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Zhang ZZ, Chen Q, Kong CY, Li ZM, Wang LS. Circulating thyroid stimulating hormone receptor messenger RNA and differentiated thyroid cancer: A diagnostic meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:6623-6629. [PMID: 28036261 PMCID: PMC5351657 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid stimulating hormone receptor messenger RNA (TSHR-mRNA) is over-expressed in thyroid cancer patients, which indicates that TSHR-mRNA is a potential biomarker of thyroid cancer. However, system evaluation for TSHR-mRNA as a diagnostic biomarker of thyroid cancer is deficient. The performance of TSHR-mRNA for thyroid cancer diagnosis was evaluated in this study. Three common international databases as well as a Chinese database were applied for literature researching. Quality assessment of the included literatures was conducted by the QUADAS-2 tool. Totally, 1027 patients from nine studies eligible for the meta-analysis were included in this study. Global sensitivity and specificity for the positivity of TSHR-mRNA in the thyroid cancer diagnosis is 72% and 82%. The value of AUC for this test performance was 0.84. Our meta-analysis suggests that TSHR-mRNA might be a potential biomarker to complete present diagnostic methods for early and precision diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Notably, this findings need validation thorough large-scale clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China.,School of Public Health Taishan Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Public Health Taishan Medical University, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Yue Kong
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Ming Li
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li-Shun Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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de Morais RM, Sobrinho AB, de Souza Silva CM, de Oliveira JR, da Silva ICR, de Toledo Nóbrega O. The Role of the NIS (SLC5A5) Gene in Papillary Thyroid Cancer: A Systematic Review. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:9128754. [PMID: 30595693 PMCID: PMC6282135 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9128754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common thyroid malignancy. Genetic and epigenetic alterations play a decisive role in the onset of several human neoplasms. Mutations and polymorphisms are two frequent genetic alterations. Located on chromosome 19 (19p13.11), the NIS SLC5A5 (solute carrier family 5 member 5) gene encodes a highly specialized and efficient 80-90 kDa transmembrane glycoprotein that mediates active transport of iodide from the bloodstream into the follicular cells. Given the highly significant role of NIS in the physiology and the cancer pathogenesis process, this paper's objective is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the associations between NIS gene and protein with papillary thyroid cancer.
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3
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Stephen JK, Chen KM, Merritt J, Chitale D, Divine G, Worsham MJ. Methylation Markers for Early Detection and Differentiation of Follicular Thyroid Cancer Subtypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 4:1-12. [PMID: 27158284 PMCID: PMC4859763 DOI: 10.5539/cco.v4n2p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer has the fastest rising incidence rates and is the fifth most common cancer in women. There are four main types of which the papillary and follicular types together account for >90%, followed by medullary cancers (3%−5%) and anaplastic carcinomas (<3%). For individuals who present with early stage disease of papillary and follicular cancers, there are no accurate markers to predict whether they will develop metastatic or recurrent disease. Our immediate goal is to molecularly differentiate follicular cancer subtypes for enhanced classification. Promoter methylation status of genes with reported associations in thyroid cancer (CASP8, CDKN2A, DAPK1, ESR1, NIS, RASSF1 and TIMP3) were examined in a cohort of follicular thyroid cancers comprising of 26 Hurthle and 27 Classic subtypes utilizing quantitative methylation-specific PCR. RASSF1 was differentially methylated in Classic tumor tissue compared to Hurthle (p<0.001). Methylation of RASSF1 pointed to racial group differences between African Americans and Caucasian Americans (p=0.05). Extra thyroidal extension was found to be associated with DAPK1 (p=0.014) and ESR1 (p=0.036) methylation. Late stage disease was associated with older age (p<0.001) and methylation of DAPK1 (p=0.034) and ESR1 (p=0.035). The methylation status of RASSF1, DAPK1 and ESR1 suggests the utility of methylation markers to molecularly differentiate thyroid cancer subtypes for enhanced classification and early detection of thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josena K Stephen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Kang Mei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Jason Merritt
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - Dhananjay Chitale
- Department of Pathology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
| | - George Divine
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202USA
| | - Maria J Worsham
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer with 1,690 deaths each year. There are four main types of which the papillary and follicular types together account for >90% followed by medullary cancers with 3% to 5% and anaplastic carcinomas making up <3%. Epigenetic events of DNA hypermethylation are emerging as promising molecular targets for cancer detection. Our immediate and long term goal is to identify DNA methylation markers for early detection of thyroid cancer. This pilot study comprised of 21 patients to include 11 papillary thyroid cancers (PTC), 2 follicular thyroid cancers (FTC), 5 normal thyroid cases, and 3 hyperthyroid cases. Aberrant promoter methylation was examined in 24 tumor suppressor genes using the methylation specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) assay and in the NIS gene using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). The frequently methylated genes were CASP8 (17/21), RASSF1 (16/21) and NIS (9/21). In the normal samples, CASP8, RASSF1 and NIS were methylated in 5/5, 4/5 and 1/5 respectively. In the hyperthyroid samples, CASP8, RASSF1 and NIS were methylated in 3/3, 2/3 and 1/3 respectively. In the thyroid cancers, CASP8, RASSF1, and NIS were methylated in 9/13, 10/13, and 7/13 respectively. CASP8, RASSF1 and NIS were also methylated in concurrently present normal thyroid tissue in 3/11, 4/11 and 3/11 matched thyroid cancer cases (matched for presence of both normal thyroid tissue and thyroid cancer), respectively. Our data suggests that aberrant methylation of CASP8, RASSF1, and NIS maybe an early change in thyroid tumorigenesis regardless of cell type.
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Abstract
Genomic and personalized medicine have become buzz phrases that pervade all fields of medicine. Rapid advances in "-omics" fields of research (chief of which are genomics, proteinomics, and epigenomics) over the last few years have allowed us to dissect the molecular signatures and functional pathways that underlie disease initiation and progression and to identify molecular profiles that help the classification of tumor subtypes and determine their natural course, prognosis, and responsiveness to therapies. Genomic medicine implements the use of traditional genetic information, as well as modern pangenomic information, with the aim of individualizing risk assessment, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers and other diseases. It is of note that personalizing medical treatment based on genetic information is not the revolution of the 21st century. Indeed, the use of genetic information, such as human leukocyte antigen-matching for solid organ transplantation or blood transfusion based on ABO blood group antigens, has been standard of care for several decades. However, in recent years rapid technical advances have allowed us to perform high-throughput, high-density molecular analyses to depict the genomic, proteinomic, and epigenomic make-up of an individual at a reasonable cost. Hence, the so-called genomic revolution is more or less the logical evolution from years of bench-based research and bench-to-bedside translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dammann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
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Algeciras-Schimnich A, Milosevic D, McIver B, Flynn H, Reddi HV, Eberhardt NL, Grebe SKG. Evaluation of the PAX8/PPARG translocation in follicular thyroid cancer with a 4-color reverse-transcription PCR assay and automated high-resolution fragment analysis. Clin Chem 2010; 56:391-8. [PMID: 20056739 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2009.134015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular testing of thyroid malignancies, in combination with cytologic and histologic examination, is becoming increasingly attractive as a tool for refining traditional morphologic diagnosis. The molecular changes associated with follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) are point mutations in RAS oncogenes or the presence of PAX8/PPARG (paired box 8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) rearrangement. METHODS We developed and validated a clinical assay for the detection of PAX8/PPARG rearrangements that uses a 4-color reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) assay and high-resolution fragment analysis. RESULTS The RT-PCR assay is applicable for detecting the various described fusion transcripts of PAX8/PPARG in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded thyroid tissue and in fine-needle aspirate biopsy washes from thyroid nodules. The analytical sensitivity of the assay is 1 abnormal cell in a background of 100-10 000 translocation-negative cells. A comparison of the RT-PCR assay with dual-fusion fluorescence in situ hybridization showed an overall concordance of 95%. With this assay, we obtained a prevalence for the PAX8/PPARG rearrangement in FTC of 62% (13 of 21 cases), compared with a 5% prevalence (3 of 55) for other follicular cell-derived neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of this assay into clinical practice could provide useful information for the diagnosis and possibly for the prognosis and treatment of thyroid cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Algeciras-Schimnich
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Orloff MS, Eng C. Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity in the PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome. Oncogene 2008; 27:5387-97. [PMID: 18794875 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Germline PTEN (Phosphatase and TENsin homologue deleted on chromosome TEN) mutations predispose to phenotypically diverse disorders that share several overlapping clinical features: Cowden syndrome, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome, Proteus syndrome and Proteus-like syndrome, collectively classified as PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome (PHTS). The meticulous acquisition and documentation of PHTS phenotypic data at different levels and the profiling of the plethora of genetic changes in PTEN and other genes within the same or related pathways are important in resolving the challenge of discriminating heritable cancers from sporadic PHTS-mimicking clinical features. The characterization of PTEN and PTEN-related pathways from a multidisciplinary perspective underscores the importance of incorporating data from different -omics, which is crucial for the advancement of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Orloff
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Abstract
There is much interest in the application of genome biology to the field of thyroid neoplasia, despite the relatively low mortality rate associated with thyroid cancer in general. The principal reason for this interest is that the field of thyroid neoplasia stands to benefit from the application of genomic information to address a variety of pathologic and clinical issues. In addition to practical patient care issues, there is an excellent opportunity of expand the basic understanding of thyroid carcinogenesis. In this article, the most relevant genomic work on thyroid tumors performed to date is reviewed along with some general comments about the potential impact of genomic biology on thyroid pathology and the management of patients with thyroid nodules and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, MSRB-2, C570D, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Weber F, Eng C. Update on the molecular diagnosis of endocrine tumors: toward -omics-based personalized healthcare? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1097-104. [PMID: 18390809 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic advances in endocrine neoplasia provided the paradigm for the practice of clinical cancer genetics: germline RET mutations in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. In the last 14 yr, both genetics and -omics advances have occurred, almost exponentially in the last 5 yr. The time has come to reevaluate recent advances in genomic medicine's promise to revolutionize personalized healthcare in the context of endocrine neoplasias. This update focuses on two examples of endocrine neoplasias, those of the thyroid and of the adrenal, and discusses recent advances in germline and somatic genetics and genomics, as they relate to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weber
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Puxeddu E, Moretti S. Clinical prognosis in BRAF-mutated PTC. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 51:736-47. [PMID: 17891237 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302007000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 02/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BRAF mutation has recently emerged as a potential prognostic marker for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) due to several studies suggesting that it may condition the development of tumors with aggressive behavior. A study of the phenotypes of thyroid follicular cell lines and transgenic mice characterized by targeted expression of BRAF mutation indicates that, at variance with RET/PTC rearrangement, it induces or facilitates genomic instability and higher invasiveness and eventually deeper tumor de-differentiation and more significant suppression of apoptosis. An analysis of differential gene expression of PTCs harboring BRAF mutation versus PTCs characterized by other genetic alterations shows an important impairment of the expression of genes related to intra-thyroidal iodine metabolism machinery, up-regulation of Glut-1 mRNA, methylation-induced gene silencing of tumor suppressor genes and up-regulation of pro-angiogenetic proteins such as VEGF. Correlation of BRAF mutation with PTC clinico-pathological features yields controversial results, with several studies showing the association with unfavourable clinico-pathological qualities, while others do not confirm the findings. This review will summarize the studies in favor of or in contrast with a role of BRAF mutation as a prognostic marker in PTC. We will also indicate what information we still need in order to routinely introduce this indicator in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efisio Puxeddu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Thyroid Proteomic and Genomic Research, University of Perugia, and Regional Oncology Referral Center, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Italy.
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Puxeddu E, Susta F, Orvietani PL, Chiasserini D, Barbi F, Moretti S, Cavaliere A, Santeusanio F, Avenia N, Binaglia L. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in papillary thyroid carcinomas with V600E mutation of BRAF. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:672-80. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Selection strategy and the design of hybrid oligonucleotide primers for RACE-PCR: cloning a family of toxin-like sequences from Agelena orientalis. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:32. [PMID: 17498297 PMCID: PMC1876241 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of specific but partially degenerate primers for nucleic acid hybridisations and PCRs amplification of known or unknown gene families was first reported well over a decade ago and the technique has been used widely since then. RESULTS Here we report a novel and successful selection strategy for the design of hybrid partially degenerate primers for use with RT-PCR and RACE-PCR for the identification of unknown gene families. The technique (named PaBaLiS) has proven very effective as it allowed us to identify and clone a large group of mRNAs encoding neurotoxin-like polypeptide pools from the venom of Agelena orientalis species of spider. Our approach differs radically from the generally accepted CODEHOP principle first reported in 1998. Most importantly, our method has proven very efficient by performing better than an independently generated high throughput EST cloning programme. Our method yielded nearly 130 non-identical sequences from Agelena orientalis, whilst the EST cloning technique yielded only 48 non-identical sequences from 2100 clones obtained from the same Agelena material. In addition to the primer design approach reported here, which is almost universally applicable to any PCR cloning application, our results also indicate that venom of Agelena orientalis spider contains a much larger family of related toxin-like sequences than previously thought. CONCLUSION With upwards of 100,000 species of spider thought to exist, and a propensity for producing diverse peptide pools, many more peptides of pharmacological importance await discovery. We envisage that some of these peptides and their recombinant derivatives will provide a new range of tools for neuroscience research and could also facilitate the development of a new generation of analgesic drugs and insecticides.
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Chia SY, Milas M, Reddy SK, Siperstein A, Skugor M, Brainard J, Gupta MK. Thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid measurement in blood as a marker for circulating thyroid cancer cells and its role in the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:468-75. [PMID: 17118994 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid cancer cells express TSH receptor (TSHR) mRNA, and its measurement in the circulation may be useful in the diagnosis/management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). OBJECTIVE Our objective was to assess the diagnostic value of circulating TSHR mRNA for preoperative detection of DTC in patients with thyroid nodules. PATIENTS We measured TSHR mRNA levels by RT-PCR in 258 subjects: 51 healthy subjects and 207 patients (thyroid nodules, n = 180; recurrent thyroid cancer, n = 27) with fine-needle aspirations (FNA) and/or thyroid/neck surgery. Eighty-nine patients also had d-1 postoperative levels assessed. OUTCOME MEASURES TSHR mRNA levels were compared with FNA cytology for cancer detection preoperatively and serum thyroglobulin and/or whole-body 131I scans postoperatively. RESULTS Based on cytology/pathology, 88 patients had DTC and 119 had benign thyroid disease. The TSHR mRNA levels in cancer patients were significantly higher than in benign disease (P < 0.0001). At a cutoff value of 1.02 ng/microg total RNA, the TSHR mRNA correctly classified 78.7% of patients preoperatively (sensitivity = 72.0%; specificity = 82.5%). Of 131 patients with FNA and surgery, 51 were FNA positive (all cancer), 17 were FNA negative (15 benign, two cancer), and 63 were indeterminate. TSHR mRNA correctly diagnosed DTC in 16 of 24 (67%) and benign disease in 29 of 39 (74%) patients with indeterminate FNA (combined sensitivity = 90%; specificity = 80%). Combining TSHR mRNA and ultrasound features for follicular lesions correctly classified all follicular cancers and could have spared surgery in 31% of these patients with benign disease. TSHR mRNA has a short life in circulation, and normalized levels on postoperative d 1 correlated with disease-free status, whereas elevated levels predicted residual/metastatic disease. CONCLUSIONS TSHR mRNA measured with FNA enhances the preoperative detection of cancer in patients with thyroid nodules, reducing unnecessary surgeries, and immediate postoperative levels can predict residual/metastatic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/diagnostic imaging
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/surgery
- Adult
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biopsy, Fine-Needle
- Female
- Humans
- Iodine Radioisotopes
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm, Residual/blood
- Neoplasm, Residual/diagnosis
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Preoperative Care
- RNA, Messenger/blood
- Radionuclide Imaging
- Receptors, Thyrotropin/genetics
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Thyroglobulin/immunology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/blood
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/surgery
- Thyroid Nodule/blood
- Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Nodule/pathology
- Thyroid Nodule/surgery
- Thyroidectomy
- Whole Body Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ynn Chia
- Department of Endocrinology, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Weber F, Teresi RE, Broelsch CE, Frilling A, Eng C. A limited set of human MicroRNA is deregulated in follicular thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3584-91. [PMID: 16822819 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the pathogenesis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) and its relation to follicular adenoma (FA) remains unclear, detailed understanding of FTC carcinogenesis would facilitate addressing the scientific and clinical challenges, given that there are morphological and molecular similarities between FTC and the frequently occurring FA. Micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are a new class of small, noncoding RNAs implicated in development and cancer and may lend novel clues to FTC genesis. For the latter process, a deregulated miRNA can orchestrate the aberrant expression of several hundred target genes. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify deregulated miRNAs in FTC. DESIGN We used two high-density expression arrays to identify miRNAs and their target genes that are differentially expressed between FTC and FA. Validation was done by quantitative RT-PCR. We further functionally characterized the effect of deregulated miRNAs in vitro using HEK293T, FTC133, and K5 cell lines. PATIENTS In total, 45 primary thyroid samples (23 FTC, 20 FA, four normal control thyroid) were analyzed. RESULTS Two specific miRNAs, miR-197 and miR-346, were significantly overexpressed in FTC. In vitro overexpression of either miRNA induced proliferation, whereas inhibition led to growth arrest. Overexpression of miR-197 and miR-346 repressed the expression of their predicted target genes in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our observations show that miR-197 and miR-346 contribute to FTC carcinogenesis. Both miRNAs and their target genes might potentially provide for novel molecular markers and act as novel targets for treatment by interference, which could potentially normalize the deregulated profile of many downstream target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Weber
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, NE-50, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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