single region, on 10q26, that showed strong linkage (HLOD = 4.90; ZLRLOD = 4.39) to VUR. The ~9Mb region contains 69 genes, including some good biological candidates. Resequencing this region in selected individuals did not clearly implicate any gene but FOXI2, FANK1 and GLRX3 remain candidates for further investigation. This, the largest genetic study of VUR to date, highlights the 10q26 region as a major genetic contributor to VUR in European populations.
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Roberts NA, Hilton EN, Woolf AS. From gene discovery to new biological mechanisms: heparanases and congenital urinary bladder disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2015; 31:534-40. [PMID: 26315301 PMCID: PMC4805131 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a scientific investigation into the pathogenesis of a urinary bladder disease. The disease in question is called urofacial syndrome (UFS), a congenital condition inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. UFS features incomplete urinary bladder emptying and vesicoureteric reflux, with a high risk of recurrent urosepsis and end-stage renal disease. The story starts from a human genomic perspective, then proceeds through experiments that seek to determine the roles of the implicated molecules in embryonic frogs and newborn mice. A future aim would be to use such biological knowledge to intelligently choose novel therapies for UFS. We focus on heparanase proteins and the peripheral nervous system, molecules and tissues that appear to be key players in the pathogenesis of UFS and therefore must also be critical for functional differentiation of healthy bladders. These considerations allow the envisioning of novel biological treatments, although the potential difficulties of targeting the developing bladder in vivo should not be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Roberts
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Emma N Hilton
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Adrian S Woolf
- Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester, UK
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Hickling DR, Sun TT, Wu XR. Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary Tract: Relation to Host Defense and Microbial Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2015; 3:10.1128/microbiolspec.UTI-0016-2012. [PMID: 26350322 PMCID: PMC4566164 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.uti-0016-2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The urinary tract exits to a body surface area that is densely populated by a wide range of microbes. Yet, under most normal circumstances, it is typically considered sterile, i.e., devoid of microbes, a stark contrast to the gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tracts where many commensal and pathogenic microbes call home. Not surprisingly, infection of the urinary tract over a healthy person's lifetime is relatively infrequent, occurring once or twice or not at all for most people. For those who do experience an initial infection, the great majority (70% to 80%) thankfully do not go on to suffer from multiple episodes. This is a far cry from the upper respiratory tract infections, which can afflict an otherwise healthy individual countless times. The fact that urinary tract infections are hard to elicit in experimental animals except with inoculum 3-5 orders of magnitude greater than the colony counts that define an acute urinary infection in humans (105 cfu/ml), also speaks to the robustness of the urinary tract defense. How can the urinary tract be so effective in fending off harmful microbes despite its orifice in a close vicinity to that of the microbe-laden gastrointestinal tract? While a complete picture is still evolving, the general consensus is that the anatomical and physiological integrity of the urinary tract is of paramount importance in maintaining a healthy urinary tract. When this integrity is breached, however, the urinary tract can be at a heightened risk or even recurrent episodes of microbial infections. In fact, recurrent urinary tract infections are a significant cause of morbidity and time lost from work and a major challenge to manage clinically. Additionally, infections of the upper urinary tract often require hospitalization and prolonged antibiotic therapy. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the basic anatomy and physiology of the urinary tract with an emphasis on their specific roles in host defense. We also highlight the important structural and functional abnormalities that predispose the urinary tract to microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane R Hickling
- Division of Urology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada
| | - Tung-Tien Sun
- Departments of Cell Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Departments of Dermatology and Urology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
| | - Xue-Ru Wu
- Departments of Urology and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016
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Yavuz S, Anarat A, Bayazıt AK. Assessment of cystatin C and cystatin C-based GFR formulas in reflux nephropathy. J Pediatr Urol 2014; 10:262-7. [PMID: 24128877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early identification of reflux nephropathy (RN) could reduce the frequency of chronic kidney disease (CKD) caused by vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). We aimed to assess whether cystatin C has value for determining RN in children with VUR. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-three children with VUR were classified into two groups according to the presence of renal parenchymal scarring (RS). Patients with RS were divided into three subgroups according to scar grade. Serum cystatin C, serum creatinine (Scr) and urine creatinine were measured. eGFR values of the patients were calculated with Scr-based, cystatin C-based and combined formulas. RESULTS Cystatin C was significantly higher in patients with RS than patients without RS and declined in parallel with grade of RS (p = 0.01). Scr was not significant in patients with and without RS. It was only significant between mild and severe scar subgroups (p < 0.05). All eGFR values were lower in RS (+) patients compared with RS (-) patients. All eGFR equations were negatively correlated with grade of RS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Cystatin C could be a useful marker for identifying the risk and severity of RN in patients with VUR. Renal functions could be more accurately determined with Scr-cystatin C combined eGFR equations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Yavuz
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Cukurova University School of Medicine, 01330 Adana, Turkey.
| | - Ali Anarat
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Cukurova University School of Medicine, 01330 Adana, Turkey
| | - Aysun K Bayazıt
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Cukurova University School of Medicine, 01330 Adana, Turkey
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Genetics of human congenital urinary bladder disease. Pediatr Nephrol 2014; 29:353-60. [PMID: 23584850 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-013-2472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract and/or kidney malformations are collectively the most common cause of end-stage renal disease in children, and they are also likely to account for a major subset of young adults requiring renal replacement therapy. Advances have been made regarding the discovery of the genetic causes of human kidney malformations. Indeed, testing for mutations of key nephrogenesis genes is now feasible for patients seen in nephrology clinics. Unfortunately, less is known about defined genetic bases of human lower urinary tract anomalies. The focus of this review is the genetic bases of congenital structural and functional disorders of the urinary bladder. Three are highlighted. First, prune belly syndrome, where mutations of CHRM3, encoding an acetylcholine receptor, HNF1B, encoding a transcription factor, and ACTA2, encoding a cytoskeletal protein, have been reported. Second, the urofacial syndrome, where mutations of LRIG2 and HPSE2, encoding proteins localised in nerves invading the fetal bladder, have been defined. Finally, we review emerging evidence that bladder exstrophy may have genetic bases, including variants in the TP63 promoter. These genetic discoveries provide a new perspective on a group of otherwise poorly understood diseases.
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Chesney RW, Patters AB. Childhood vesicoureteral reflux studies: registries and repositories sources and nosology. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9:731-7. [PMID: 23044377 PMCID: PMC3542411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite several recent studies, the advisability of antimicrobial prophylaxis and certain imaging studies for urinary tract infections (UTIs) remains controversial. The role of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) on the severity and re-infection rates for UTIs is also difficult to assess. Registries and repositories of data and biomaterials from clinical studies in children with VUR are valuable. Disease registries are collections of secondary data related to patients with a specific diagnosis, condition or procedure. Registries differ from indices in that they contain more extensive data. A research repository is an entity that receives, stores, processes and/or disseminates specimens (or other materials) as needed. It encompasses the physical location as well as the full range of activities associated with its operation. It may also be referred to as a biorepository. This report provides information about some current registries and repositories that include data and samples from children with VUR. It also describes the heterogeneous nature of the subjects, as some registries and repositories include only data or samples from patients with primary reflux while others also include those from patients with syndromic or secondary reflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Chesney
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 50 N. Dunlap, Memphis, TN 38103, USA.
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Stuart H, Roberts N, Burgu B, Daly S, Urquhart J, Bhaskar S, Dickerson J, Mermerkaya M, Silay M, Lewis M, Olondriz M, Gener B, Beetz C, Varga R, Gülpınar Ö, Süer E, Soygür T, Özçakar Z, Yalçınkaya F, Kavaz A, Bulum B, Gücük A, Yue W, Erdogan F, Berry A, Hanley N, McKenzie E, Hilton E, Woolf A, Newman W. LRIG2 mutations cause urofacial syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:259-64. [PMID: 23313374 PMCID: PMC3567269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Urofacial syndrome (UFS) (or Ochoa syndrome) is an autosomal-recessive disease characterized by congenital urinary bladder dysfunction, associated with a significant risk of kidney failure, and an abnormal facial expression upon smiling, laughing, and crying. We report that a subset of UFS-affected individuals have biallelic mutations in LRIG2, encoding leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains 2, a protein implicated in neural cell signaling and tumorigenesis. Importantly, we have demonstrated that rare variants in LRIG2 might be relevant to nonsyndromic bladder disease. We have previously shown that UFS is also caused by mutations in HPSE2, encoding heparanase-2. LRIG2 and heparanase-2 were immunodetected in nerve fascicles growing between muscle bundles within the human fetal bladder, directly implicating both molecules in neural development in the lower urinary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Stuart
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Neil A. Roberts
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and the Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Berk Burgu
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Sarah B. Daly
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Jill E. Urquhart
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Sanjeev Bhaskar
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Jonathan E. Dickerson
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Murat Mermerkaya
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Mesrur Selcuk Silay
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34093, Turkey
| | - Malcolm A. Lewis
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and the Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - M. Beatriz Orive Olondriz
- Unidad de Nefrología Infantil, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Universitario Araba, Vitoria-Gasteiz 01009, Spain
| | - Blanca Gener
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Baracaldo, Vizcaya 48903, Spain
| | - Christian Beetz
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Rita E. Varga
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena 07747, Germany
| | - Ömer Gülpınar
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Evren Süer
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Tarkan Soygür
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Zeynep B. Özçakar
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Fatoş Yalçınkaya
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kavaz
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Burcu Bulum
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, School of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Adnan Gücük
- Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14280, Turkey
| | - Wyatt W. Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Firat Erdogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul 34718, Turkey
| | - Andrew Berry
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Neil A. Hanley
- Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Edward A. McKenzie
- Protein Expression Facility, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - Emma N. Hilton
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Adrian S. Woolf
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and the Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - William G. Newman
- Centre for Genetic Medicine, Institute of Human Development, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester and St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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