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Mathe A, Sudre E, Averous V. [Appropriate use of strong opioids in medical units: Recommendations and action to be taken in daily practice]. Rev Med Interne 2024; 45:400-408. [PMID: 38839485 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The use of strong opioids in medical units is recurrent, mainly for analgesic purposes. The risk of occurrence of an overdose or an opioid use disorders causes very legitimate concerns for the physician, which may limit the use of opioid treatment or the adaptation of the doses necessary to relieve the patient. We provide a summary of the literature aimed at defining the indications, the adverse effects and the risks involved, the prescribing methods in order to reassure professionals and promote the safe use of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mathe
- Service de médecine palliative et accompagnement, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - E Sudre
- Service de médecine palliative et accompagnement, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - V Averous
- Service de médecine palliative et accompagnement, université de Bordeaux, CHU, Bordeaux, France
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2
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Oliveira GM, Dionísio TJ, Siqueira-Sandrin VS, Ferrari LADL, Colombini-Ishikiriama BL, Faria FAC, Santos CF, Calvo AM. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method for Detection and Quantification of Meloxicam and 5'-Carboxymeloxicam in Oral Fluid Samples. Metabolites 2023; 13:755. [PMID: 37367912 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A sensitive, selective and particularly fast method of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated for the determination of meloxicam and its main metabolite, 5'-carboxymeloxicam, in oral fluid samples. Meloxicam and its major metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75 L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (80:20, v/v) with an injection flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The total time of the analytical run was 5 min. Sixteen volunteers had oral fluid samples collected sequentially before and after taking a meloxicam tablet (15 mg) for up to 96 h. With the concentrations obtained, the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using the Phoenix WinNonlin software. The parameters evaluated for meloxicam and 5'-carboxymeloxicam in the oral fluid samples showed linearity, accuracy, precision, medium-quality control (MQC-78.12 ng/mL), high-quality control (HQC-156.25 ng/mL), lower limits of quantification (LLOQ-0.6103 ng/mL), low-quality control (LQC-2.44 ng/mL), stability and dilution. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also detected and quantified in the oral fluid samples, demonstrating the possibility of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) study with this methodology. All the parameters evaluated in the validation of the methodology in the oral fluid samples proved to be stable and within the possible variations in each of the described parameters. Through the data presented, the possibility of a PK/PD study was demonstrated, detecting and quantifying meloxicam, its main metabolite and PGE2 in oral fluid samples using LC-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Moraes Oliveira
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru 17012-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Flávio Augusto Cardoso Faria
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru 17012-900, SP, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria Calvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru 17012-901, SP, Brazil
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CYP2C9 Polymorphism Influence in PK/PD Model of Naproxen and 6-O-Desmethylnaproxen in Oral Fluid. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111106. [PMID: 36422246 PMCID: PMC9694679 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms in CYP2C9 can significantly interfere with the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including naproxen. The present research aimed to study the PK/PD parameters of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, associated with allelic variations of CYP2C9. In our study, a rapid, selective, and sensitive Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid. Naproxen and its main metabolite were separated using a Shim-Pack XR-ODS 75L × 2.0 column and C18 pre-column at 40 °C using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (70:30, v/v), with an injection flow of 0.3 mL/min. The total analytical run time was 3 min. The volunteers, previously genotyped for CYP2C9 (16 ancestral—CYP2C9 *1 and 12 with the presence of polymorphism—CYP2C9 *2 or *3), had their oral fluids collected sequentially before and after taking a naproxen tablet (500 mg) at the following times: 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 8, 11, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Significant differences in the PK parameters (* p < 0.05) of naproxen in the oral fluid were: Vd/F (L): 98.86 (55.58−322.07) and 380.22 (261.84−1097.99); Kel (1/h): 0.84 (0.69−1.34) and 1.86 (1.09−4.06), in ancestral and mutated CYP2C9 *2 and/or *3, respectively. For 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, no PK parameters were significantly different between groups. The analysis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) proved to be effective and sensitive for PD parameters analysis and showed higher levels in the mutated group (p < 0.05). Both naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, and PGE2 in oral fluid can be effectively quantified using LC-MS/MS after a 500 mg oral dose of naproxen. Our method proved to be effective and sensitive to determine the lower limit of quantification of naproxen and its metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen, in oral fluid (2.4 ng/mL). All validation data, such as accuracy, precision, and repeatability intra- and inter-assay, were less than 15%. Allelic variations of CYP2C9 may be considered relevant in the PK of naproxen and its main metabolite, 6-O-desmethylnaproxen.
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Bolani B, Oliveira GM, Dionísio TJ, Faria FAC, Fernandes MHR, Santos CF, Calvo AM. Pharmacogenetic and Pharmacokinetic Assays from Saliva Samples Can Guarantee Personalized Drug Prescription. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:3-8. [PMID: 33913999 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Saliva is widely used for clinical and laboratory analysis. This study proposed to use DNA extracted from saliva for genotyping and pharmacokinetics of piroxicam. A fast and efficient genotyping method was used to determine relevant allelic variants of CYP2C9 (*2 and *3), since genetic factors can influence in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) metabolization. DNA Extract All Reagents Kit® was used for DNA extraction and genotyping was performed using TaqMan® GTXpress™ Master Mix, SNP genotyping assays and a Viia7 Real-Time PCR system. Volunteers performed sequential collections of saliva samples before and after taking a single dose of piroxicam (0.25 to 72 h) which were used for pharmacokinetics assays. Piroxicam concentrations were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Sixty-six percent of volunteers were ancestral homozygous (CYP2C9*1/*1), and 34% showed one or both polymorphisms. Of these 34%, 22 individuals showed CYP2C9*2 polymorphism, 8 CYP2C9*3, and 4 CYP2C9*2/*3. Piroxicam pharmacokinetics were performed in 5 subjects. Areas under the curve (AUC0-t(h*ng/mL)) for CYP2C9*1/*1, *1/*2 and *1/*3 were, respectively, 194.33±70.93, 166 and 303. Maximum concentrations (Cmax(ng/mL)) for these genotypes were respectively 6.46±2.56, 4.3 and 10.2. Saliva sampling was a very effective matrix for both pharmacogenetic and pharmacokinetic tests, ensuring the speed of the procedure and the well-being and agreement of the participants. Once having the knowledge about the slow and fast metabolizers, it is possible to make an adequate prescription in order to avoid the adverse effects of the medication and to guarantee greater analgesic comfort to the patients respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Bolani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Moraes Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria Calvo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Chamie K, Golla V, Lenis AT, Lec PM, Rahman S, Viscusi ER. Peripherally Acting μ-Opioid Receptor Antagonists in the Management of Postoperative Ileus: a Clinical Review. J Gastrointest Surg 2021; 25:293-302. [PMID: 32779081 PMCID: PMC7851096 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-020-04671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative ileus (POI) and constipation are common secondary effects of opioids and carry significant clinical and economic impacts. μ-Opioid receptors mediate opioid analgesia in the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal-related effects in the periphery. Peripherally acting μ-opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs) block the peripheral effects of opioids in the gastrointestinal tract, while maintaining opioid analgesia in the CNS. While most are not approved for POI or postoperative opioid-induced constipation (OIC), PAMORAs have a potential role in these settings via their selective effects on the μ-opioid receptor. This review will discuss recent clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of PAMORAs, with a focus on alvimopan (Entereg®) and methylnaltrexone (Relistor®) in patients with POI or postoperative OIC. We will characterize potential factors that may have impacted the efficacy observed in phase 3 trials and discuss future directions for the management and treatment of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Chamie
- grid.413083.d0000 0000 9142 8600Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Vishnukamal Golla
- grid.413083.d0000 0000 9142 8600Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Andrew T. Lenis
- grid.413083.d0000 0000 9142 8600Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Patrick M. Lec
- grid.413083.d0000 0000 9142 8600Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Siamak Rahman
- grid.413083.d0000 0000 9142 8600Department of Anesthesiology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Eugene R. Viscusi
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Department of Anesthesiology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, 111 S 11th St, Ste G-8290, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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Rollason V, Lloret-Linares C, Lorenzini KI, Daali Y, Gex-Fabry M, Piguet V, Besson M, Samer C, Desmeules J. Evaluation of Phenotypic and Genotypic Variations of Drug Metabolising Enzymes and Transporters in Chronic Pain Patients Facing Adverse Drug Reactions or Non-Response to Analgesics: A Retrospective Study. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E198. [PMID: 33121061 PMCID: PMC7711785 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study evaluates the link between an adverse drug reaction (ADR) or a non-response to treatment and cytochromes P450 (CYP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) activity in patients taking analgesic drugs for chronic pain. Patients referred to a pain center for an ADR or a non-response to an analgesic drug between January 2005 and November 2014 were included. The genotype and/or phenotype was obtained for assessment of the CYPs, P-gp or COMT activities. The relation between the event and the result of the genotype and/or phenotype was evaluated using a semi-quantitative scale. Our analysis included 243 individual genotypic and/or phenotypic explorations. Genotypes/phenotypes were mainly assessed because of an ADR (n = 145, 59.7%), and the majority of clinical situations were observed with prodrug opioids (n = 148, 60.9%). The probability of a link between an ADR or a non-response and the genotypic/phenotypic status of the patient was evaluated as intermediate to high in 40% and 28.2% of all cases, respectively. The drugs in which the probability of an association was the strongest were the prodrug opioids, with an intermediate to high link in 45.6% of the cases for occurrence of ADRs and 36.0% of the cases for non-response. This study shows that the genotypic and phenotypic approach is useful to understand ADRs or therapeutic resistance to a usual therapeutic dosage, and can be part of the evaluation of chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Rollason
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Célia Lloret-Linares
- Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Pays de Savoie, Maladies Nutritionnelles et Métaboliques, 74000 Annemasse, France;
| | - Kuntheavy Ing Lorenzini
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Youssef Daali
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Gex-Fabry
- Division of Psychiatric Specialties, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Geneva University Hospitals, 1226 Thônex, Switzerland;
| | - Valérie Piguet
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
| | - Marie Besson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Samer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland; (K.I.L.); (Y.D.); (V.P.); (M.B.); (C.S.); (J.D.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
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Opioids, Polypharmacy, and Drug Interactions: A Technological Paradigm Shift Is Needed to Ameliorate the Ongoing Opioid Epidemic. PHARMACY 2020; 8:pharmacy8030154. [PMID: 32854271 PMCID: PMC7559875 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy8030154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacy is a common phenomenon among adults using opioids, which may influence the frequency, severity, and complexity of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) experienced. Clinicians must be able to easily identify and resolve DDIs since opioid-related DDIs are common and can be life-threatening. Given that clinicians often rely on technological aids—such as clinical decision support systems (CDSS) and drug interaction software—to identify and resolve DDIs in patients with complex drug regimens, this narrative review provides an appraisal of the performance of existing technologies. Opioid-specific CDSS have several system- and content-related limitations that need to be overcome. Specifically, we found that these CDSS often analyze DDIs in a pairwise manner, do not account for relevant pharmacogenomic results, and do not integrate well with electronic health records. In the context of polypharmacy, existing systems may encourage inadvertent serious alert dismissal due to the generation of multiple incoherent alerts. Future technological systems should minimize alert fatigue, limit manual input, allow for simultaneous multidrug interaction assessments, incorporate pharmacogenomic data, conduct iterative risk simulations, and integrate seamlessly with normal workflow.
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Comparison between isolated and associated with codeine acetaminophen in pain control of acute apical abscess: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 25:875-882. [PMID: 32651644 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03374-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to compare the acetaminophen administration efficacy or its combination with codeine for pain control in acute apical abscesses cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-nine patients who sought emergency treatment in the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul were included, all of them with acute apical abscess diagnosis. These patients were divided into two groups: acetaminophen group-prescription of acetaminophen (1000 mg) and acetaminophen-codeine group-prescription of acetaminophen (1000 mg) + codeine (30 mg), both with oral intake every 6 h for 3 days. The pain scores were recorded by the patients on their own at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after finishing clinical assistance, by filling a pain evolution journal, containing a visual analogue scale (VAS). Student t test was conducted to investigate different mean ages between groups 1 and 2. A comparison of weight and means of initial pain scores between groups was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test. Chi-square test was performed to compare gender, affected tooth, education, initial swelling, and frequency of adverse effect between test and control groups. Mann-Whitney U test was applied to compare groups in the same period. Friedman's test was used to compare results from the same group over time. RESULTS Both groups showed score reduction over time (P < 0.05). Paracetamol-codeine group showed significant pain score reduction at 48 h registers when compared to baseline and at 6 h scores (P < 0.05). Further, pain scores at 72 h were significantly lower, when compared to the baseline, at 6 h, and at 12 h scores (P < 0.05). Acetaminophen group showed significant pain score reduction observed at 72 h, when compared to the baseline and at 6 h scores (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in pain score reduction over time between groups (P > 0.05). There was no difference between the groups regarding the frequency of adverse reactions (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Both medications were effective for pain control in acute apical abscess cases. The findings might have inferred in pain control of acute apical abscess associated pain in patients who used an antibiotic drug. External validity of the findings for acute apical abscess cases with no need for an antibiotic prescription is uncertain. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This paper suggests acetaminophen 1000 mg can be used for pain control in the treatment of acute apical abscess associated with systemic manifestation.
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Bain KT, Knowlton CH. Role of Opioid-Involved Drug Interactions in Chronic Pain Management. J Osteopath Med 2020; 119:839-847. [PMID: 31790129 DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2019.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of opioids for chronic pain management is extraordinarily common despite substantial evidence of only modest benefits, when compared with nonopioid analgesics. Opioid use is also associated with serious risks, including overdose and death. A growing body of evidence suggests that opioids are involved in significant drug interactions that often go unrecognized in clinical practice. Understanding opioid-involved drug interactions is of great practical importance for all health care professionals caring for patients with chronic pain. In this article, we describe the mechanisms of opioid-involved drug interactions and their potential consequences, which have major public health implications. Additionally, this article provides practical strategies to aid health care professionals in avoiding and mitigating opioid-involved drug interactions in order to obtain a favorable balance in the risk-benefit ratio associated with opioid use. These strategies include using osteopathic principles for chronic pain management, separating the times of administration of the opioid(s) from the nonopioid(s) involved in the interaction, changing the opioid(s) adversely affected by the interaction, changing the nonopioid(s) causing the interaction, and partnering with pharmacists in clinical practice.
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Schuh MJ, Randles H, Crosby S. Improving Pain Management with Pharmacogenomics: A General Introduction. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2020; 34:114-119. [DOI: 10.1080/15360288.2020.1734140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Schuh
- Michael J. Schuh, PharmD, MBA, FAPhA, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Family Medicine, and Palliative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Heather Randles, PharmD, Ambulatory Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Sheena Crosby, PharmD, BCGP, Ambulatory Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Heather Randles
- Michael J. Schuh, PharmD, MBA, FAPhA, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Family Medicine, and Palliative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Heather Randles, PharmD, Ambulatory Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Sheena Crosby, PharmD, BCGP, Ambulatory Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Sheena Crosby
- Michael J. Schuh, PharmD, MBA, FAPhA, Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, Family Medicine, and Palliative Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Heather Randles, PharmD, Ambulatory Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA; Sheena Crosby, PharmD, BCGP, Ambulatory Pharmacist, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
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Fanelli A, Palazzo C, Balzani E, Iuvaro A, Pelotti S, Melotti RM. An Explorative Study of CYP2D6’s Polymorphism in a Sample of Chronic Pain Patients. PAIN MEDICINE 2019; 21:1010-1017. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnz265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
A proper antalgic treatment is based on the use of titrated drugs to provide adequate relief and a good tolerability profile. Therapies have a variable effectiveness among subjects depending on medical and genetic conditions. CYP2D6 variations determine a different clinical response to most analgesic drugs commonly used in daily clinical practice by influencing the drugs’ pharmacokinetics. This study was a monocentric clinical trial exploring the CYP2D6 variants in 100 patients with a diagnosis of chronic pain.
Methods
DNA was extracted to evaluate the genotype and to classify patients as normal-fast (gNMs-F), normal-slow (gNMs-S), ultrarapid (gUMs), intermediate (gIMs), and poor metabolizers (gPMs) using the Activity Score (AS). Information on therapies and general side effects experienced by patients was collected. Nongenetic co-factors were evaluated to examine the discrepancy between metabolic profile predicted from genotype (gPh) and metabolic profile (phenocopying).
Results
The distribution of our data underlined the prevalence of the gNMs-F (67%), whereas gNMs-S were 24%, gIMs 6%, gPMs 3%, and no gUMs were found, resulting in 33% of patients with reduced metabolic activity. In the analyzed population sample, 86% and 56% of patients, respectively, took at least one or two drugs inhibiting in vitro activity of the CYP2D6 enzyme.
Conclusions
Over one-third of the enrolled patients showed altered CYP2D6 enzymatic metabolic activity, with a risk of phenocopying potentially due to polypharmacology.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT03411759.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fanelli
- Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Unit, Department of Emergency and Urgency, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Palazzo
- Forensic Science and Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Iuvaro
- Forensic Science and Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susi Pelotti
- Forensic Science and Legal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Maria Melotti
- Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Unit, Department of Emergency and Urgency, Policlinico S.Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Mishra M, Mishra SP. Transversus abdominis plane block: The new horizon for postoperative analgesia following abdominal surgery. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF ANAESTHESIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.egja.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manjaree Mishra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Heritage Institute of Medical Sciences, Varanasi, U.P., India
| | - Shashi Prakash Mishra
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., India
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Rodieux F, Piguet V, Desmeules J, Samer CF. Safety Issues of Pharmacological Acute Pain Treatment in Children. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 105:1130-1138. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rodieux
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Valérie Piguet
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
- Faculty of Sciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Geneva and Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Caroline F. Samer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center; Geneva University Hospitals; Geneva Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
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15
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Rodieux F, Vutskits L, Posfay-Barbe KM, Habre W, Piguet V, Desmeules JA, Samer CF. When the Safe Alternative Is Not That Safe: Tramadol Prescribing in Children. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:148. [PMID: 29556194 PMCID: PMC5844975 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Children represent a vulnerable population in which management of nociceptive pain is complex. Drug responses in children differ from adults due to age-related differences. Moreover, therapeutic choices are limited by the lack of indication for a number of analgesic drugs due to the challenge of conducting clinical trials in children. Furthermore the assessment of efficacy as well as tolerance may be complicated by children's inability to communicate properly. According to the World Health Organization, weak opioids such as tramadol and codeine, may be used in addition to paracetamol and ibuprofen for moderate nociceptive pain in both children and adults. However, codeine prescription has been restricted for the last 5 years in children because of the risk of fatal overdoses linked to the variable activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 which bioactivates codeine. Even though tramadol has been considered a safe alternative to codeine, it is well established that tramadol pharmacodynamic opioid effects, efficacy and safety, are also largely influenced by CYP2D6 activity. For this reason, the US Food and Drug Administration recently released a boxed warning regarding the use of tramadol in children. To provide safe and effective tramadol prescription in children, a personalized approach, with dose adaptation according to CYP2D6 activity, would certainly be the safest method. We therefore recommend this approach in children requiring chronic or recurrent nociceptive pain treatment with tramadol. In case of acute inpatients nociceptive pain management, prescribing tramadol at the minimal effective dose, in a child appropriate dosage form and after clear instructions are given to the parents, remains reasonable based on current data. In all other situations, morphine should be preferred for moderate to severe nociceptive pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rodieux
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Vutskits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland.,Division of Anesthesiology, Unit for Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Klara M Posfay-Barbe
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Walid Habre
- Division of Anesthesiology, Unit for Pediatric Anesthesia, Children's Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland.,Anesthesiological Investigations Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Piguet
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Jules A Desmeules
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of LausanneGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline F Samer
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
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16
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Seripa D, Lozupone M, Stella E, Paroni G, Bisceglia P, La Montagna M, D’onofrio G, Gravina C, Urbano M, Priore MG, Lamanna A, Daniele A, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Greco A, Panza F. Psychotropic drugs and CYP2D6 in late-life psychiatric and neurological disorders. What do we know? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:1373-1385. [DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1389891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seripa
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Eleonora Stella
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giulia Paroni
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Grazia D’onofrio
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carolina Gravina
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Urbano
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Priore
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lamanna
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS “Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza”, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia, Italy
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Tricase, Lecce, Italy
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17
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Lozupone M, Panza F, Stella E, La Montagna M, Bisceglia P, Miscio G, Galizia I, Daniele A, di Mauro L, Bellomo A, Logroscino G, Greco A, Seripa D. Pharmacogenetics of neurological and psychiatric diseases at older age: has the time come? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 13:259-277. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1246533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro,’, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro,’, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ at ‘Pia Fondazione Card. G. Panico,’, Tricase, Lecce, Italy
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Stella
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Miscio
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Galizia
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Lazzaro di Mauro
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro,’, Bari, Italy
- Unit of Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’ at ‘Pia Fondazione Card. G. Panico,’, Tricase, Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
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18
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Pietarinen P, Tornio A, Niemi M. High Frequency ofCYP2D6Ultrarapid Metabolizer Genotype in the Finnish Population. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:291-6. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paavo Pietarinen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Aleksi Tornio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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Abstract
Pain is a common symptom that can be complex to treat. Analgesic medications are the mainstay treatment, but there is wide interindividual variability in analgesic response and adverse effects. Pharmacogenomics is the study of inherited genetic traits that result in these individual responses to drugs. This narrative review will attempt to cover the current understanding of the pharmacogenomics of pain, examining common genes affecting metabolism of analgesic medications, their distribution throughout the body, and end organ effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Ting
- Department of Anaesthesia, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Stephan Schug
- Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia Anaesthesiology Unit, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
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20
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Im S, Kim BH, Lee K, Kwack K, Yim SV. Screening study for genetic polymorphisms affecting pharmacokinetics of simvastatin. Transl Clin Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.12793/tcp.2016.24.1.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Im
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Bo-Hyung Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Kidong Lee
- Department of BioMedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, SeongNam 13488, Korea
| | - KyuBum Kwack
- Department of BioMedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, SeongNam 13488, Korea
| | - Sung-Vin Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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21
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Thomazeau J, Rouquette A, Martinez V, Rabuel C, Prince N, Laplanche JL, Nizard R, Bergmann JF, Perrot S, Lloret-Linares C. Acute pain Factors predictive of post-operative pain and opioid requirement in multimodal analgesia following knee replacement. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:822-32. [PMID: 26517014 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the development of multimodal analgesia for postoperative pain management, opioids are still required for effective pain relief after knee arthroplasty. We aimed to identify the determinants of post-operative pain intensity and post-operative opioid requirement in this context. METHODS In this observational prospective study, we recorded patient characteristics, pre-operative pain intensity, anxiety and depression levels, sensitivity and pain thresholds in response to an electrical stimulus, and mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Multivariate linear regression models were used to identify predictors of post-operative pain at rest and opioid requirement. RESULTS We included 109 patients. Pre-operative pain at rest (p = 0.047), anxiety level (p = 0.001) and neuropathic pain symptoms (p = 0.030) were independently and positively associated with mean post-operative pain intensity adjusted for mean post-operative morphine equivalent dose (MED). Mean post-operative pain intensity at rest was lower (p = 0.006) in patients receiving celecoxib and pregabalin in the post-operative period, with all other variables constant. Mean post-operative MED over 5 days was low, but highly variable (78.2 ± 32.1 mg, from 9.9 to 170 mg). Following adjustment for mean post-operative pain intensity, it was independently negatively correlated with age (p = 0.004), and positively correlated with associated paracetamol treatment (p = 0.031). No genetic effect was detected in our sample. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that clinicians could use the pre-operative pain profile, in terms of anxiety levels, neuropathic pain symptoms, and chronic pre-operative pain intensity, to improve the efficacy of pain management after knee surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thomazeau
- INSERM 987, Physiopathologie et pharmacologie clinique de la douleur, Ambroise Paré, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Therapeutic Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - A Rouquette
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France.,INSERM U1178, Mental Health and Public Health, Paris-Sud and Paris Descartes Universities, Paris, France
| | - V Martinez
- INSERM 987, Physiopathologie et pharmacologie clinique de la douleur, Ambroise Paré, Paris, France
| | - C Rabuel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - N Prince
- INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Universités Paris Descartes and Paris Diderot, France
| | - J L Laplanche
- INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Universités Paris Descartes and Paris Diderot, France
| | - R Nizard
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de chirurgie orthopédique et traumatologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - J F Bergmann
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Therapeutic Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Universités Paris Descartes and Paris Diderot, France
| | - S Perrot
- INSERM 987, Physiopathologie et pharmacologie clinique de la douleur, Ambroise Paré, Paris, France.,Centre d'Evaluation et de Traitement de la Douleur, Hôpital Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - C Lloret-Linares
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Therapeutic Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France.,INSERM U1144, Variabilité de réponse aux psychotropes, Universités Paris Descartes and Paris Diderot, France
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22
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23
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Seripa D, Latina P, Fontana A, Gravina C, Lattanzi M, Savino M, Gallo AP, Melchionda G, Santini SA, Margaglione M, Copetti M, di Mauro L, Panza F, Greco A, Pilotto A. Role of CYP2D6 Polymorphisms in the Outcome of Postoperative Pain Treatment. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 16:2012-23. [PMID: 25989235 DOI: 10.1111/pme.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of CYP2D6 phenotype in the outcome of postoperative (PO) pain (POP) treatment. DESIGN Longitudinal cohort study. Open-label trial with post hoc analysis. SETTING General Hospital Surgery and Recovery Units. PATIENTS Ninety unrelated Caucasians submitted to abdominal/thoracic surgery. INTERVENTIONS Standard multimodal POP treatment including opioids (tramadol) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen) at different dosages and infusion rates according to the predicted mild, moderate, or severe POP. OUTCOME MEASURES Pain (Numeric Rating Scale-NRS) and sedation (Ramsay Sedation Scale-RSS) up to 24 hours after surgery. By genotyping 16 CYP2D6 alleles, the four CYP2D6 phenotypes poor metabolizer (PM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), extensive metabolizers (EM) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UM) were predicted. RESULTS As compared with the CYP2D6-EM phenotype, in the early PO time (30 min) a higher RSS mean score in IM was observed (P = 0.035). A suggestion towards higher mean score in PM (P = 0.091) and a minor mean score in UM (P = 0.091) was also detected. No difference in the outcome of pain across the CYP2D6 phenotypes was observed. CONCLUSIONS In respect to the normal CYP2D6 phenotype, our results suggested that slowly metabolizers (IMs and PMs) might have a major sedation, whereas more rapid metabolizers (UM) a minor sedation, in the early time after surgery. A minor role of CYP2D6 phenotype in PO analgesia may be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Seripa
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Paola Latina
- Recovery Unit 1, Emergency Department, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Andrea Fontana
- Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Carolina Gravina
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | | | - Maria Savino
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Antonietta P Gallo
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Melchionda
- Recovery Unit 1, Emergency Department, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Stefano A Santini
- Laboratory of Hormonal Analyses and Clinical Molecular Biology, Department of Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Margaglione
- Chair of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Copetti
- Biostatistics Unit, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Lazzaro di Mauro
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Clinical Pathology, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.,Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, "Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico,", Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Alberto Pilotto
- Geriatric Unit and Gerontology-Geriatrics Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy.,Geriatrics Unit, Azienda ULSS16 Padova, S. Antonio Hospital, Padova, Italy
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24
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Rodieux F, Piguet V, Berney P, Desmeules J, Besson M. Pharmacogenetics and analgesic effects of antidepressants in chronic pain management. Per Med 2015; 12:163-175. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Antidepressants are widely administered to chronic pain patients, but there is large interindividual variability in their efficacy and adverse effect rates that may be attributed to genetic factors. Studies have attempted to determine the impact of genetic polymorphisms in enzymes and transporters that are involved in antidepressant pharmacokinetics, for example, cytochrome P450 and P-gp. The impacts of genetic polymorphisms in the targets of antidepressants, such as the serotonin receptor or transporter, the noradrenaline transporter and the COMT and monoamine oxydase enzymes, have also been described. This manuscript discusses the current knowledge of the influence of genetic factors on the plasma concentrations, efficacy and adverse effects of the major antidepressants used in pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Rodieux
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Valérie Piguet
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Berney
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Jules Desmeules
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Marie Besson
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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25
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Zhao Q, Sun J, Tao Y, Wang S, Jiang C, Zhu Y, Yu F, Zhu J. A logistic equation to determine the validity of tramadol from related gene polymorphisms and psychological factors. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 15:487-95. [PMID: 24624916 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.14.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study was performed to develop an algorithm using polymorphisms of CYP2D6, p-gp, OPRM1, COMT and psychological variables to predict tramadol response in Chinese patients recovering from upper limb fracture internal fixation surgery. Methods: A total of 250 Han Chinese patients recovering from fracture in the upper limb were enrolled. CYP2D6*10, p-gp G2677T, p-gp C3435T, OPRM1 A118G and COMT Val158Met were detected by the ligase detection reaction (LDR) method. The algorithm was developed with binary logistic regression in cohort 1 (200 patients) and assessed with Wilcoxon signed-rank test in cohort 2 (50 patients). Results: According to cohort 1, the predictive equation was calculated with the following logistic regression parameters: Logit (1) = 2.304–4.841 × (anxiety I) – 23.709 × (anxiety II) + 2.823 × (p-gp 3435CT) + 5.737 × (p-gp 3435 TT) – 1.586 × (CYP2D6*10 CT) – 4.542 × (CYP2D6*10 TT). The cutoff point for the prediction was defined as a probability value ≥0.5. The equation’s positive predictive value is 90%. When applied to a new sample, the equation’s positive predictive value is 86%. The Nagelkerke R2 of the model is 0.819, the results of the Hosmer and Leme test show a value of 0.981. The nonparametric correlations between predicted and observed response showed significant correlation (coefficient = 0.879; p < 0.001). Conclusion: The algorithm we have developed might predict tramadol response in Chinese upper limb fracture patients. Original submitted 24 April 2013; Revision submitted 24 January 2014
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Center of Pharmacokinetics, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yifu Tao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shukui Wang
- Examination Centres, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunzhi Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yubing Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junrong Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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26
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MacFarlane PD, Tute AS, Alderson B. Therapeutic options for the treatment of chronic pain in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:127-34. [PMID: 24467556 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a widely recognised problem in humans and is being increasingly recognised as a significant problem in dogs. Whilst a large number of therapies are described and utilised to treat chronic pain in dogs, there is a severe shortage of evidence to guide practitioners in selection of treatments. Until more evidence becomes available, practitioners should adopt a cautious approach, utilising licensed treatments first when possible. Non-pharmacological therapies should be incorporated into the chronic pain management plan whenever possible. Given the probable prevalence of chronic pain in dogs there is an urgent need for research to identify effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D MacFarlane
- Langford Veterinary Services, The University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU
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Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Leeder JS, Klein TE, Caudle KE, Haidar CE, Shen DD, Callaghan JT, Sadhasivam S, Prows CA, Kharasch ED, Skaar TC. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium guidelines for cytochrome P450 2D6 genotype and codeine therapy: 2014 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2014; 95:376-82. [PMID: 24458010 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2013.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine are governed by CYP2D6 activity. Polymorphisms are a major cause of CYP2D6 variability. We summarize evidence from the literature supporting this association and provide therapeutic recommendations for codeine based on CYP2D6 genotype. This document is an update to the 2012 Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for CYP2D6 genotype and codeine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Crews
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - A Gaedigk
- 1] Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - H M Dunnenberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - J S Leeder
- 1] Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutic Innovation, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, Missouri, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - T E Klein
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - K E Caudle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - C E Haidar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - D D Shen
- 1] Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA [2] Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - J T Callaghan
- 1] Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA [2] Department of Veterans Affairs, RLR VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - S Sadhasivam
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [2] Department of Anesthesia, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - C A Prows
- 1] Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA [2] Division of Patient Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - E D Kharasch
- Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - T C Skaar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Zahari Z, Ismail R. Influence of Cytochrome P450, Family 2, Subfamily D, Polypeptide 6 (CYP2D6) Polymorphisms on Pain Sensitivity and Clinical Response to Weak Opioid Analgesics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2014; 29:29-43. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-13-rv-032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cargnin S, Magnani F, Viana M, Tassorelli C, Mittino D, Cantello R, Sances G, Nappi G, Canonico PL, Genazzani AA, Raffaeli W, Terrazzino S. An Opposite-Direction Modulation of the COMT Val158Met Polymorphism on the Clinical Response to Intrathecal Morphine and Triptans. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1097-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Samer CF, Lorenzini KI, Rollason V, Daali Y, Desmeules JA. Applications of CYP450 testing in the clinical setting. Mol Diagn Ther 2013; 17:165-84. [PMID: 23588782 PMCID: PMC3663206 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-013-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interindividual variability in drug response is a major clinical problem. Polymedication and genetic polymorphisms modulating drug-metabolising enzyme activities (cytochromes P450, CYP) are identified sources of variability in drug responses. We present here the relevant data on the clinical impact of the major CYP polymorphisms (CYP2D6, CYP2C19 and CYP2C9) on drug therapy where genotyping and phenotyping may be considered, and the guidelines developed when available. CYP2D6 is responsible for the oxidative metabolism of up to 25% of commonly prescribed drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics, opioids, antiarrythmics and tamoxifen. The ultrarapid metaboliser (UM) phenotype is recognised as a cause of therapeutic inefficacy of antidepressant, whereas an increased risk of toxicity has been reported in poor metabolisers (PMs) with several psychotropics (desipramine, venlafaxine, amitriptyline, haloperidol). CYP2D6 polymorphism influences the analgesic response to prodrug opioids (codeine, tramadol and oxycodone). In PMs for CYP2D6, reduced analgesic effects have been observed, whereas in UMs cases of life-threatening toxicity have been reported with tramadol and codeine. CYP2D6 PM phenotype has been associated with an increased risk of toxicity of metoprolol, timolol, carvedilol and propafenone. Although conflicting results have been reported regarding the association between CYP2D6 genotype and tamoxifen effects, CYP2D6 genotyping may be useful in selecting adjuvant hormonal therapy in postmenopausal women. CYP2C19 is responsible for metabolising clopidogrel, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and some antidepressants. Carriers of CYP2C19 variant alleles exhibit a reduced capacity to produce the active metabolite of clopidogrel, and are at increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. For PPIs, it has been shown that the mean intragastric pH values and the Helicobacter pylori eradication rates were higher in carriers of CYP2C19 variant alleles. CYP2C19 is involved in the metabolism of several antidepressants. As a result of an increased risk of adverse effects in CYP2C19 PMs, dose reductions are recommended for some agents (imipramine, sertraline). CYP2C9 is responsible for metabolising vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), sulfonylureas, angiotensin II receptor antagonists and phenytoin. For VKAs, CYP2C9 polymorphism has been associated with lower doses, longer time to reach treatment stability and higher frequencies of supratherapeutic international normalised ratios (INRs). Prescribing algorithms are available in order to adapt dosing to genotype. Although the existing data are controversial, some studies have suggested an increased risk of NSAID-associated gastrointestinal bleeding in carriers of CYP2C9 variant alleles. A relationship between CYP2C9 polymorphisms and the pharmacokinetics of sulfonylureas and angiotensin II receptor antagonists has also been observed. The clinical impact in terms of hypoglycaemia and blood pressure was, however, modest. Finally, homozygous and heterozygous carriers of CYP2C9 variant alleles require lower doses of phenytoin to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations, and are at increased risk of toxicity. New diagnostic techniques made safer and easier should allow quicker diagnosis of metabolic variations. Genotyping and phenotyping may therefore be considered where dosing guidelines according to CYP genotype have been published, and help identify the right molecule for the right patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Samer
- Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Bosilkovska M, Walder B, Besson M, Daali Y, Desmeules J. Analgesics in patients with hepatic impairment: pharmacology and clinical implications. Drugs 2012; 72:1645-69. [PMID: 22867045 DOI: 10.2165/11635500-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The physiological changes that accompany hepatic impairment alter drug disposition. Porto-systemic shunting might decrease the first-pass metabolism of a drug and lead to increased oral bioavailability of highly extracted drugs. Distribution can also be altered as a result of impaired production of drug-binding proteins or changes in body composition. Furthermore, the activity and capacity of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes might be affected to various degrees in patients with chronic liver disease. These changes would result in increased concentrations and reduced plasma clearance of drugs, which is often difficult to predict. The pharmacology of analgesics is also altered in liver disease. Pain management in hepatically impaired patients is challenging owing to a lack of evidence-based guidelines for the use of analgesics in this population. Complications such as bleeding due to antiplatelet activity, gastrointestinal irritation, and renal failure are more likely to occur with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with severe hepatic impairment. Thus, this analgesic class should be avoided in this population. The pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol (acetaminophen) are altered in patients with severe liver disease, but the short-term use of this drug at reduced doses (2 grams daily) appears to be safe in patients with non-alcoholic liver disease. The disposition of a large number of opioid drugs is affected in the presence of hepatic impairment. Certain opioids such as codeine or tramadol, for instance, rely on hepatic biotransformation to active metabolites. A possible reduction of their analgesic effect would be the expected pharmacodynamic consequence of hepatic impairment. Some opioids, such as pethidine (meperidine), have toxic metabolites. The slower elimination of these metabolites can result in an increased risk of toxicity in patients with liver disease, and these drugs should be avoided in this population. The drug clearance of a number of opioids, such as morphine, oxycodone, tramadol and alfentanil, might be decreased in moderate or severe hepatic impairment. For the highly excreted morphine, hydromorphone and oxycodone, an important increase in bioavailability occurs after oral administration in patients with hepatic impairment. Lower doses and/or longer administration intervals should be used when these opioids are administered to patients with liver disease to avoid the risk of accumulation and the potential increase of adverse effects. Finally, the pharmacokinetics of phenylpiperidine opioids such as fentanyl, sufentanil and remifentanil appear to be unaffected in hepatic disease. All opioid drugs can precipitate or aggravate hepatic encephalopathy in patients with severe liver disease, thus requiring cautious use and careful monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Bosilkovska
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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Smith MT, Muralidharan A. Pharmacogenetics of pain and analgesia. Clin Genet 2012; 82:321-30. [PMID: 22779698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pain severity ratings and the analgesic dosing requirements of patients with apparently similar pain conditions may differ considerably between individuals. Contributing factors include those of genetic and environmental origin with epigenetic mechanisms that enable dynamic gene-environment interaction, more recently implicated in pain modulation. Insight into genetic factors underpinning inter-patient variability in pain sensitivity has come from rodent heritability studies as well as familial aggregation and twin studies in humans. Indeed, more than 350 candidate pain genes have been identified as potentially contributing to heritable differences in pain sensitivity. A large number of genetic association studies conducted in patients with a variety of clinical pain types or in humans exposed to experimentally induced pain stimuli in the laboratory setting, have examined the impact of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in various target genes on pain sensitivity and/or analgesic dosing requirements. However, the findings of such studies have generally failed to replicate or have been only partially replicated by independent investigators. Deficiencies in study conduct including use of small sample size, inappropriate statistical methods and inadequate attention to the possibility that between-study differences in environmental factors may alter pain phenotypes through epigenetic mechanisms, have been identified as being significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Smith
- Centre for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters that are important for dosing (e.g., clearance and volume) are well known. They are used in universal mathematical formulae that describe the time course of drug concentration. Additional formulae can be used to describe major covariate effects in children, such as size and maturation. PK parameters describing the time-concentration profile of a drug after administration are those for a typical individual in a population. These parameters are associated with variability. Further, any one individual may not be typical of the population studied. While size and maturation are two important considerations in children and assist with dosing estimation, there are also a number of additional PK covariates (e.g., organ function, disease, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics), and identifying these sources of variability allows us to individualize drug dose. Pharmacology is not simply an application of PK, and determinants of drug dose also require an understanding of the variability associated with pharmacodynamic response and a balancing of beneficial effects against unwanted effects. Each child is unique in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Anderson
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Auckland Children's Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.
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The promise of pharmacogenetics in labor analgesia…tantalizing, but not there yet. Int J Obstet Anesth 2012; 21:105-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Individualizing pain therapy with opioids: The rational approach based on pharmacogenetics and pharmacokinetics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujps.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Crews KR, Gaedigk A, Dunnenberger HM, Klein TE, Shen DD, Callaghan JT, Kharasch ED, Skaar TC. Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) guidelines for codeine therapy in the context of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) genotype. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 91:321-6. [PMID: 22205192 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Codeine is bioactivated to morphine, a strong opioid agonist, by the hepatic cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6); hence, the efficacy and safety of codeine as an analgesic are governed by CYP2D6 polymorphisms. Codeine has little therapeutic effect in patients who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, whereas the risk of morphine toxicity is higher in ultrarapid metabolizers. The purpose of this guideline (periodically updated at http://www.pharmgkb.org) is to provide information relating to the interpretation of CYP2D6 genotype test results to guide the dosing of codeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Crews
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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38
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Palliative Care in the Genomic Era. J Hosp Palliat Nurs 2011. [DOI: 10.1097/njh.0b013e31821adafd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
All chronic pain was once acute, but not all acute pain becomes chronic. The transition of acute postoperative pain to chronic post surgical pain is a complex and poorly understood developmental process. The manuscript describes the various factors associated with the transition from acute to chronic pain. The preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative surgical, psychosocial, socio-environmental and patient-related factors and the mechanisms involved are discussed and preventive (or limitation) strategies are suggested. In future, the increasing understanding of genetic factors and the transitional mechanisms involved may reveal important clues to predict which patients will go on to develop chronic pain. This may assist the development of appropriate interventions affecting not only the individual concerned, but also ultimately the community at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. A. Shipton
- Department of Anaesthesia, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Samer CF, Dayer P, Desmeules JA. How close are we to individual analgesic adjustment according to a patient’s genotype? Per Med 2011; 8:289-292. [DOI: 10.2217/pme.11.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Flora Samer
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland and Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Dayer
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland
| | - Jules Alexandre Desmeules
- Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology Geneva University Hospitals Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland and Swiss Center for Applied Human Toxicology, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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42
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Pharmacogenomic biomarkers: new tools in current and future drug therapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2010.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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43
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Kleine-Brueggeney M, Musshoff F, Stuber F, Stamer UM. Pharmacogenetics in palliative care. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 203:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Chapman CR, Lipschitz DL, Angst MS, Chou R, Denisco RC, Donaldson GW, Fine PG, Foley KM, Gallagher RM, Gilson AM, Haddox JD, Horn SD, Inturrisi CE, Jick SS, Lipman AG, Loeser JD, Noble M, Porter L, Rowbotham MC, Schoelles KM, Turk DC, Volinn E, Von Korff MR, Webster LR, Weisner CM. Opioid pharmacotherapy for chronic non-cancer pain in the United States: a research guideline for developing an evidence-base. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2010; 11:807-29. [PMID: 20430701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This document reports the consensus of an interdisciplinary panel of research and clinical experts charged with reviewing the use of opioids for chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) and formulating guidelines for future research. Prescribing opioids for chronic noncancer pain has recently escalated in the United States. Contrasting with increasing opioid use are: 1) The lack of evidence supporting long-term effectiveness; 2) Escalating misuse of prescription opioids including abuse and diversion; and 3) Uncertainty about the incidence and clinical salience of multiple, poorly characterized adverse drug events (ADEs) including endocrine dysfunction, immunosuppression and infectious disease, opioid-induced hyperalgesia and xerostomia, overdose, falls and fractures, and psychosocial complications. Chief among the limitations of current evidence are: 1) Sparse evidence on long-term opioid effectiveness in chronic pain patients due to the short-term time frame of clinical trials; 2) Insufficiently comprehensive outcome assessment; and 3) Incomplete identification and quantification of ADEs. The panel called for a strategic interdisciplinary approach to the problem domain in which basic scientists and clinicians cooperate to resolve urgent issues and generate a comprehensive evidence base. It offered 4 recommendations in 3 areas: 1) A research strategy for studying the effectiveness of long-term opioid pharmacotherapy; 2) Improvements in evidence-generation methodology; and 3) Potential research topics for generating new evidence. PERSPECTIVE Prescribing opioids for CNCP has outpaced the growth of scientific evidence bearing on the benefits and harms of these interventions. The need for a strong evidence base is urgent. This guideline offers a strategic approach to creating a comprehensive evidence base to guide safe and effective management of CNCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Richard Chapman
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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Stamer UM, Zhang L, Stüber F. Personalized therapy in pain management: where do we stand? Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:843-64. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.10.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic variations influencing response to pharmacotherapy of pain are currently under investigation. Drug-metabolizing enzymes represent a major target of ongoing research in order to identify associations between an individual’s drug response and genetic profile. Polymorphisms of the cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP2D6) influence metabolism of codeine, tramadol, hydrocodone, oxycodone and tricyclic antidepressants. Blood concentrations of some NSAIDs depend on CYP2C9 and/or CYP2C8 activity. Genomic variants of these genes associate well with NSAIDs’ side effect profile. Other candidate genes, such as those encoding (opioid) receptors, transporters and other molecules important for pharmacotherapy in pain management, are discussed; however, study results are often equivocal. Besides genetic variants, further variables, for example, age, disease, comorbidity, concomitant medication, organ function as well as patients’ compliance, may have an impact on pharmacotherapy and need to be addressed when pain therapists prescribe medication. Although pharmacogenetics as a diagnostic tool has the potential to improve patient therapy, well-designed studies are needed to demonstrate superiority to conventional dosing regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesiology & Intensive Care Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr., CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Stüber
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstr., CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Alfirevic A, Alfirevic Z, Pirmohamed M. Pharmacogenetics in reproductive and perinatal medicine. Pharmacogenomics 2010; 11:65-79. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.09.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical application of pharmacogenetics has been well accepted by some medical specialties, but not all. The aim of this review is to discuss the current use of pharmacogenetics in reproductive and perinatal medicine and to highlight areas where pharmacogenetics may be able to help in the future to predict response to medicines in terms of efficacy and safety. This applies to drugs that are specific to pregnancy and reproduction, as well as drugs prescribed for the treatment of medical disorders in pregnancy. Our review points out the need for well-designed clinical studies on the efficacy and safety of medicines used in women of childbearing age in order to define the additional utility provided by pharmacogenetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alfirevic
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
| | | | - Munir Pirmohamed
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 3GE, UK
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Genetic polymorphism of metabolic enzymes P450 (CYP) as a susceptibility factor for drug response, toxicity, and cancer risk. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2009; 60:217-42. [PMID: 19581216 DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-60-2009-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphic P450 (CYP) enzyme superfamily is the most important system involved in the biotransformation of many endogenous and exogenous substances including drugs, toxins, and carcinogens. Genotyping for CYP polymorphisms provides important genetic information that help to understand the effects of xenobiotics on human body. For drug metabolism, the most important polymorphisms are those of the genes coding for CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5, which can result in therapeutic failure or severe adverse reactions. Genes coding for CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP1B1, and CYP2E1 are among the most responsible for the biotransformation of chemicals, especially for the metabolic activation of pre-carcinogens. There is evidence of association between gene polymorphism and cancer susceptibility. Pathways of carcinogen metabolism are complex, and are mediated by activities of multiple genes, while single genes have a limited impact on cancer risk. Multigenic approach in addition to environmental determinants in large sample studies is crucial for a reliable evaluation of any moderate gene effect. This article brings a review of current knowledge on the relations between the polymorphisms of some CYPs and drug activity/toxicity and cancer risk.
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Iselin-Chaves IA, Grötzsch H, Besson M, Burkhard PR, Savoldelli GL. Naloxone-responsive acute dystonia and parkinsonism following general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2009; 64:1359-62. [PMID: 19839983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various movement disorders such as dystonia may acutely develop during or at emergence from general anaesthesia in patients with or without pre-existing Parkinson disease. These movements are triggered by a variety of drugs including propofol, sevoflurane, anti-emetics, antipsychotics and opioids. The postulated mechanism involves an imbalance between dopaminergic and cholinergic neurotransmitters in the basal ganglia. We report an acute, severe and generalised dystonic reaction in an otherwise healthy woman at emergence from general anaesthesia, dramatically reversed by the administration of naloxone, pointing to a potential role of the fentanyl and morphine that the patient had received. Recent literature on the mechanisms of abnormal movements induced by opioids are discussed. The severity of the reaction with usual doses of opioids, in a patient with no prior history of parkinsonism, led to further investigation that demonstrated the possibility of an enhanced susceptibility to opioids, involving a genetically determined abnormal function of glycoproteine-P and catechol-O-methyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Iselin-Chaves
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Genève, Switzerland.
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50
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Savage SR. Management of opioid medications in patients with chronic pain and risk of substance misuse. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2009; 11:377-84. [PMID: 19785979 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-009-0057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
When prescribed appropriately and used as prescribed, opioid medications can safely and effectively treat pain. Best practices with respect to their use in chronic non-cancer-related pain (CNCP) are evolving. Opioids may be subject to misuse for a variety of purposes, including self-medication, use for reward, compulsive use because of addiction, and diversion for profit. Individuals with chronic pain and co-occurring substance use, mental health disorders, and other conditions may be at increased risk for misuse of prescribed opioids. Interdisciplinary pain management, the use of universal precautions in all patients, and special attention to the structure of care in those at higher risk for opioid misuse may improve outcomes in opioid treatment of CNCP. This article discusses evolving research and clinical literature related to the care of individuals with CNCP at a higher risk for opioid misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seddon R Savage
- Dartmouth College, 7764 Parker House, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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