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Nikolova S, Milusheva M, Gledacheva V, Feizi-Dehnayebi M, Kaynarova L, Georgieva D, Delchev V, Stefanova I, Tumbarski Y, Mihaylova R, Cherneva E, Stoencheva S, Todorova M. Drug-Delivery Silver Nanoparticles: A New Perspective for Phenindione as an Anticoagulant. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2201. [PMID: 37626698 PMCID: PMC10452578 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticoagulants prevent the blood from developing the coagulation process, which is the primary cause of death in thromboembolic illnesses. Phenindione (PID) is a well-known anticoagulant that is rarely employed because it totally prevents coagulation, which can be a life-threatening complication. The goal of the current study is to synthesize drug-loaded Ag NPs to slow down the coagulation process. Methods: A rapid synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles as drug-delivery systems for phenindione (PID) were applied for the first time. Results: Several methods are used to determine the size of the resulting Ag NPs. Additionally, the drug-release capabilities of Ag NPs were established. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for the first time to indicate the nature of the interaction between PID and nanostructures. DFT findings supported that galactose-loaded nanostructure could be a proper delivery system for phenindione. The drug-loaded Ag NPs were characterized in vitro for their antimicrobial, cytotoxic, and anticoagulant activities, and ex vivo for spasmolytic activity. The obtained data confirmed the drug-release experiments. Drug-loaded Ag NPs showed that prothrombin time (PT, sec) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT, sec) are approximately 1.5 times longer than the normal values, while PID itself stopped coagulation at all. This can make the PID-loaded Ag NPs better therapeutic anticoagulants. PID was compared to PID-loaded Ag NPs in antimicrobial, spasmolytic activity, and cytotoxicity. All the experiments confirmed the drug-release results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyanka Nikolova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria or (M.M.); (M.T.)
| | - Miglena Milusheva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria or (M.M.); (M.T.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Vera Gledacheva
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Mehran Feizi-Dehnayebi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan P.O. Box 98135-674, Iran;
| | - Lidia Kaynarova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (L.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Deyana Georgieva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (L.K.); (D.G.)
| | - Vassil Delchev
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyana Stefanova
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria; (V.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Yulian Tumbarski
- Department of Microbiology, Technological Faculty, University of Food Technologies, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Rositsa Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Chemotherapy, Department “Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology”, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Emiliya Cherneva
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., BI 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Snezhana Stoencheva
- University Hospital “Sveti Georgi” EAD, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Mina Todorova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Plovdiv, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria or (M.M.); (M.T.)
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Abstract
Since percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was first described and the breakthrough studies of the role of stents were reported, the evolution in anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy used during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has reduced periprocedural ischemic events and stent thrombosis. Although greater combinations and doses of anticoagulation with antiplatelets seem to provide the best protection against thrombogenic and embolic events, there is a significant trade-off with a higher risk of major and minor bleeding episodes. This review article expands on each of the commonly used antiplatelet and anticoagulants used at time of PCI, focusing on drug monitoring and reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Yost
- Department of Cardiology, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
| | - Steven R Steinhubl
- Department of Cardiology, Geisinger Medical Center, 100 North Academy Avenue, Danville, PA 17822, USA
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Chackalamannil S, Xia Y. Thrombin receptor (PAR-1) antagonists as novel antithrombotic agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 16:493-505. [PMID: 20144050 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.16.4.493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its central role in haemostasis and wound healing, thrombin activates platelets and smooth muscle cells by proteolytic activation of cell surface protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1), which is also known as the thrombin receptor. Thrombin is the most potent activator of human platelets and, as such, a thrombin receptor antagonist is likely to exert potent antithrombotic effect in platelet-rich arterial thrombosis. As thrombin receptor antagonism does not inhibit the ability of thrombin to generate fibrin, such an agent is likely to have less bleeding liability than conventional anticoagulants. The proof-of-concept of the antithrombotic effect of PAR-1 antagonists has been established in several non-human primate models. The current success of PAR-1 research is underscored by the advancement of two candidates into clinical trails for acute coronary syndrome by Schering-Plough and Eisai Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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5
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Chackalamannil S, Wang Y, Greenlee WJ, Hu Z, Xia Y, Ahn HS, Boykow G, Hsieh Y, Palamanda J, Agans-Fantuzzi J, Kurowski S, Graziano M, Chintala M. Discovery of a Novel, Orally Active Himbacine-Based Thrombin Receptor Antagonist (SCH 530348) with Potent Antiplatelet Activity. J Med Chem 2008; 51:3061-4. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Chackalamannil
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - William J. Greenlee
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Yan Xia
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Ho-Sam Ahn
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - George Boykow
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Yunsheng Hsieh
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Jairam Palamanda
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | | | - Stan Kurowski
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Michael Graziano
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
| | - Madhu Chintala
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Rd, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033
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Chelliah MV, Chackalamannil S, Xia Y, Eagen K, Clasby MC, Gao X, Greenlee W, Ahn HS, Agans-Fantuzzi J, Boykow G, Hsieh Y, Bryant M, Palamanda J, Chan TM, Hesk D, Chintala M. Heterotricyclic himbacine analogs as potent, orally active thrombin receptor (protease activated receptor-1) antagonists. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5147-60. [PMID: 17854166 DOI: 10.1021/jm070704k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pursuing our earlier efforts in the himbacine-based thrombin receptor antagonist area, we have synthesized a series of compounds that incorporate heteroatoms in the C-ring of the tricyclic motif. This effort has resulted in the identification of several potent heterocyclic analogs with excellent affinity for the thrombin receptor. Several of these compounds demonstrated robust inhibition of platelet aggregation in an ex vivo model in cynomolgus monkeys following oral administration. A detailed profile of 28b, a benchmark compound in this series, with a Ki of 4.3 nM, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariappan V Chelliah
- Central Nervous System and Cardiovascular Chemical Research, Schering-Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA.
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