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The VKORC1 and CYP2C9 gene variants as pharmacogenetic factors in acenocoumarol therapy in Serbian patients - consideration of hypersensitivity and resistance. SRP ARK CELOK LEK 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/sarh211118013r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction/Objective. Coumarin therapy represents one of the best models
for applying pharmacogenetics. The contribution of factors influencing
coumarin therapy can vary significantly between ethnic groups, which
justifies conducting population-specific studies. The aim of this study was
to analyze the influence of the most important genetic factors (VKORC1 and
CYP2C9 genes) that affect coumarin therapy in patients from Serbia.
Methods. A retrospective study involving 207 patients on acenocoumarol
therapy was conducted. Genetic analyses were performed by direct sequencing.
Influence on acenocoumarol dose of variants (VKORC1, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3)
causing hypersensitivity and VKORC1 variants causing resistance to
acenocoumarol were analyzed. Multiple regression analysis was used to design
a mathematical model for predicting individual drug dosage based on
clinical-demographic and genetic data. Results. The study confirmed
significant influence of the analyzed genetic factors on acenocoumarol
maintenance dose. We designed mathematical model for predicting individual
acenocoumarol dose and its unadjusted R2 was 61.8. In the testing cohort,
our model gave R2 value of 42.6 and showed better prediction in comparison
with model given by other authors. In the analyzed patients, nine different
variants in the VKORC1 coding region were found. Among carriers of these
variants 78% were completely resistant, and it was not possible to achieve
therapeutic effect even with high doses of acenocoumarol. Conclusions.
Population-specific model for prediction individual dose of acenocoumarol,
may show advantages over protocols that are used in a generalized manner.
Also, VKORC1 variants which cause coumarin resistance should be considered
when planning therapy.
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2
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Cîmpan PL, Chira RI, Mocan M, Anton FP, Farcaş AD. Oral Anticoagulant Therapy-When Art Meets Science. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101747. [PMID: 31640208 PMCID: PMC6832236 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulant treatment is extremely important and frequently encountered in the therapy of various cardiovascular diseases. Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are in use for the prevention and treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolism, despite the introduction of new direct-acting oral anticoagulants (NOAC). The VKA still have the clear recommendation in patients with a mechanical prosthetic heart valve replacement or moderate to severe mitral stenosis of the rheumatic origin, in deep vein thrombosis associated with congenital thrombophilia, and in cases where NOAC are prohibited by social condition (financial reason) or by comorbidities (extreme weight, severe renal or liver disease). VKA dosing required to reach the targeted therapeutic range varies largely between patients (inter-individual variability). This inter-individual variability depends on multiple environmental factors such as age, mass, diet, etc. but it is also influenced by genetic determinism. About 30 genes implicated in the metabolism coumarins derivatives were identified, the most important being CYP2C9 and VKORC, each with several polymorphisms. Herein, we review the data regarding genetic alterations in general and specific populations, highlight the diagnosis options in particular cases presenting with genetic alteration causing higher sensitivity and/or resistance to VKA therapy and underline the utility of NOAC in solving such rare and difficult problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romeo Ioan Chira
- Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 40006 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
| | - Mihaela Mocan
- Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 40006 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
| | - Florin Petru Anton
- Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 40006 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
| | - Anca Daniela Farcaş
- Internal Medicine Department, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
- Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 40006 Cluj Napoca, Romania.
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3
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Chaidaroglou A, Kanellopoulou T, Panopoulos G, Stavridis G, Degiannis D. Extremely low therapeutic doses of acenocoumarol in a patient with CYP2C9*3/*3 and VKORC1-1639A/A genotype. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:311-317. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2018-0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin-K antagonists (VKAs) have remained the mainstay of oral anticoagulant therapy for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolism. The management of treatment with VKAs is challenging due to their narrow therapeutic index and the wide interindividual variation in response to therapy. Variants of the CYP2C9 and the VKORC1 gene account for 30–50% of the variability in dosing requirements, and it has been proposed that genotyping of these loci could facilitate management of VKA therapy and minimize risk of overanticoagulation, even in very low doses. We present the first reported case of a patient with the compounded genotype CYP2C9*3*3 and VKORC1-1639A/A under treatment with acenocoumarol, and review of other reported cases with analogous genotypic profiles but under treatment with warfarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antigoni Chaidaroglou
- Molecular Immunopathology & Histocompatibility Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Theoni Kanellopoulou
- Department of Clinical Hematology, Blood Bank & Hemostasis, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - George Stavridis
- Third Department of Cardiac Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Degiannis
- Molecular Immunopathology & Histocompatibility Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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4
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Elkhazraji A, Bouaiti EA, Boulahyaoui H, Nahmtchougli CP, Zahid H, Bensaid M, Ibrahimi A, Messaoudi N. Effect of CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and GGCX gene variants and patient characteristics on acenocoumarol maintenance dose: Proposal for a dosing algorithm for Moroccan patients. Drug Discov Ther 2018; 12:68-76. [PMID: 29760340 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the impact of non-genetics factors, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2, and GGCX on acenocoumarol dosage in Moroccan adult's patients, in order to develop an algorithm to predict acenocoumarol dose for Moroccan patients. Our study consisted of 217 Moroccan patients taking a maintenance dose of acenocoumarol for various indications. The patients were genotyped for VKORC1 -1639 G>A, VKORC1 1173 C>T, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP4F2 1347 G>A and GGCX 12970 C>G SNPs. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS software. The age and SNPs in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 were significantly associated with the weekly acenocoumarol dose requirement (p = 0.023, p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001 respectively). There was no association found between the weekly acenocoumarol dose and the CYP4F2 or GGCX variants (p-value > 0.05). Non-parametric analysis confirmed the accumulate effect of variant alleles at VKORC1 -1639 G>A, VKORC1 1173 C>T and CYP2C9 SNPs on the acenocoumarol dose requirement. With 90.24% less dose required for one patient carrying homozygote variant at VKORC1 -1173 (TT) and CYP2C9 *x/*x haplotype. The multiple linear regression analysis showed that mutation in VKORC1 -1639, VKORC1 1173 SNPs, or in CYP2C9 haplotype reduces the mean acenocoumarol weekly dose to 25.4%, 23.4% and 6.2%, respectively. The R2 for multiple regression analysis final model was found to be 35.9%. In this work we were able to establish the factors influencing interindividual sensitivity to the anticoagulant therapy that can help physicians to predict optimal dose requirement for long term therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhak Elkhazraji
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology (Med Biotech), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed V University
| | - El Arbi Bouaiti
- Epidemiological and Clinical Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed V University
| | - Hassan Boulahyaoui
- Research Team in Molecular Virology and Onco-Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed V University
| | | | - Hafid Zahid
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology Service, Military Teaching Hospital Mohamed V, Rabat
| | - Mounia Bensaid
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology (Med Biotech), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed V University.,Military Teaching Hospital Mohamed V
| | - Azeddine Ibrahimi
- Laboratory of Medical Biotechnology (Med Biotech), Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohamed V University
| | - Nezha Messaoudi
- Hematology and Immuno-Hematology Service, Military Teaching Hospital Mohamed V, Rabat
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5
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Ajmi M, Omezzine A, Achour S, Amor D, Hamdouni H, Ismaïl FBF, Rejeb NB, Kechrid CL, Boughzela E, Bouslama A. Influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on acenocoumarol maintenance dose requirement in a Tunisian population. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 74:711-722. [PMID: 29479633 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-018-2423-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to study potential variables involved in interindividual variability to acenocoumarol (AC) response in order to establish a pharmacogenetic algorithm (PA) that includes clinical and genetic factors to predict adequate AC dose to stabilize anticoagulation in a cohort of Tunisian patients. METHODS Genotyping of the CYP2C9, VKORC1, CYP4F2, and CALU polymorphisms was conducted on 246 patients using PCR-RFLP technique. AC normalized maintenance dose (NMD): ((mean maintenance dose/international normalized ratio (INR)) equilibrium) was calculated. The statistical study was carried out with SPSS V20. RESULTS A significant correlation was found between age, BMI, and daily AC dose (r = - 0.397; p < 0.001 and r = 0.215; p = 0.001, respectively). The carriers of mutated alleles CYP2C9*2 or CYP2C9*3 or VKORC1 haplotypes (H1 and H7) were associated with AC hyper-sensibility. After adjustment to potential covariates, these patients presented supra-therapeutic INR during treatment period and needed low AC dose (ORs* = 0.28 [0.06-0.60], p = 0.004; ORs* = 0.12 [0.04-0.05], p < 0.001; ORs* = 0.45 [0.24-0.84], p = 0.01; and ORs* = 0.28 [0.06-0.98], p = 0.049, respectively). However, carriers of VKORC1 haplotypes (H3 and H12) or mutated alleles CYP4F2 (rs2108622) or CALU (rs1043550) tend to resist to treatment, hence long period of therapy initiation, and must be treated with high AC dose (ORs* = 2.67 [81.12-5.91], p = 0.013; ORs* = 8.76 [1.07-76.26], p = 0.019; ORs* = 3.12 [1.01-9.63], p = 0.047; and ORs* = 3.96 [1.41-11.09], p = 0.009, respectively). A final multivariate regression model explained 48.1% of the global interindividual variability in AC dose requirement. CONCLUSION The PA demonstrated that VKORC1 and CYP2C9 polymorphisms contribution was more important than clinical factors. Applying the PA would allow dose adjustment to treat patients in a personalized manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ajmi
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia. .,Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Asma Omezzine
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Slim Achour
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Dorra Amor
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Haithem Hamdouni
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Nabila Ben Rejeb
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Essia Boughzela
- Cardiology Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ali Bouslama
- LR12SP11, Biochemistry Department, Sahloul University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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Varnai R, Sipeky C, Nagy L, Balogh S, Melegh B. CYP2C9 and VKORC1 in therapeutic dosing and safety of acenocoumarol treatment: implication for clinical practice in Hungary. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 56:282-289. [PMID: 29055218 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate the contribution of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 to acenocoumarol (AC) dose variability, bleeding events in Hungary. The study recruited 117 patients on long-term AC therapy (INR 2-3), and 510 healthy individuals to model the findings. Patients were genotyped for alleles proved to affect lower AC overdose CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, VKORC1*2. Additionally, we tested VKORC1*3, VKORC1*4 to examine their effect in patients with higher AC requirements. Most impact on dose reduction is accountable for CYP2C9*2/*3 (59%) and for VKORC1*2/*2 (45.5%), and on dose increase for newly evaluated VKORC1*3/*4 (22.5%) diplotypes. VKORC1*3 and *4 alleles seem to balance the dose-reducing effect of VKORC1*2 allele. Being a carrier of combination of VKORC1*2 and CYP2C9*2,*3 polymorphisms, rather than of one of these SNPs, is associated with higher risk of over-anticoagulation (up to 34.3%) in long-term AC treatment. The pharmacogenetic dosing algorithm involving VKORC1, CYP2C9 diplotypes and age explains 30.4% of AC dosing variability (p<6.10×10-9). Correlation between the studied diplotypes and bleeding events could not be revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reka Varnai
- University of Pecs, Department of Primary Health Care, H-7623 Pecs, Rakoczi 2, Hungary; University of Pécs, Faculty of Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Health Sciences, H-7621 Pécs, Vörösmarty 4, Hungary
| | - Csilla Sipeky
- University of Pecs, Clinical Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, H-7624 Pecs, Szigeti 12, Hungary.
| | - Lajos Nagy
- University of Pecs, Department of Primary Health Care, H-7623 Pecs, Rakoczi 2, Hungary
| | - Sandor Balogh
- University of Pecs, Department of Primary Health Care, H-7623 Pecs, Rakoczi 2, Hungary
| | - Bela Melegh
- University of Pecs, Clinical Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, H-7624 Pecs, Szigeti 12, Hungary
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7
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Cerezo-Manchado JJ, Roldán V, Corral J, Rosafalco M, Antón AI, Padilla J, González-Conejero R, Vicente V. Genotype-guided therapy improves initial acenocoumarol dosing. Thromb Haemost 2017; 115:117-25. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-09-0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA few trials so far have evaluated the effectiveness of algorithms designed to calculate doses in oral anticoagulant therapy, with negative or contradictory results. We compared a genotype-guided algorithm vs physician management for the initiation of acenocoumarol. In a twoarm, prospective, randomised study with patients with atrial fibrillation who started therapy, the first dose was administered to all patients according to the physician’s criteria. At 72 hours, the corresponding dose was calculated based on INR in the standard care group (SC, N=92), whereas genetic data (VKORC1, CYP2C9 and CYP4F2) were also considered for the genotype-guided dosing (pharmacogenetic) group (PGx, N=87) by using an algorithm previously validated in 2,683 patients. The primary outcomes were: patients with steady dose, the time needed to reach the same and the percentage of therapeutic INRs. After 90 days, 25 % of the SC and 39 % of the PGx patients reached the steady dose (p=0.038). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that PGx group needed fewer days to reach therapeutic INR (p=0.033). Additionally, PGx had a higher percentage of therapeutic INRs than SC patients (50 % and 45 %, respectively) (p=0.046). After six months the proportion of steadily anticoagulated patients remained significantly higher in PGx (p=0.010). In conclusion, genotype-guided dosing was associated with a higher percentage of patients with steady dose than routine practice when starting oral anticoagulation with acenocoumarol.
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8
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Sychev DA, Rozhkov AV, Ananichuk AV, Kazakov RE. Evaluation of genotype-guided acenocoumarol dosing algorithms in Russian patients. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 32:109-114. [PMID: 28525318 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2016-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acenocoumarol dose is normally determined via step-by-step adjustment process based on International Normalized Ratio (INR) measurements. During this time, the risk of adverse reactions is especially high. Several genotype-based acenocoumarol dosing algorithms have been created to predict ideal doses at the start of anticoagulant therapy. METHODS Nine dosing algorithms were selected through a literature search. These were evaluated using a cohort of 63 patients with atrial fibrillation receiving acenocoumarol therapy. RESULTS None of the existing algorithms could predict the ideal acenocoumarol dose in 50% of Russian patients. The Wolkanin-Bartnik algorithtm based on European population was the best-performing one with the highest correlation values (r=0.397), mean absolute error (MAE) 0.82 (±0.61). EU-PACT also managed to give an estimate within the ideal range in 43% of the cases. The two least accurate results were yielded by the Indian population-based algorithms. Among patients receiving amiodarone, algorithms by Schie and Tong proved to be the most effective with the MAE of 0.48±0.42 mg/day and 0.56±0.31 mg/day, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patient ethnicity and amiodarone intake are factors that must be considered when building future algorithms. Further research is required to find the perfect dosing formula of acenocoumarol maintenance doses in Russian patients.
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Ragia G, Kolovou V, Kolovou G, Konstantinides S, Maltezos E, Tavridou A, Tziakas D, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Manolopoulos VG. A novel acenocoumarol pharmacogenomic dosing algorithm for the Greek population of EU-PACT trial. Pharmacogenomics 2017; 18:23-34. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To generate and validate a pharmacogenomic-guided (PG) dosing algorithm for acenocoumarol in the Greek population. To compare its performance with other PG algorithms developed for the Greek population. Patients & methods: A total of 140 Greek patients participants of the EU-PACT trial for acenocoumarol, a randomized clinical trial that prospectively compared the effect of a PG dosing algorithm with a clinical dosing algorithm on the percentage of time within INR therapeutic range, who reached acenocoumarol stable dose were included in the study. Results: CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes, age and weight affected acenocoumarol dose and predicted 53.9% of its variability. EU-PACT PG algorithm overestimated acenocoumarol dose across all different CYP2C9/VKORC1 functional phenotype bins (predicted dose vs stable dose in normal responders 2.31 vs 2.00 mg/day, p = 0.028, in sensitive responders 1.72 vs 1.50 mg/day, p = 0.003, in highly sensitive responders 1.39 vs 1.00 mg/day, p = 0.029). The PG algorithm previously developed for the Greek population overestimated the dose in normal responders (2.51 vs 2.00 mg/day, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Ethnic-specific dosing algorithm is suggested for better prediction of acenocoumarol dosage requirements in patients of Greek origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vana Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Konstantinides
- University Cardiology Department, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Efstratios Maltezos
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anna Tavridou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Academic General Hospital of Evros, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tziakas
- University Cardiology Department, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anke H Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vangelis G Manolopoulos
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Academic General Hospital of Evros, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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10
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Jin T, Zhao R, Shi X, He N, He X, Ouyang Y, Wang H, Wang B, Kang L, Yuan D. Genetic polymorphisms study of pharmacogenomic VIP variants in Han ethnic of China's Shaanxi province. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 46:27-35. [PMID: 27414743 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple factors include genetic and non-genetic interactions induce to different drug response among different individuals. Lots of researches proved that different frequencies of genetic variants exists different ethnic groups. The aim of this study was to screen Han volunteers in Shaanxi for VIP gene polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We genotyped 80 Very Important Pharmacogenes (VIP) (selected from the PharmGKB database) in 192 unrelated, healthy Han ethnic adults from Shaanxi, the northwest of China, and then analyzed genotyping data wtih Structure and F-statistics (Fst) analysis. RESULTS We compared our data with 15 other populations (Deng, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Uygur and 11 HapMap populations), and found the frequency distribution of Han population in Shaanxi is most similar with CHB. Also, Structure and Fst showed that Shaanxi Han has a closest genetic background with CHB. CONCLUSIONS Our study have supplemented the Han Chinese data related to pharmacogenomics and illustrated differences in genotypic frequencies of selected VIP variants' among the Han population and 15 other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China; Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Ruimin Zhao
- Otorhinolaryngological, Head and Neck Surgery Department, School of Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xugang Shi
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China; Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Na He
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China; Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
| | - Xue He
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China; Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
| | - Yongri Ouyang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Hong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Bo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China
| | - Longli Kang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China; Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China
| | - Dongya Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Genetic Mechanisms and Intervention Research on High Altitude Disease of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China; Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang 712082, China; Key Laboratory for Basic Life Science Research of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712082, China.
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Dimitrova-Karamfilova A, Tzveova R, Chilingirova N, Goranova T, Nachev G, Mitev V, Kaneva R. Acenocoumarol Pharmacogenetic Dosing Algorithms and Their Application in Two Bulgarian Patients with Low Anticoagulant Requirements. Biochem Genet 2015; 53:334-50. [PMID: 26377995 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-015-9695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anticoagulant therapy with acenocoumarol is generally associated with a high risk of bleeding and thromboembolic events. PURPOSE We applied eight already existing acenocoumarol dosing algorithms to Bulgarian patients with low acenocoumarol dose requirements and investigated which of these algorithms would predict most precisely the dose anticoagulant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two patients with Bulgarian origin were referred to the outpatient clinical laboratory of "St. Ekaterina" University Hospital for Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology, Sofia, Bulgaria. After obtaining written informed consent, both patients were genotyped for polymorphisms in genes for Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9), Vitamin K epoxide reductase (VKORC1), Apolipoprotein E (APOE), and Cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2). RESULTS All applied acenocoumarol dosing algorithms predicted relatively similar doses of coumarin anticoagulant in both patients. However, van Schie et al.'s algorithm allowed more accurate calculation of the optimal dose in our patients with extremely low acenocoumarol requirements. Genotyping of selected polymorphic variants in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 showed that both patients were compound heterozygotes for CYP2C9 (CYP2C9*2/*3) and homozygotes for both variants in VKORC1 (VKORC1 1173 T/T, and VKORC1-1639 A/A). This combination of genotypes suggested high sensitivity to acenocoumarol leading to the low anticoagulant dose requirements (0.25 and 1 mg/day, respectively) needed to reach the target International Normalized Ratio of 2.5-3.5. CONCLUSIONS The genotyping of polymorphic variants in VKORC1 and CYP2C9, together with clinical and demographic parameters, can serve for more precise definition of the individual starting and maintenance doses of coumarin derivatives in each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoaneta Dimitrova-Karamfilova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Reni Tzveova
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Nezabravka Chilingirova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University Hospital of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Teodora Goranova
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Gencho Nachev
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University Hospital of Cardiovascular Surgery and Cardiology "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Jiménez-Varo E, Cañadas-Garre M, Garcés-Robles V, Gutiérrez-Pimentel MJ, Calleja-Hernández MÁ. Extrapolation of acenocoumarol pharmacogenetic algorithms. Vascul Pharmacol 2015; 74:151-157. [PMID: 26122664 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acenocoumarol (ACN) has a narrow therapeutic range that is especially difficult to control at the start of its administration. Various dosing pharmacogenetic-guided dosing algorithms have been developed, but further work on their external validation is required. The aim of this study was to evaluate the extrapolation of pharmacogenetic algorithms for ACN as an alternative to the development of a specific algorithm for a given population. MATERIAL AND METHODS The predictive performance, deviation, accuracy, and clinical significance of five pharmacogenetic algorithms (EU-PACT, Borobia, Rathore, Markatos, Krishna Kumar) were compared in 189 stable ACN patients representing all indications for anticoagulant treatment. RESULTS The correlation between the dose predictions of the five pharmacogenetic models ranged from 7.7 to 70.6% and the percentage of patients with a correct prediction (deviation ≤20% from actual ACN dose) ranged from 5.9 to 40.7%. EU-PACT and Borobia pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms were the most accurate in our setting and evidenced the best clinical performance. CONCLUSIONS Among the five models studied, the EU-PACT and Borobia pharmacogenetic dosing algorithms demonstrated the best potential for extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Jiménez-Varo
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Marisa Cañadas-Garre
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Víctor Garcés-Robles
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - María José Gutiérrez-Pimentel
- Haematology Department, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Calleja-Hernández
- Pharmacogenetics Unit, UGC Provincial de Farmacia de Granada, Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, Avda. Fuerzas Armadas, 2, 18014 Granada, Spain.
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Wang L, Aikemu A, Yibulayin A, Du S, Geng T, Wang B, Zhang Y, Jin T, Yang J. Genetic polymorphisms of pharmacogenomic VIP variants in the Uygur population from northwestern China. BMC Genet 2015; 16:66. [PMID: 26091847 PMCID: PMC4475291 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-015-0232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug response variability observed amongst patients is caused by the interaction of both genetic and non-genetic factors, and frequencies of functional genetic variants are known to vary amongst populations. Pharmacogenomic research has the potential to help with individualized treatments. We have not found any pharmacogenomics information regarding Uygur ethnic group in northwest China. In the present study, we genotyped 85 very important pharmacogenetic (VIP) variants (selected from the PharmGKB database) in the Uygur population and compared our data with other eleven populations from the HapMap data set. RESULTS Through statistical analysis, we found that CYP3A5 rs776746, VKORC1 rs9934438, and VKORC1 rs7294 were most different in Uygur compared with most of the eleven populations from the HapMap data set. Compared with East Asia populations, allele A of rs776746 is less frequent and allele A of rs7294 is more frequent in the Uygur population. The analysis of F-statistics (Fst) and population structure shows that the genetic background of Uygur is relatively close to that of MEX. CONCLUSIONS Our results show significant differences amongst Chinese populations that will help clinicians triage patients for better individualized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China.
| | - Ainiwaer Aikemu
- Department of Drug Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.
| | - Ayiguli Yibulayin
- Department of radiotherapy two, The people's hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, #91 Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, , Xinjiang, China.
| | - Shuli Du
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Mailbox 386, #229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, , Shaanxi, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Tingting Geng
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of High Altitude Environment and Genes Related to Diseases of Tibet Autonomous Region, School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shaanxi, 712082, China.
- School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Mailbox 386, #229 North Taibai Road, Xi'an, 710069, , Shaanxi, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Miniaturized Detection Systems, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of radiotherapy two, The people's hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, #91 Tianchi Road, Urumqi, 830001, , Xinjiang, China.
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Tzveova R, Dimitrova-Karamfilova A, Saraeva R, Solarova T, Naydenova G, Petrova I, Hristova N, Popov I, Nachev G, Mitev V, Kaneva R. Estimation and validation of acenocoumarol dosing algorithms in Bulgarian patients with cardiovascular diseases. Per Med 2015; 12:209-220. [PMID: 29771648 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim & Methods: A total of 169 Bulgarian patients were genotyped for CYP2C9*2,*3, VKORC1-1639G>A and VKORC11173C>T. The effect of genetic and nongenetic factors on acenocoumarol dose variability was tested in a derivation cohort of patients and the obtained algorithm was validated in a test cohort. RESULTS & DISCUSSION It was found that VKORC-1639G>A (25.5%), CYP2C9*2 (7.8%), CYP2C9*3 (6.1%), age (13.6%) and diagnosis (6.0%) significantly affected acenocoumarol dose variability in the derivation cohort. These factors with additional factors, such as sex (0.1%, p = 0.76), weight (2.6%, p = 0.14) and amiodarone use (3.0%, p = 0.059) accounted for 46.5% and 23.0% of the dose variability for genetic and clinical models, respectively. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this investigation, validated clinical and pharmacogenetic algorithms for the prediction of a stable anticoagulant dose were developed, specifically designed for the Bulgarian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reni Tzveova
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Antoaneta Dimitrova-Karamfilova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Radoslava Saraeva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Tanya Solarova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Galya Naydenova
- Second Department of Cardiology, University NationalMulti-profile Active Treatment Hospital "Dr. G. Stansky"- Pleven, 8A Georgi Kochev str., Pleven 5800, Bulgaria
| | - Irina Petrova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Nataliya Hristova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Popov
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Gencho Nachev
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University National Multi-profile Active Treatment Hospital "St. Ekaterina"- Sofia, 52A Pencho Slaveykov bul., Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Vanio Mitev
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
| | - Radka Kaneva
- Molecular Medicine Center, Department of Medical Chemistry & Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Medical University - Sofia, 2 Zdrave str, Sofia 1431, Bulgaria
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Pharmacogenetics of Coumarin Anticoagulant Therapy. ADVANCES IN PREDICTIVE, PREVENTIVE AND PERSONALISED MEDICINE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15344-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Verhoef TI, Redekop WK, Daly AK, van Schie RMF, de Boer A, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing of coumarin anticoagulants: algorithms for warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2014; 77:626-41. [PMID: 23919835 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coumarin derivatives, such as warfarin, acenocoumarol and phenprocoumon are frequently prescribed oral anticoagulants to treat and prevent thromboembolism. Because there is a large inter-individual and intra-individual variability in dose-response and a small therapeutic window, treatment with coumarin derivatives is challenging. Certain polymorphisms in CYP2C9 and VKORC1 are associated with lower dose requirements and a higher risk of bleeding. In this review we describe the use of different coumarin derivatives, pharmacokinetic characteristics of these drugs and differences amongst the coumarins. We also describe the current clinical challenges and the role of pharmacogenetic factors. These genetic factors are used to develop dosing algorithms and can be used to predict the right coumarin dose. The effectiveness of this new dosing strategy is currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha I Verhoef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht
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19
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Krajčíová Ľ, Petrovič R, Déžiová Ľ, Chandoga J, Turčáni P. Frequency of selected single nucleotide polymorphisms influencing the warfarin pharmacogenetics in Slovak population. Eur J Haematol 2014; 93:320-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ľubica Krajčíová
- 1st Department of Neurology; University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Robert Petrovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ľudmila Déžiová
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ján Chandoga
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics; Comenius University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Peter Turčáni
- 1st Department of Neurology; University Hospital; Bratislava Slovakia
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De T, Christopher R, Nagaraja D. Influence of CYP2C9 polymorphism and phenytoin co-administration on acenocoumarol dose in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Thromb Res 2014; 133:729-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Buzoianu AD, Trifa AP, Mureşanu DF, Crişan S. Analysis of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms in a population from South-Eastern Europe. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:2919-24. [PMID: 22863573 PMCID: PMC4393720 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The CYP2C9 enzyme metabolizes a wide range of relevant drugs, among which are oral anticoagulants. VKORC1 is the pharmacodynamic target of the oral anticoagulants. The genetic polymorphisms CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A are the major determinants of the inter-individual variability in the dosage requirements of oral anticoagulants. This study provides a first evaluation of these 3 polymorphisms in a Romanian population. A total of 332 Romanian individuals were genotyped for the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP technique. Sixty-two individuals (18.7%) were heterozygous for CYP2C9*2, whereas 47 individuals (14.1%) were heterozygous for CYP2C9*3. Fourteen individuals (4.2%) had a CYP2C9*2 homozygous, CYP2C9*3 homozygous or CYP2C9*2/CYP2C9*3 compound heterozygous genotype. These individuals are predicted to have the lowest CYP2C9 enzymatic activity. The allele frequencies of the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms were 11.3% and 9.3% respectively. For the VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism, there were 170 heterozygotes (51.2%) and 55 (16.6%) homozygotes for the A allele. The frequency of the A allele was 42.2%. Overall, the distribution of the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphisms observed in our cohort is in accordance with other Caucasian populations. A large number of Romanians are expected to harbour at least one CYP2C9 variant allele and/or one VKORC1 -1639 G>A allele. This frequency has major implications in the pharmacogenomics of oral anticoagulants in Romanians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca D Buzoianu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Polymorphisms of warfarin metabolizing enzymes in an Indian population. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2013; 51:203. [PMID: 23739742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Verhoef TI, Redekop WK, van Schie RM, Bayat S, Daly AK, Geitona M, Haschke-Becher E, Hughes DA, Kamali F, Levin LÅ, Manolopoulos VG, Pirmohamed M, Siebert U, Stingl JC, Wadelius M, de Boer A, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetics in anticoagulation: international differences in healthcare systems and costs. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 13:1405-17. [PMID: 22966889 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genotyping patients for CYP2C9 and VKORC1 polymorphisms can improve the accuracy of dosing during the initiation of anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (coumarin derivatives). The anticipated degree of improvement in the safety of anticoagulation with coumarins through genotyping may vary depending on the quality of patient care, which varies both with and among countries. The management and the cost of anticoagulant care can therefore influence the cost-effectiveness of genotyping within any given country. In this article, we provide an overview of the cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetics-guided dosing of coumarin derivatives. We describe the organization of anticoagulant care in the UK, Sweden, The Netherlands, Greece, Germany and Austria, where a genotype-guided dosing algorithm is currently being investigated as part of the EU-PACT trial. We also explore the costs of anticoagulant care for the treatment of atrial fibrillation in these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha I Verhoef
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Nahar R, Deb R, Saxena R, Puri RD, Verma IC. Variability in CYP2C9 allele frequency: A pilot study of its predicted impact on warfarin response among healthy South and North Indians. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 65:187-94. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(13)70977-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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van Schie RMF, Wessels JAM, Verhoef TI, Schalekamp T, le Cessie S, van der Meer FJM, Rosendaal FR, Visser LE, Teichert M, Hofman A, Buhre PNM, de Boer A, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Evaluation of the effect of genetic variations in GATA-4 on the phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol maintenance dose. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1917-23. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether the phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol maintenance doses are influenced by genetic variations in GATA-4, a transcription factor of CYP2C9. Patients & methods: The influence of seven GATA-4 SNPs on the coumarin maintenance dose was investigated by performing an analysis of variance trend analysis, stratified for CYP2C9 genotypes. Results of the best-explaining SNP were validated in the Rotterdam Study cohort. Results: The largest dose differences were found for rs3735814 in patients using acenocoumarol and having the common allele for CYP2C9. The mean dosages decreased from 2.92 mg/day for the patients having the GATA-4 common alleles to 2.65 mg/day for the patients carrying one GATA-4 variant allele and to 2.37 mg/day for patients carrying two GATA-4 variant alleles (p = 0.004). Results could not be replicated in the validation cohort. For phenprocoumon, no significant effects were observed. Conclusion: Genetic variation in GATA-4 does not seem relevant for clinical implementation. Original submitted 31 August 2012; Revision submitted 12 October 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne MF van Schie
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith AM Wessels
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Talitha I Verhoef
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Schalekamp
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Medical Statistics & Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Felix JM van der Meer
- Department of Thrombosis & Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Medial, Medical-diagnostic Laboratories, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Department of Thrombosis & Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Loes E Visser
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Teichert
- R&D Department, Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association, The Hague, The Netherlands and Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter NM Buhre
- Star Medical Diagnostic Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, PO Box 80 082, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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CYP2C9 and VKORC1 Gene Polymorphism is Inessential for Bleeding Development under Conditions of Oral Application of Anticoagulant Acenocoumarol in Russian Patients at High Risk of Thromboembolic Complications. Bull Exp Biol Med 2012; 153:886-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nahar R, Saxena R, Deb R, Verma IC. Pharmacogenetic typing for oral anti-coagulant response among factor V Leiden mutation carriers. INDIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS 2012; 18:326-31. [PMID: 23716941 PMCID: PMC3656522 DOI: 10.4103/0971-6866.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Factor V Leiden mutation is the most common inherited predisposition for hypercoagulability and thereby a common genetic cause for initiation of oral anti-coagulation therapy. There is a dearth of knowledge of coumarin response profile in such thrombophilic population. AIMS The current pilot study aims to estimate coumarin sensitivity in an Indian cohort with an inherited thrombophilia risk factor (Factor V Leiden mutation carriers) based on the observed frequency of CYP2C9 (*)2, (*)3 and VKORC1-1639G >A genotype combinations. SETTINGS AND DESIGN A retrospective study carried out in a tertiary health care center in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Carriers of FVL mutation were genotyped for CYP2C9 ((*)2, F(*)3) and VKORC1 (-1639G >A) variants by PCR-RFLP technique. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Chi-square test to analyze difference in expected and observed genotype frequency. RESULTS Sixty-one (n = 61) unrelated carriers of FVL mutation were observed in the 13 years study period. The allele frequency of CYP2C9 (*)2, CYP2C9 (*)3, and VKORC1-1639A in this cohort was 0.06, 0.11, and 0.16, respectively. Six (9.7%) individuals had two of the three variant alleles (heterozygous or homozygous), and 28 (45.9%) were heterozygous for at least one polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Pre-prescription genotyping for coumarin drugs, if introduced in Indians with inherited thrombophilia (in whom oral anti-coagulant therapy may be necessary), is likely to identify 9.7% (hypersensitive) subjects in whom the optimum anti-coagulation may be achieved with reduced dosages, 44.3% (normal sensitivity) who may require higher dose and also 55.6% (hyper and moderate sensitivity) subjects who are likely to experience bleeding episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha Nahar
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Renu Saxena
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi
| | - Roumi Deb
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishwar C. Verma
- Centre of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi
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van Schie RMF, el Khedr N, Verhoef TI, Teichert M, Stricker BH, Hofman A, Buhre PN, Wessels JAM, Schalekamp T, le Cessie S, van der Meer FJM, Rosendaal FR, de Boer A, Maitland-van der Zee AH, Visser LE. Validation of the acenocoumarol EU-PACT algorithms: similar performance in the Rotterdam Study cohort as in the original study. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:1239-45. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.12.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the performance of the European Pharmacogenetics of Anticoagulant Therapy (EU-PACT) acenocoumarol dose algorithms in an independent data set. The EU-PACT trial investigates the added value of pretreatment genotyping for use of warfarin, phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. Patients & methods: External validation was performed in the Rotterdam Study cohort using information about 707 acenocoumarol users. R2, which measures the strength of correlation between the predicted and observed acenocoumarol dose, mean absolute error and mean squared error were calculated to evaluate the performance of the original algorithm. Results: Validation resulted in a R2 of 52.7 and 12.9% compared with an R2 of 52.6 and 17.8% in the original study for the genotype-guided and nongenotype-guided dose algorithm, respectively. For the genotype-guided dose algorithm, the mean absolute error was 0.48 mg/day and the mean squared error was 0.38 (mg/day)2. For the nongenotype-guided dose algorithm, the mean absolute error was 0.62 mg/day and the mean squared error was 0.63 (mg/day)2. Conclusion: The EU-PACT acenocoumarol algorithm performs just as accurately in this study as in the original study, which implies applicability in various populations. Original submitted 4 April 2012; Revision submitted 31 May 2012
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne MF van Schie
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nadia el Khedr
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Talitha I Verhoef
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Teichert
- R&D Department, Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association, The Hague, The Netherlands and Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare (IQ healthcare), Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Inspectorate of Health Care, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter N Buhre
- Star Medical Diagnostic Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith AM Wessels
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Schalekamp
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Medical Statistics & Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Felix JM van der Meer
- Department of Thrombosis & Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Medial, Medical-Diagnostic Laboratories, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands and Department of Thrombosis & Hemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Loes E Visser
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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29
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van Schie RMF, Babajeff AMV, Schalekamp T, Wessels JAM, le Cessie S, de Boer A, van der Meer FJM, van Meegen E, Verhoef TI, Rosendaal FR, Maitland-van der Zee AH. An evaluation of gene-gene interaction between the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes affecting the anticoagulant effect of phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:767-72. [PMID: 22409277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have provided contradictory results regarding the interaction between the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes affecting various outcome measures. OBJECTIVES We aimed to provide a definite answer regarding the question whether there exists a gene-gene interaction between the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes affecting the anticoagulant effect of phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol. PATIENTS/METHODS The EU-PACT cohort dataset, which contains data on 624 phenprocoumon and 471 acenocoumarol patients, was used. Patient characteristics, pharmacogenetic data, International Normalized Ratios (INRs) and dosages were available. We investigated whether there was an interaction between the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes affecting the maintenance dose, time to severe over-anticoagulation and time to achieve stability during the first 180 days of phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol therapy, in addition to the effect of the separate genotypes. The interaction effect was investigated by adding the product term of the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotype classes for four different commonly used CYP2C9 classifications to the linear regression model - for the outcome measure maintenance dose - or to the Cox regression models - for the outcome measures time to severe over-anticoagulation and time to achieve stability. RESULTS No significant interactions - all P-values above 0.23 for phenprocoumon and 0.30 for acenocoumarol - were observed for all outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS There are no interactions between the CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotypes affecting the maintenance dose, time to severe over-anticoagulation and time to achieve stability for phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M F van Schie
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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30
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Zhang W, Zhang WJ, Zhu J, Kong FC, Li YY, Wang HY, Yang YH, Wang C. Genetic polymorphisms are associated with variations in warfarin maintenance dose in Han Chinese patients with venous thromboembolism. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:309-21. [PMID: 22248286 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Warfarin is a clinical anticoagulant that requires periodic monitoring because it is associated with adverse outcomes. Personalized medicine, which is based on pharmacogenetics, holds great promise in solving these types of problems. It aims to provide the tools and knowledge to tailor drug therapy to an individual patient, with the potential of increasing safety and efficacy of medications. MATERIALS & METHODS In the present study we analyzed genotypes of 14 SNPs for seven genes using DNA from 297 Han Chinese venous thromboembolism patients treated with warfarin. RESULTS Multiple regression analyses revealed that CYP2C9 genotype (p = 0.001), VKORC1 genotype (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.01) and weight (p < 0.001) were all associated with warfarin dose requirements, which can explain 37.4% of the variability of warfarin dose among Han Chinese patients. Meanwhile, in the validation cohort, the predicted warfarin daily dose was calculated using the best model with a 64.5% predicted dose being acceptable (-1 mg/day ≤Δwarfarin dose ≤1 mg/day). CONCLUSION We developed a pharmacogenetic dose algorithm for warfarin treatment that uses genotypes from two genes (VKORC1 and CYP2C9) and clinical variables to predict therapeutic maintenance doses in Chinese patients with venous thromboembolism. The validity of the dosing algorithm was confirmed in a cohort of venous thromboembolism patients on warfarin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Beijing Xiaotangshan Hospital, Xiaotangshan Town, Changping District, Beijing 102211, China
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31
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Tavridou A, Petridis I, Vasileiadis M, Ragia G, Heliopoulos I, Vargemezis V, Manolopoulos VG. Association of VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011; 94:236-41. [PMID: 21767890 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Media calcification is a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Undercarboxylation of some vitamin K-dependent proteins, due to genetic polymorphisms of VKORC1, can lead to calcification. We examined a potential association between VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism and T2DM and, also, the association of this polymorphism with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT). METHODS VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism was determined in 299 T2DM patients and 328 controls of Caucasian origin using PCR-RFLP. cIMT was measured in a subgroup of 118 T2DM patients. RESULTS The frequency of VKORC1 genotypes between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects differed significantly (p=0.01). VKORC1 genotype was associated with T2DM in an adjusted model (OR 1.36, p=0.009). A statistically significant difference was observed in the maximum value of cIMT among different genotypes. VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism was an independent predictor of cIMT (p=0.029) after adjusting for established risk factors. CONCLUSIONS The association between VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism and risk of T2DM could be due to the higher prevalence of calcification in T2DM patients. This is supported by the independent association between VKORC1 -1639 G>A polymorphism and maximum cIMT in T2DM patients which is likely due to atherosclerosis characterized by increased calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tavridou
- Lab of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana Campus, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Acenocoumarol sensitivity and pharmacokinetic characterization of CYP2C9 *5/*8,*8/*11,*9/*11 and VKORC1*2 in black African healthy Beninese subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 37:125-32. [PMID: 21811894 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-011-0056-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the contribution of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genetic polymorphisms to inter-individual variability of acenocoumarol pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in Black Africans from Benin. Fifty-one healthy volunteers were genotyped for VKORC1 1173C>T polymorphism. All of the subjects had previously been genotyped for CYP2C9*5, CYP2C9*6, CYP2C9*8, CYP2C9*9 and CYP2C9*11 alleles. Thirty-six subjects were phenotyped with a single 8 mg oral dose of acenocoumarol by measuring plasma concentrations of (R)- and (S)-acenocoumarol 8 and 24 h after the administration using chiral liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry. International normalized ratio (INR) values were determined prior to and 24 h after the drug intake. The allele frequency of VKORC1 variant (1173C>T) was 1.96% (95% CI 0.0-4.65%). The INR values did not show statistically significant difference between the CYP2C9 genotypes, but were correlated with body mass index and age at 24 h post-dosing (P < 0.05). At 8 h post dose, the (S)-acenocoumarol concentrations in the CYP2C9*5/*8 and CYP2C9*9/*11 genotypes were about 1.9 and 5.1 fold higher compared with the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotype and 2.2- and 6.0-fold higher compared with the CYP2C9*1/*9 group, respectively. The results indicated that pharmacodynamic response to acenocoumarol is highly variable between the subjects. This variability seems to be associated with CYP2C9*5/*8 and *9/*11 variant and demographic factors (age and weight) in Beninese subjects. Significant association between plasma (S)-acenocoumarol concentration and CYP2C9 genotypes suggested the use of (S)-acenocoumarol for the phenotyping purpose. Larger number of subjects is needed to study the effect of VKORC1 1173C>T variant due to its low frequency in Beninese population.
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van Schie RM, Wessels JA, le Cessie S, de Boer A, Schalekamp T, van der Meer FJ, Verhoef TI, van Meegen E, Rosendaal FR, Maitland-van der Zee AH. Loading and maintenance dose algorithms for phenprocoumon and acenocoumarol using patient characteristics and pharmacogenetic data. Eur Heart J 2011; 32:1909-17. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehr116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rianne M.F. van Schie
- Study coordinating Centre, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Judith A.M. Wessels
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia le Cessie
- Department of Medical Statistics and Bioinformatics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Study coordinating Centre, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Schalekamp
- Study coordinating Centre, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Felix J.M. van der Meer
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Talitha I. Verhoef
- Study coordinating Centre, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Meegen
- Medial, medical-diagnostic laboratories, Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Frits R. Rosendaal
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Anke-Hilse Maitland-van der Zee
- Study coordinating Centre, Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, PO Box 80 082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Geisen C, Luxembourg B, Watzka M, Toennes SW, Sittinger K, Marinova M, von Ahsen N, Lindhoff-Last E, Seifried E, Oldenburg J. Prediction of phenprocoumon maintenance dose and phenprocoumon plasma concentration by genetic and non-genetic parameters. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2010; 67:371-381. [PMID: 21110013 PMCID: PMC3291838 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-010-0950-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The anticoagulation response to vitamin K antagonists is characterised by high inter-individual variability. The impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes of enzymes involved in the vitamin K cycle on phenprocoumon dose variability and phenprocoumon plasma concentrations is still under investigation. Methods We assessed the influence of VKORC1 c.-1639G>A, CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3, CYP4F2 c.1297G>A, CALU c.*4A>G, EPHX1 c.337T>C, GGCX c.214+597G>A, F7 c.-402G>A, F7 c.-401G>T, PROC c.-228C>T and PROC c.-215G>A along with clinical and demographic parameters on steady-state phenprocoumon therapy in 75 patients. A prediction model was developed for total phenprocoumon plasma concentrations and daily phenprocoumon doses required for therapeutic anticoagulation. Results The VKORC1 c.-1639 genotype was the main predictor of the phenprocoumon daily dose (adjusted R2 = 37.6%) and the total phenprocoumon concentration (adjusted R2 = 38.3%). CYP2C9 affected the phenprocoumon concentration, but not the dose requirements. SNPs in the other genes of the vitamin K cycle, concomitant medication, nicotine use and alcohol consumption did not predict phenprocoumon concentrations and phenprocoumon dose requirements in a multiple linear regression model. Phenprocoumon concentrations were predicted by VKORC1 c.-1639, CYP2C9 genotype, age and BMI. The final prediction model for the daily phenprocoumon dose requirements comprised VKORC1 c.-1639 genotype, age and height accounting for 48.6% of the inter-individual variability. Conclusions A rough prediction of phenprocoumon maintenance doses can be achieved by a limited set of parameters (VKORC1, age, height). The investigated SNPs in CYP4F2, CALU, EPHX1, GGCX, F7, and PROC did not improve the predictive value of a pharmacogenetic-based dosing equation for phenprocoumon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christof Geisen
- German Red Cross, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Beate Luxembourg
- German Red Cross, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Matthias Watzka
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan W Toennes
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katja Sittinger
- German Red Cross, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Milka Marinova
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicolas von Ahsen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Edelgard Lindhoff-Last
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Vascular Medicine and Haemostaseology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Erhard Seifried
- German Red Cross, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- German Red Cross, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohaematology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Institute of Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Clinic Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn, Germany.
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Teichert M, Eijgelsheim M, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, van Schaik RHN, Hofman A, De Smet PAGM, van Gelder T, Visser LE, Stricker BHC. A genome-wide association study of acenocoumarol maintenance dosage. Hum Mol Genet 2009; 18:3758-68. [PMID: 19578179 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddp309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several genome-wide association studies have been performed on warfarin. For acenocoumarol, the most frequently used coumarin in many countries worldwide, pharmacodynamic influences are expected to be comparable. Pharmacokinetics however might differ. We aimed to confirm known or identify new genetic variants contributing to interindividual variation on stabilized acenocoumarol dosage by a GWAS. The index population consisted of 1451 Caucasian subjects from the Rotterdam study and results were replicated in 287 subjects from the Rotterdam study extended cohort. Both cohorts were genotyped on the Illumina 550K Human Map SNP array. From polymorphisms tested for association with acenocoumarol dosage, 35 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on chromosome 16 and 18 SNPs on chromosome 10 reached genome-wide significance. The SNP with the lowest P-value was rs10871454 on chromosome 16 linked to SNPs within the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) (P = 2.0 x 10(-123)). The lowest P-value on chromosome 10 was obtained by rs4086116 within cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) (P = 3.3 x 10(-24)). After adjustment for these SNPs, the rs2108622 polymorphism within cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2) gene on chromosome 19 reached genome-wide significance (P = 2.0 x 10(-8)). On chromosome 10, we further identified genetic variation in the cytochrome P450 2C18 (CYP2C18) gene contributing to variance of acenocoumarol dosage. Thus we confirmed earlier findings that acenocoumarol dosage mainly depends on polymorphisms in the VKORC1 and CYP2C9 genes. Besides age, gender, body mass index and target INR, one polymorphism within each of the VKORC1, CYP2C9, CYP4F2 and CYP2C18 genes could explain 48.8% of acenocoumarol dosage variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Teichert
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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36
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Evaluation of a reverse-hybridization StripAssay for the detection of genetic polymorphisms leading to acenocoumarol sensitivity. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:1693-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9587-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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