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Youssef EM, Wu GY. Subnormal Serum Liver Enzyme Levels: A Review of Pathophysiology and Clinical Significance. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2024; 12:428-435. [PMID: 38638374 PMCID: PMC11022067 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2023.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Subnormal levels of liver enzymes, below the lower limit of normal on local laboratory reports, can be useful diagnostically. For instance, subnormal levels of aminotransferases can be observed in vitamin B6 deficiency and chronic kidney disease. Subnormal alkaline phosphatase levels may indicate the presence of hypophosphatasia, Wilson's disease, deficiencies of divalent ions, or malnutrition. Subnormal levels of gamma glutamyl transferase may be seen in cases of acute intrahepatic cholestasis, the use of certain medications, and in bone disease. Finally, subnormal levels of 5'-nucleotidase have been reported in lead poisoning and nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia. The aim of this review is to bring attention to the fact that subnormal levels of these enzymes should not be ignored as they may indicate pathological conditions and provide a means of early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - George Y. Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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2
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Shivaramu S, Maiti SK, Banu SA, Kalaiselvan E, Sharun K, Mishra M, Mohan D, Palakkara S, Kumar S, Sahoo M, Hescheler J. Synergistic Hepatoprotective Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Rich Plasma in a Rat Model of Bile Duct Ligation-Induced Liver Cirrhosis. Cells 2024; 13:404. [PMID: 38474368 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis poses a global health challenge marked by significant prevalence and mortality. Current therapeutic options are limited by high costs and immune-mediated rejection, necessitating the exploration of innovative strategies to enhance hepatic self-rehabilitation, and counteract the underlying pathological mechanisms. We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) in combination with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (rh-HGF) on a rat model of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). Treatment with PRP or rh-HGF alone did not yield significant hepatoprotection in the BDL-induced liver cirrhosis model. However, ADMSC transplantation alone exhibited the potential to alleviate impaired liver conditions. The combination of PRP and rh-HGF demonstrated superior ameliorative effects compared to either treatment alone. Notably, the combination of ADMSC + PRP or ADMSC + rh-HGF significantly enhanced hepatoprotective capacity compared to individual or combined PRP and rh-HGF therapies. Injection of ADMSC via the tail vein reduced inflammation, hepatocyte damage, and collagen deposition, improving overall liver function. This improvement was more pronounced when ADMSC was administered with PRP and rh-HGF versus monotherapy. Our study concludes that ADMSCs exert antifibrotic effects by inhibiting hepatic stellate cell proliferation, collagen synthesis, and inducing apoptosis. ADMSCs also demonstrate immune-modulatory effects and transdifferentiate into hepatic progenitor cells, secreting trophic factors, cytokines, and chemokines that promote impaired liver regeneration. The observed arrest in liver fibrosis progression highlights the potential therapeutic impact of these interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaraju Shivaramu
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swapan Kumar Maiti
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shajahan Amitha Banu
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Elangovan Kalaiselvan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khan Sharun
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan
| | - Mamta Mishra
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Mohan
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sangeetha Palakkara
- Division of Surgery, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Division of Extension Education, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monalisa Sahoo
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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3
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Bagias G, Misiakos EP, Charalampopoulos A, Zavras N, Sakellariou S, Schizas D, Sukhotnik I, Giamarelos E, Pikoulis E. The effect of hepatocyte growth factor on intestinal adaption in an experimental model of short bowel syndrome. Pediatr Surg Int 2023; 39:80. [PMID: 36631569 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-022-05341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nowadays, the standard therapy for patients with short bowel syndrome is parenteral nutrition (PN). Various growth factors have been tested to achieve weaning from prolonged PN administration. We evaluated the effect of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) on structural intestinal adaptation and cell proliferation in a rat model of SBS. METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups; group A rats (sham) underwent bowel transection, group B rats underwent a 75% bowel resection, and group C rats underwent the same procedure but were treated postoperatively with HGF. Histopathologic parameters of intestinal adaptation were determined, while microarray and rt-PCR analyses of ileal RNA were also performed. RESULTS Treatment with HGF resulted in significant increase in body weight, while the jejunal and ileal villus height and crypt depth were increased in HGF rats (36%, p < 0.05 and 27%, p < 0.05 respectively). Enterocyte proliferation was also significantly increased in HGF rats (21% p < 0.05). Microarray and quantitative rt-PCR analyses showed that the genes hgfac, rac 1, cdc42, and akt 1 were more than twofold up-regulated after HGF treatment. CONCLUSION HGF emerges as a growth factor that enhances intestinal adaptation. The future use of HGF may potentially reduce the requirement for PN in SBS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Bagias
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | - Nick Zavras
- 3rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Igor Sukhotnik
- Department of Pediatric Surgery B, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Evangelos Giamarelos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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4
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Recent Advancements in Antifibrotic Therapies for Regression of Liver Fibrosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091500. [PMID: 35563807 PMCID: PMC9104939 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cirrhosis is a severe form of liver fibrosis that results in the irreversible replacement of liver tissue with scar tissue in the liver. Environmental toxicity, infections, metabolic causes, or other genetic factors including autoimmune hepatitis can lead to chronic liver injury and can result in inflammation and fibrosis. This activates myofibroblasts to secrete ECM proteins, resulting in the formation of fibrous scars on the liver. Fibrosis regression is possible through the removal of pathophysiological causes as well as the elimination of activated myofibroblasts, resulting in the reabsorption of the scar tissue. To date, a wide range of antifibrotic therapies has been tried and tested, with varying degrees of success. These therapies include the use of growth factors, cytokines, miRNAs, monoclonal antibodies, stem-cell-based approaches, and other approaches that target the ECM. The positive results of preclinical and clinical studies raise the prospect of a viable alternative to liver transplantation in the near future. The present review provides a synopsis of recent antifibrotic treatment modalities for the treatment of liver cirrhosis, as well as a brief summary of clinical trials that have been conducted to date.
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Yang F, Zhang Q, Guo Q, Pan Q, Wen C, Lv X, Zhu W, Zheng P. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-phenoxy-pyridine/pyrimidine derivatives as dual VEGFR-2/c-Met inhibitors. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01561g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A class of 4-phenoxy-pyridine/pyrimidine derivatives (23a–23p and 24a–24h) were designed, synthesized and evaluated as potent dual VEGFR-2/c-Met inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuyan Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qingshan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunping Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinya Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wufu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pengwu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, China
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Kalinin EV, Chalenko YM, Sysolyatina EV, Midiber KY, Gusarov AM, Kechko OI, Kulikova AA, Mikhaleva LM, Mukhachev AY, Stanishevskyi YM, Mitkevich VA, Sobyanin KA, Ermolaeva SA. Bacterial hepatocyte growth factor receptor agonist stimulates hepatocyte proliferation and accelerates liver regeneration in a partial hepatectomy rat model. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:123-132. [PMID: 32830369 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is central to liver regeneration. The Internalin B (InlB) protein is a virulence factor produced by the pathogenic bacterium Listeria monocytogenes. InlB is known to mimic HGF activity by interacting with the HGF receptor (HGFR) and activating HGFR-controlled signaling pathways. We expressed and purified the HGFR-binding InlB domain, InlB321/15, cloned from the fully virulent clinical L. monocytogenes strain. HGFR and Erk1/2 phosphorylation was determined using Western blotting. The capacity of InlB321/15 to bind HGFR was measured using microscale thermophoresis. Liver regeneration was studied in a model of 70% partial hepatectomy (70%PHx) in male Wistar rats. The nuclear grade parameters were quantified using manual (percentage of binuclear hepatocytes), automated (nuclear diameters), or combined (Ki67 proliferation index) scoring methods. Purified InlB321/15 stimulated HGFR and Erk1/2 phosphorylation and accelerated the proliferation of HepG2 cells. InlB321/15 bound HGFR with Kd = 7.4 ± 1.3 nM. InlB321/15 injected intravenously on the second, fourth, and sixth days after surgery recovered the liver mass and improved the nuclear grade parameters. Seven days post 70% PHx, the liver weight indexes were 2.9 and 2.0%, the hepatocyte proliferation indexes were 19.8 and 0.6%, and the percentages of binucleated hepatocytes were 6.7 and 4.0%, in the InlB321/15-treated and control animals, respectively. Obtained data demonstrated that InlB321/15 improved hepatocyte proliferation and stimulated liver regeneration in animals with 70% hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor V Kalinin
- Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslava M Chalenko
- Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Alexey M Gusarov
- Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga I Kechko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Svetlana A Ermolaeva
- Gamaleya Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research Center for Virology and Microbiology (FRCVM), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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7
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Philips CA, Augustine P, Ahamed R, Rajesh S, George T, Valiathan GC, John SK. Role of Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Therapy in Cirrhosis, 'Inside Any Deep Asking Is the Answering'. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2019; 7:371-383. [PMID: 31915607 PMCID: PMC6943215 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis progresses through multiple clinical stages which culminate in either death or liver transplantation. Availability of organs, timely listing and prompt receipt of donor-livers pose difficulties in improving transplant-listed and transplant outcomes. In this regard, regenerative therapies, particularly with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), has become a lucrative option for improving transplant-free survival. However, the literature is confusing with regards to patient selection and real outcomes. In this exhaustive review, we describe the basics of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis through novel insights from a therapeutic point of view, discuss preclinical studies on GCSF in advanced liver disease to improve on clinical utility, shed light on the pertinent literature of GCSF in advanced cirrhosis, and provide astute inputs on growth factor therapy in decompensated cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyriac Abby Philips
- The Liver Unit and Monarch Liver Lab, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Philip Augustine
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Rizwan Ahamed
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sasidharan Rajesh
- Interventional Radiology, Hepatobiliary Division, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Tom George
- Interventional Radiology, Hepatobiliary Division, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Gopakumar C. Valiathan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Solomon K. John
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Cochin Gastroenterology Group, Ernakulam Medical Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
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8
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Liu Z, Li Q, Shen R, Ci L, Wan Z, Shi J, Huang Q, Yang X, Zhang M, Yang H, Sun R, Wang Z, Huang F, Lu T, Fei J. Betaine/GABA transporter-1 (BGT-1) deficiency in mouse prevents acute liver failure in vivo and hepatocytes apoptosis in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1866:165634. [PMID: 31830527 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Betaine/γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter 1 (BGT-1 or Slc6a12) is a transporter for the neurotransmitter GABA and osmolyte betaine. To date, most studies on BGT-1 have focused on its functions in the nervous system and renal osmotic homeostasis. Despite its dominant distribution in the liver, the function of BGT-1 in hepatic physiology or disease remains unknown. Here, we report that BGT-1 was significantly downregulated in patients with liver failure as well as in mice with experimental acute liver failure (ALF). Furthermore, mice deficient in BGT-1 showed significant resistance to ALF compared with wild type (WT) mice, manifesting as improved survival rate, reduced alanine transaminase/aspartate aminotransferase levels, better histopathological symptoms and fewer apoptotic cells in the liver. Similarly, in primary hepatocytes, BGT-1 deficiency or treatment with a BGT-1 inhibitor, NNC 05-2090, attenuated TNF-α mediated apoptosis. In addition, BGT-1 deficiency or dosing with NNC 05-2090 stimulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic gene, c-Met in the liver, suggesting the involvement of c-Met in the function on hepatocytes of BGT-1 apoptosis. Our findings suggest BGT-1 is a promising candidate drug target to prevent and treat hepatocyte apoptosis related diseases, such as ALF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China; Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruling Shen
- Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center, Shanghai, China; Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center and School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University
| | - Lei Ci
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Wan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahao Shi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhugang Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Jing'an District Centre Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology & Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianfei Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Liver Transplantation Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian Fei
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University. Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Model Organisms, SMOC, Shanghai, China; Joint Laboratory for Model Organism, Shanghai Laboratory Animal Research Center and School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University.
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9
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El-Habta R, Sloniecka M, Kingham PJ, Backman LJ. The adipose tissue stromal vascular fraction secretome enhances the proliferation but inhibits the differentiation of myoblasts. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:352. [PMID: 30572954 PMCID: PMC6302486 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose tissue is an excellent source for isolation of stem cells for treating various clinical conditions including injuries to the neuromuscular system. Many previous studies have focused on differentiating these adipose stem cells (ASCs) towards a Schwann cell-like phenotype (dASCs), which can enhance axon regeneration and reduce muscle atrophy. However, the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), from which the ASCs are derived, also exerts broad regenerative potential and might provide a faster route to clinical translation of the cell therapies for treatment of neuromuscular disorders. Methods The aim of this study was to establish the effects of SVF cells on the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts using indirect co-culture experiments. A Growth Factor PCR Array was used to compare the secretomes of SVF and dASCs, and the downstream signaling pathways were investigated. Results SVF cells, unlike culture-expanded dASCs, expressed and secreted hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) at concentrations sufficient to enhance the proliferation of myoblasts. Pharmacological inhibitor studies revealed that the signal is mediated via ERK1/2 phosphorylation and that the effect is significantly reduced by the addition of 100 pM Norleual, a specific HGF inhibitor. When myoblasts were differentiated into multinucleated myotubes, the SVF cells reduced the expression levels of fast-type myosin heavy chain (MyHC2) suggesting an inhibition of the differentiation process. Conclusions In summary, this study shows the importance of HGF as a mediator of the SVF effects on myoblasts and provides further evidence for the importance of the secretome in cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1096-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- R El-Habta
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - M Sloniecka
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - P J Kingham
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L J Backman
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Gupta S, Fink MK, Ghosh A, Tripathi R, Sinha PR, Sharma A, Hesemann NP, Chaurasia SS, Giuliano EA, Mohan RR. Novel Combination BMP7 and HGF Gene Therapy Instigates Selective Myofibroblast Apoptosis and Reduces Corneal Haze In Vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:1045-1057. [PMID: 29490341 PMCID: PMC5822743 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We tested the potential of bone morphogenic protein 7 (BMP7) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) combination gene therapy to treat preformed corneal fibrosis using established rabbit in vivo and human in vitro models. Methods Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits were used. Corneal fibrosis was produced by alkali injury. Twenty-four hours after scar formation, cornea received topically either balanced salt solution (BSS; n = 6), polyethylenimine-conjugated gold nanoparticle (PEI2-GNP)-naked plasmid (n = 6) or PEI2-GNP plasmids expressing BMP7 and HGF genes (n = 6). Donor human corneas were used to obtain primary human corneal fibroblasts and myofibroblasts for mechanistic studies. Gene therapy effects on corneal fibrosis and ocular safety were evaluated by slit-lamp microscope, stereo microscopes, quantitative real-time PCR, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, modified MacDonald-Shadduck scoring system, and Draize tests. Results PEI2-GNP–mediated BMP7+HGF gene therapy significantly decreased corneal fibrosis in live rabbits in vivo (Fantes scale was 0.6 in BMP7+HGF-treated eyes compared to 3.3 in −therapy group; P < 0.001). Corneas that received BMP7+HGF demonstrated significantly reduced mRNA levels of profibrotic genes: α-SMA (3.2-fold; P < 0.01), fibronectin (2.3-fold, P < 0.01), collagen I (2.1-fold, P < 0.01), collagen III (1.6-fold, P < 0.01), and collagen IV (1.9-fold, P < 0.01) compared to the −therapy corneas. Furthermore, BMP7+HGF-treated corneas showed significantly fewer myofibroblasts compared to the −therapy controls (83%; P < 0.001). The PEI2-GNP introduced >104 gene copies per microgram DNA of BMP7 and HGF genes. The recombinant HGF rendered apoptosis in corneal myofibroblasts but not in fibroblasts. Localized topical BMP7+HGF therapy showed no ocular toxicity. Conclusions Localized topical BMP7+HGF gene therapy treats corneal fibrosis and restores transparency in vivo mitigating excessive healing and rendering selective apoptosis in myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Michael K Fink
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Ratnakar Tripathi
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Prashant R Sinha
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Nathan P Hesemann
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Shyam S Chaurasia
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Giuliano
- One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Rajiv R Mohan
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, United States.,One-Health One-Medicine Ophthalmology and Vision Research Center, University of Missouri Columbia, Missouri, United States.,Mason Eye Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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11
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Wang J, Pan W, Wang Y, Lei W, Feng B, Du C, Wang XJ. Enhanced efficacy of curcumin with phosphatidylserine-decorated nanoparticles in the treatment of hepatic fibrosis. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1-11. [PMID: 29214887 PMCID: PMC6058669 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1399301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic macrophages have been considered as a therapeutic target for liver fibrosis treatment, and phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing nanoparticles are commonly used to mimic apoptotic cells that can specifically regulate macrophage functions, resulting in anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to test the efficacy of PS-modified nanostructured lipid carriers (mNLCs) containing curcumin (Cur) (Cur-mNLCs) in the treatment of liver fibrosis in a rat model. Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis in rats was used as an experimental model, and the severity of the disease was examined by both biochemical and histological methods. Here, we showed that mNLCs were spherical nanoparticles with decreased negative zeta potentials due to PS decoration, and significantly increased both mean residence time and area under the curve of Cur. In the rats with liver fibrosis, PS-modification of NLCs enhanced the nanoparticles targeting to the diseased liver, which was evidenced by their highest accumulation in the liver. As compared to all the controls, Cur-mNLCs were significantly more effective at reducing the liver damage and fibrosis, which were indicated by in Cur-mNLCs-treated rats the least increase in liver enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the circulation, along with the least increase in collagen fibers and alpha smooth muscle actin and the most increased hepatocyte growth factors (HGF) and matrix metalloprotease (MMP) two in the livers. In conclusion, PS-modified NLCs nanoparticles prolonged the retention time of Cur, and enhanced its bioavailability and delivery efficiency to the livers, resulting in reduced liver fibrosis and up-regulating hepatic expression of HGF and MMP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Pharmacy , School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Wen Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Pharmacy , School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Ying Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Pharmacy , School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Wan Lei
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Pharmacy , School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Bin Feng
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Pharmacy , School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , PR China
| | - Caigan Du
- b Department of Urologic Sciences , University of British Columbia, Jack Bell Research Centre , Vancouver , BC , Canada
| | - Xiao-Juan Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Pharmacy , School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , PR China
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12
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Hwang Y, Goh M, Kim M, Tae G. Injectable and detachable heparin-based hydrogel micropatches for hepatic differentiation of hADSCs and their liver targeted delivery. Biomaterials 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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13
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Wong CY, Al-Salami H, Dass CR. The role of chitosan on oral delivery of peptide-loaded nanoparticle formulation. J Drug Target 2017; 26:551-562. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2017.1400552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Y. Wong
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Curtin Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Crispin R. Dass
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Curtin Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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14
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Xu D, Wan A, Zhang J, Peng L, Chen Y, He Y, Yang J, Jin J. Inhibition of the ubiquitin ligase activity improves the production of biologically active fusion protein HSA-HGF in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Bioengineered 2016; 8:256-264. [PMID: 27753513 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2016.1227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potent multi-functional protein that stimulates proliferation, survival, motility, scattering and differentiation during growth and development, and has been considered to be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of a number of intractable diseases. The aim of this study was to enhance the expression of recombinant fusion protein HSA-HGF (R494E) in CHO cells by inhibiting the intracellular ubiquitin ligase activity. The high stable expression sub-clones with different signal peptides were selected by western blot (WB) analysis and used for suspension culture. We found that the expression of fusion protein HSA-HGF (R494E) on day 3 achieved 50 mg/L during the 8 day culture process, a large number of fusion proteins were intracellular degradated by ubiquitination pathway during day 4 to day 8. Furthermore, ubiquitin ligase inhibitor, thalidomide, was added in culture process, and resulted in efficient and stable secretion of HSA-HGF (R494E) in CHO cells. According to biological activity assays, HSA-HGF (R494E) possessed various biological activities similar to native HGF. In conclusion, innhibition of intracellular ubiquitin ligase activity was successfully improve the expression of biologically active fusion protein HSA-HGF (R494E) in CHO cells. Our data may be beneficial to enhance the production of other therapeutic proteins in fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Aini Wan
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China.,b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Lin Peng
- a The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yun Chen
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
| | - Yang He
- c Jiangsu Institute of Hematology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jianfeng Yang
- d Cyrus Tang Hematology Center and Ministry of Education Engineering Center of Hematological Disease , Soochow University , Suzhou , China
| | - Jian Jin
- b Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Jiangnan University , Wuxi , China
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15
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Devesa J, Almengló C, Devesa P. Multiple Effects of Growth Hormone in the Body: Is it Really the Hormone for Growth? Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2016; 9:47-71. [PMID: 27773998 PMCID: PMC5063841 DOI: 10.4137/cmed.s38201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we analyze the effects of growth hormone on a number of tissues and organs and its putative role in the longitudinal growth of an organism. We conclude that the hormone plays a very important role in maintaining the homogeneity of tissues and organs during the normal development of the human body or after an injury. Its effects on growth do not seem to take place during the fetal period or during the early infancy and are mediated by insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during childhood and puberty. In turn, IGF-I transcription is dependent on an adequate GH secretion, and in many tissues, it occurs independent of GH. We propose that GH may be a prohormone, rather than a hormone, since in many tissues and organs, it is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner giving origin to shorter GH forms whose activity is still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Devesa
- Scientific Direction, Medical Center Foltra, Teo, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Devesa
- Research and Development, Medical Center Foltra, 15886-Teo, Spain
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Abd-Elgawad H, Abu-Elsaad N, El-Karef A, Ibrahim T. Piceatannol increases the expression of hepatocyte growth factor and IL-10 thereby protecting hepatocytes in thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 94:779-87. [DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Piceatannol is a polyphenolic analog of resveratrol that selectively inhibits the non-receptor tyrosine kinase-Syk. This study investigates the potential ability of piceatannol to attenuate liver fibrosis and protect hepatocytes from injury. Thioacetamide was injected in adult male mice (100 mg/kg, i.p., 3 times/week) for 8 weeks. Piceatannol (1 or 5 mg/kg per day) was administered by oral gavage during the last 4 weeks. Liver function biomarkers, tissue malondialdehyde (MDA), cytokeratin-18 (CK18), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) were measured. Necroinflammation, fibrosis, expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) were scored by histopathological examination and immunohistochemistry. Obtained results showed ability of piceatannol (1 mg/kg) to restore liver function and reduce inflammation. It significantly (p < 0.001) reduced MDA, CK18, TGF-β1, and α-SMA expression, and increased HGF and IL-10. It can be concluded that piceatannol at low dose can inhibit TGF-β1 induced hepatocytes apoptosis and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect attenuating fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem Abd-Elgawad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Abu-Elsaad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Karef
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Hirata M, Ishigami M, Matsushita Y, Ito T, Hattori H, Hibi H, Goto H, Ueda M, Yamamoto A. Multifaceted Therapeutic Benefits of Factors Derived From Dental Pulp Stem Cells for Mouse Liver Fibrosis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 5:1416-1424. [PMID: 27280796 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2015-0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
: Chronic liver injury from various causes often results in liver fibrosis (LF). Although the liver possesses endogenous tissue-repairing activities, these can be overcome by sustained inflammation and excessive fibrotic scar formation. Advanced LF leads to irreversible cirrhosis and subsequent liver failure and/or hepatic cancer. Here, using the mouse carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced LF model, we showed that a single intravenous administration of stem cells derived from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) or of SHED-derived serum-free conditioned medium (SHED-CM) resulted in fibrotic scar resolution. SHED-CM suppressed the gene expression of proinflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and iNOS, and eliminated activated hepatic stellate cells by inducing their apoptosis, but protected parenchymal hepatocytes from undergoing apoptosis. In addition, SHED-CM induced tissue-repairing macrophages that expressed high levels of the profibrinolytic factor, matrix metalloproteinase 13. Furthermore, SHED-CM suppressed the CCl4-induced apoptosis of primary cultured hepatocytes. SHED-CM contained a high level of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Notably, HGF-depleted SHED-CM (dHGF-CM) did not suppress the proinflammatory response or resolve fibrotic scarring. Furthermore, SHED-CM, but not dHGF-CM, inhibited CCl4-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. These results suggest that HGF plays a central role in the SHED-CM-mediated resolution of LF. Taken together, our findings suggest that SHED-CM provides multifaceted therapeutic benefits for the treatment of LF. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated that a single intravenous administration of stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) or of the serum-free conditioned medium (CM) derived from SHEDs markedly improved mouse liver fibrosis (LF). SHED-CM suppressed chronic inflammation, eliminated activated hepatic stellate cells by inducing their apoptosis, protected hepatocytes from undergoing apoptosis, and induced differentiation of tissue-repairing macrophages expressing high levels of the profibrinolytic factor matrix metalloproteinase 13. Furthermore, hepatocyte growth factor played a central role in the SHED-CM-mediated resolution of LF. This is the first report demonstrating the multifaceted therapeutic benefits of secreted factors derived from SHEDs for LF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Hirata
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ishigami
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsushita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takanori Ito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hattori
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hibi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hidemi Goto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akihito Yamamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Zhang J, Jiang X, Jiang Y, Guo M, Zhang S, Li J, He J, Liu J, Wang J, Ouyang L. Recent advances in the development of dual VEGFR and c-Met small molecule inhibitors as anticancer drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 108:495-504. [PMID: 26717201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) is a very important receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that can induce angiogenesis, increase cell growth and metastasis, reduce apoptosis, alter cytoskeletal function, and affect other biologic changes. Moreover, it is identified to be deregulated in varieties of human cancers. Therefore, VEGFR turn out to be a remarkable target of significant types of anticancer drugs in clinical trials. On the other side, c-Met is the receptor of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and a receptor tyrosine kinase. Previous studies have shown that c-Met elicits many different signaling pathways mediating cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. Furthermore, the correlation between aberrant signaling of the HGF/c-Met pathway and aggressive tumor growth, poor prognosis in cancer patients has been established. Recent reports had shown that c-Met/HGF and VEGFR/VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) can act synergistically in the progression of many diseases. They were also found to be over expressed in many human cancers. Thus, in a variety of malignancies, VEGFR and c-Met receptor tyrosine kinases have acted as therapeutic targets. With the development of molecular biology techniques, further understanding of the human tumor disease pathogenesis and interrelated signaling pathways known to tumor cells, using a single target inhibitors have been difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. At this point, with respect to the combination of two inhibitors, a single compound which is able to inhibit both VEGFR and c-Met may put forward the advantage of raising anticancer activity. With the strong interest in these compounds, this review represents a renewal of previous works on the development of dual VEGFR and c-Met small molecule inhibitors as novel anti-cancer agents. Newly collection derivatives have been mainly describing in their biological profiles and chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiangdong Jiang
- Department of Information Engineering, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Safety Technology, Chongqing, 404020, China
| | - Yingnan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Mingrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shouyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Simonneau C, Bérénice Leclercq, Mougel A, Adriaenssens E, Paquet C, Raibaut L, Ollivier N, Drobecq H, Marcoux J, Cianférani S, Tulasne D, de Jonge H, Melnyk O, Vicogne J. Semi-synthesis of a HGF/SF kringle one (K1) domain scaffold generates a potent in vivo MET receptor agonist. Chem Sci 2015; 6:2110-2121. [PMID: 28717459 PMCID: PMC5496502 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc03856h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of MET receptor agonists is an important goal in regenerative medicine, but is limited by the complexity and incomplete understanding of its interaction with HGF/SF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor). NK1 is a natural occurring agonist comprising the N-terminal (N) and the first kringle (K1) domains of HGF/SF. In the presence of heparin, NK1 can self-associate into a "head to tail" dimer which is considered as the minimal structural module able to trigger MET dimerization and activation whereas isolated K1 and N domains showed a weak or a complete lack of agonistic activity respectively. Starting from these structural and biological observations, we investigated whether it was possible to recapitulate the biological properties of NK1 using a new molecular architecture of isolated N or K1 domains. Therefore, we engineered multivalent N or K1 scaffolds by combining synthetic and homogeneous site-specifically biotinylated N and K1 domains (NB and K1B) and streptavidin (S). NB alone or in complex failed to activate MET signaling and to trigger cellular phenotypes. Importantly and to the contrary of K1B alone, the semi-synthetic K1B/S complex mimicked NK1 MET agonist activity in cell scattering, morphogenesis and survival phenotypic assays. Impressively, K1B/S complex stimulated in vivo angiogenesis and, when injected in mice, protected the liver against fulminant hepatitis in a MET dependent manner whereas NK1 and HGF were substantially less potent. These data reveal that without N domain, proper multimerization of K1 domain is a promising strategy for the rational design of powerful MET agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Simonneau
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Bérénice Leclercq
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Alexandra Mougel
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Eric Adriaenssens
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Charlotte Paquet
- SIRIC ONCOLille , Maison Régionale de la Recherche Clinique , 6 rue du Pr. Laguesse , 59037 Lille Cedex , France
| | - Laurent Raibaut
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Nathalie Ollivier
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Hervé Drobecq
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Julien Marcoux
- UMR 7178 CNRS , Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO) , IPHC-DSA , Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel , 67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- UMR 7178 CNRS , Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO) , IPHC-DSA , Université de Strasbourg , 25 rue Becquerel , 67087 Strasbourg , France
| | - David Tulasne
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Hugo de Jonge
- Division of Immunology and General Pathology , Department of Molecular Medicine , University of Pavia , 9 via A Ferrata , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Oleg Melnyk
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
| | - Jérôme Vicogne
- UMR CNRS 8161 CNRS , Université de Lille , Institut Pasteur de Lille , 1 rue du Pr Calmette , 59021 Lille Cedex , France . ;
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Therapeutic effect of hepatocyte growth factor-secreting mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of liver fibrosis. Exp Mol Med 2014; 46:e110. [PMID: 25145391 PMCID: PMC4150933 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been reported to be beneficial for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Here, we investigated the use of genetically engineered MSCs that overexpress hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a means to improve their therapeutic effect in liver fibrosis. Liver fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of dimethylnitrosamine. HGF-secreting MSCs (MSCs/HGF) were prepared by transducing MSCs with an adenovirus carrying HGF-encoding cDNA. MSCs or MSCs/HGF were injected directly into the spleen of fibrotic rats. Tissue fibrosis was assessed by histological analysis 12 days after stem cell injection. Although treatment with MSCs reduced fibrosis, treatment with MSCs/HGF produced a more significant reduction and was associated with elevated HGF levels in the portal vein. Collagen levels in the liver extract were decreased after MSC/HGF therapy, suggesting recovery from fibrosis. Furthermore, liver function was improved in animals receiving MSCs/HGF, indicating that MSC/HGF therapy resulted not only in reduction of liver fibrosis but also in improvement of hepatocyte function. Assessment of cell and biochemical parameters revealed that mRNA levels of the fibrogenic cytokines PDGF-bb and TGF-β1 were significantly decreased after MSC/HGF therapy. Subsequent to the decrease in collagen, expression of matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), MMP-13, MMP-14 and urokinase-type plasminogen activator was augmented following MSC/HGF, whereas tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-1 (TIMP-1) expression was reduced. In conclusion, therapy with MSCs/HGF resulted in an improved therapeutic effect compared with MSCs alone, probably because of the anti-fibrotic activity of HGF. Thus, MSC/HGF represents a promising approach toward a cell therapy for liver fibrosis.
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Inoue Y, Tomiya T, Nishikawa T, Ohtomo N, Tanoue Y, Ikeda H, Koike K. Induction of p53-dependent p21 limits proliferative activity of rat hepatocytes in the presence of hepatocyte growth factor. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78346. [PMID: 24223793 PMCID: PMC3817248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a potent mitogen for hepatocytes, enhances hepatocyte function without stimulating proliferation, depending on the physiological conditions. p53, a transcription factor, suppresses the cell proliferation by expressing p21WAF1/CIP1 in various tissues. Aim To investigate the mechanism through which the hepatocytes maintain mitotically quiescent even in the presence of HGF. Methods We studied the relationship between p53 and p21 expression and the effect of p53-p21 axis on hepatocyte proliferation in primary cultured rat hepatocytes stimulated by HGF. Hepatic p21 levels are determined serially after partial hepatectomy or sham operation in rats. Results DNA synthesis was markedly increased by HGF addition in rat hepatocytes cultured at low density but not at high density. Cellular p53 levels increased in the hepatocytes cultured at both the densities. p21 levels were increased and correlated with cellular p53 levels in hepatocytes cultured at high density but not at low density. When the activity of p53 was suppressed by a chemical inhibitor for p53, cellular p21 levels were reduced, and DNA synthesis was increased. Similarly, p21 antisense oligonucleotide increased the DNA synthesis. In rats after partial hepatectomy, transient elevation of hepatic p21 levels was observed. In contrast, in sham-operated rats, hepatic p21 levels were increased on sustained time scales. Conclusion p53-related induction of p21 may suppress hepatocyte proliferation in the presence of HGF in the setting that mitogenic activity of HGF is not elicitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Inoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Tomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takako Nishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ohtomo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanoue
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ikeda
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Zou F, Jiang J, Lu F, Ma X, Xia X, Wang L, Wang H. Efficacy of intradiscal hepatocyte growth factor injection for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:118-22. [PMID: 23632892 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A poor nutritional supply to the cells of the avascular intervertebral discs, caused by dehydration of the extracellular matrix, is a major cause of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Since hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to exert antifibrotic effects, we hypothesized that HGF treatment may be capable of retarding IDD. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of HGF treatment in retarding IDD in a rat tail model of disc degeneration. The disc degeneration models were induced by needle puncture of the rat tail discs. Four weeks following needle puncture, a triblock poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(lactide-co-glycolide; PLGA-PEG-PLGA) polymer gel loaded with HGF or the gel alone was injected into rat tail discs. The efficacy of HGF in retarding IDD was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), histological and immunohistochemical evaluation of the type I collagen, type II collagen and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP‑2) expression levels. Following injection of the HGF-loaded gel into the nucleus pulposus (NP), a significant trend towards an increase in T2 signal intensity (P=0.028), type II collagen staining in the NP and the number of BMP-2-positive cells in the annulus fibrosus was observed. In addition, the results demonstrated a significant trend towards a decrease in the histological score (P=0.025) and type I collagen staining in the NP compared with segments treated with the gel alone, following the induction of disc degeneration by stab injury. Following treatment with HGF, a tendency for the level of disc height to be maintained was also observed (no statistical significance). By MRI, histological and immunohistochemical evaluation, the present study demonstrated that HGF-loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA gel was able to retard disc degeneration when injected into the degenerative discs of rat tail models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, PR China
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Microarray analyses reveal liver metastasis-related genes in metastatic colorectal cancer cell model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1169-78. [PMID: 23563852 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the molecular mechanisms of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. METHODS Cecal wall implantation was performed in nude mice to subclone a highly liver metastatic human colorectal cancer clone (SW1116-M) from SW1116. In vivo and in vitro assays were adopted to confirm the proliferation and metastasis potential. The human tumor metastasis PCR microarrays were used to analyze the differential gene expressions. The results were confirmed further by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS SW1116-M and SW1116-S5, two human colon cancer cell clones with different metastatic potential, were subcloned from SW1116. In SW1116-M, in vitro invasion, migration and in vivo metastatic potential were higher, and in vitro proliferation rate was lower than SW1116-S5. In tumor metastasis PCR microarray, 24 genes related to cell invading, adhesion, cellular growth and differentiation were found with a twofold difference between SW1116-S5 and SW1116-M. Sixteen of these, including E-cadherins, MTSS1, TRAIL and TRPM1, were up-regulated; eight genes including cathepsin L, EphB2, HGF, MET, MCAM and RORβ were down-regulated. CONCLUSIONS We have established a highly liver metastatic clone. The subsequent metastasis PCR microarray analysis identified a procedure of cellular differentiation and mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) in liver metastasis. The colonization to from macrometastasis is not a switch from cell cycle arrest but a result of cell differentiation and MET.
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Marchion DC, Bicaku E, Xiong Y, Bou Zgheib N, Al Sawah E, Stickles XB, Judson PL, Lopez AS, Cubitt CL, Gonzalez-Bosquet J, Wenham RM, Apte SM, Berglund A, Lancaster JM. A novel c-Met inhibitor, MK8033, synergizes with carboplatin plus paclitaxel to inhibit ovarian cancer cell growth. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2011-8. [PMID: 23467907 PMCID: PMC4536335 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and high tumor expression of c-Met are both indicators of poor overall survival from ovarian cancer (OVCA). In the present study, we evaluated the role of the HGF signaling pathway in OVCA cell line chemoresistance and OVCA patient overall survival as well as the influence of HGF/c-Met signaling inhibition on the sensitivity of OVCA cells to combinational carboplatin plus paclitaxel therapy. The prevalence of the HGF receptor, c-Met, was determined by immunohistochemistry in primary OVCA samples (n=79) and OVCA cell lines (n=41). The influence of the c-Met-specific inhibitor MK8033 on OVCA cell sensitivity to combinations of carboplatin plus paclitaxel was examined in a subset of OVCA cells (n=8) by CellTiter-Blue cell viability assays. Correlation tests were used to identify genes associated with response to MK8033 and carboplatin plus paclitaxel. Identified genes were evaluated for influence on overall survival from OVCA using principal component analysis (PCA) modeling in an independent clinical OVCA dataset (n=218). Immunohistochemistry analysis indicated that 83% of OVCA cells and 92% of primary OVCA expressed the HGF receptor, c-Met. MK8033 exhibited significant anti-proliferative effects against a panel of human OVCA cell lines. Combination index values determined by the Chou-Talalay isobologram equation indicated synergistic activity in combinations of MK8033 and carboplatin plus paclitaxel. Pearson's correlation identified a 47-gene signature to be associated with MK8033-carboplatin plus paclitaxel response. PCA modeling indicated an association of this 47-gene response signature with overall survival from OVCA (P=0.013). These data indicate that HGF/c-Met pathway signaling may influence OVCA chemosensitivity and overall patient survival. Furthermore, HGF/c-Met inhibition by MK8033 represents a promising new therapeutic avenue to increase OVCA sensitivity to carboplatin plus paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Marchion
- Department of Women's Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Laliena A, San Miguel B, Crespo I, Alvarez M, González-Gallego J, Tuñón MJ. Melatonin attenuates inflammation and promotes regeneration in rabbits with fulminant hepatitis of viral origin. J Pineal Res 2012; 53:270-8. [PMID: 22506987 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.00995.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of melatonin on the liver inflammatory and regenerative response in an animal model of fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) of viral origin. Rabbits were experimentally infected with 2×10(4) hemagglutination units of a rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) isolate and received melatonin at two concentrations of 10 or 20mg/kg at 0, 12 and 24hr postinfection. RHDV infection induced an inflammatory response, with increased expression of toll-like receptor 4, high-mobility group box (HMGB)1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and C-reactive protein, and decreased expression of decay accelerating factor (DAF/CD55). These effects were significantly reduced by melatonin. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression was also lowered in melatonin-treated rabbits. RHDV infection inhibited the hepatic regenerative/proliferative response, with a reduced expression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B and vascular endothelial growth factor and their receptors; these responses were prevented by melatonin administration. Melatonin treatment also resulted in reduced expression of phosphorylated Janus kinase and enhanced expression of extracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3. Our findings show that anti-inflammatory effects and stimulation of regenerative mechanisms contribute to the beneficial effects of melatonin in rabbits with experimental infection by RHDV and support a potential hepatoprotective role of melatonin in FHF.
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Improvement of sepsis by hepatocyte growth factor, an anti-inflammatory regulator: emerging insights and therapeutic potential. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2012; 2012:909350. [PMID: 22536224 PMCID: PMC3299304 DOI: 10.1155/2012/909350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced multiple organ failure (MOF) is the most frequent lethal disease in intensive care units. Thus, it is important to elucidate the self-defensive mechanisms of sepsis-induced MOF. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is now recognized as an organotrophic factor, which is essential for organogenesis during embryonic growth and regeneration in adulthood. HGF production is enhanced in response to infectious challenges, but the increase in endogenous HGF levels is transient and insufficient, with a time lag between tissue injuries and HGF upregulation, during progression of septic MOF. Thus, administration of active-formed HGF might be a new candidate for therapeutic development of MOF. HGF has an ability to target endotoxin-challenged macrophages and inhibits the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines through nuclear factor-κB-inactivated mechanisms. HGF also targets the endothelium and epithelium of various organs to suppress local inflammation, coagulation, and apoptotic death. This paper summarizes the novel mechanisms of HGF for attenuating sepsis-related pathological conditions with a focus on sepsis-induced MOF.
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Ribeiro C, Neto AP, das Neves J, Bahia MF, Sarmento B. Preparation of polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes containing recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor as potential oral carriers for liver regeneration. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 811:113-25. [PMID: 22042676 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-388-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
The large number of cytokines and growth factors implicated in the regulation of liver regeneration has led to the possibility of using these molecules in therapy, namely, in the case of recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (rhHGF). The importance and potential clinical usefulness of rhHGF has been extensively studied and documented, with results suggesting that this molecule could be a powerful tool toward increased success in hepatic regenerative therapy. However, the peptidic nature of this drug presents several challenges toward its effective administration and targeting. The possibility of encapsulating rhHGF in dextran sulfate/chitosan nanoparticles to allow its oral administration and direct liver-targeting is discussed in this manuscript. Details of a rapid and simple method for the preparation of such rhHGF-loaded nanocomplexes are presented. Beyond the practical aspects of the method, characterization techniques and main experimental features of obtained nanocarriers are also briefly analyzed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Ribeiro
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ierardi E, Rosania R, Zotti M, Giorgio F, Prencipe S, Valle ND, Francesco VD, Panella C. From chronic liver disorders to hepatocellular carcinoma: Molecular and genetic pathways. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2010; 2:259-64. [PMID: 21160638 PMCID: PMC2998843 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v2.i6.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis is a process attributed to progressive genomic changes that alter the hepatocellular phenotype producing cellular intermediates that evolve into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During the preneoplastic phase, the liver is often the site of chronic hepatitis and/or cirrhosis, and these conditions induce liver regeneration with accelerated hepatocyte cycling in an organ that is otherwise proliferatively at rest. Hepatocyte regeneration is accelerated by upregulation of mitogenic pathways involving molecular and genetic mechanisms. Hepatic growth factors, inhibitors and triggers may also play a role. This process leads to the production of monoclonal populations of aberrant and dysplastic hepatocytes that have telomerase re-expression, microsatellite instability, and occasionally structural aberrations in genes and chromosomes. Development of dysplastic hepatocytes in foci and nodules and the emergence of HCC are associated with the accumulation of irreversible structural alterations in genes and chromosomes even if the genomic basis of the malignant phenotype is largely heterogeneous. Therefore, a malignant hepatocyte phenotype may be produced by changes in genes acting through different regulatory pathways, thus producing several molecular variants of HCC. On these bases, a key point for future research will be to determine whether the deletions are specific, due to particular loci in the minimally deleted regions of affected chromosome arms, or whether they are non-specific with loss of large portions of chromosomes or entire chromosome arms leading to passive deletion of loci. The final aim is the possibility of identifying a step where carcinogenetic processes could be terminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Ierardi
- Enzo Ierardi, Rosa Rosania, Mariangela Zotti, Floriana Giorgio, Simonetta Prencipe, Nicola Della Valle, Vincenzo De Francesco, Carmine Panella, Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedali Riuniti, Viale L. Pinto 71100-Foggia, Italy
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Fukuta K, Nakamura T. Induction of hepatocyte growth factor by fucoidan and fucoidan-derived oligosaccharides. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:499-503. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.4.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Fucoidan, which is extracted from brown seaweed, is a complex sulphated polysaccharide that is mostly composed of l-fucose and sulphated ester groups. The structural and anionic characteristics of fucoidan are similar to those of heparin. Heparin stimulates production of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), which has key roles in tissue regeneration. We have shown that fucoidan and fucoidan-derived oligosaccharides have similar ability to stimulate production of HGF as heparin and heparin-derived oligosaccharides. This induction of HGF by heparin or fucoidan and their oligosaccharide derivates occurs primarily at the level of translation, probably via the same mechanism. Fucoidan may thus be useful to protect tissues and organs from various injuries and diseases, via mechanisms involving HGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Fukuta
- Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-B7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Nakamura
- Division of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2-B7 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Ichihara A. Reminiscence of 40-year research on nitrogen metabolism. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:707-716. [PMID: 20689229 PMCID: PMC3066535 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article summarizes my research over 40 years. The main theme of my work is nitrogen metabolism of amino acids, though later I focused on protein turnover in the cell. In the first years of my research work, I was busy dissecting the pathways involved in the metabolism of certain amino acids and their related enzymes. Then I became interested in the physiology and regulation of matabolism of these amino acids. For that, I used primary cultured hepatocytes, which contain many liver-specific enzymes. However, this play field was very rough around 1970 and hence I had to smooth them (differentiated) first. We discovered a specific growth factor (hepatocyte growth factor, HGF) in rat platelets. Exceptionally, I also worked on branched chain amino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine). These amino acids are not efficiently metabolized in the liver, so I had to consider the physiology of extrahepatic tissues as well. Finally, I came across a huge protease complex, the proteasome. Whether these players, small amino acid metabolizing enzymes and the huge protease complex, danced well in harmony on my playground or not, I still do not know.
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Nakamura T, Mizuno S. The discovery of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its significance for cell biology, life sciences and clinical medicine. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2010; 86:588-610. [PMID: 20551596 PMCID: PMC3081175 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.86.588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than 25 years since HGF was discovered as a mitogen of hepatocytes. HGF is produced by stromal cells, and stimulates epithelial cell proliferation, motility, morphogenesis and angiogenesis in various organs via tyrosine phosphorylation of its receptor, c-Met. In fetal stages, HGF-neutralization, or c-Met gene destruction, leads to hypoplasia of many organs, indicating that HGF signals are essential for organ development. Endogenous HGF is required for self-repair of injured livers, kidneys, lungs and so on. In addition, HGF exerts protective effects on epithelial and non-epithelial organs (including the heart and brain) via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory signals. During organ diseases, plasma HGF levels significantly increased, while anti-HGF antibody infusion accelerated tissue destruction in rodents. Thus, endogenous HGF is required for minimization of diseases, while insufficient production of HGF leads to organ failure. This is the reason why HGF supplementation produces therapeutic outcomes under pathological conditions. Moreover, emerging studies delineated key roles of HGF during tumor metastasis, while HGF-antagonism leads to anti-tumor outcomes. Taken together, HGF-based molecules, including HGF-variants, HGF-fragments and c-Met-binders are available as regenerative or anti-tumor drugs. Molecular analysis of the HGF-c-Met system could provide bridges between basic biology and clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikazu Nakamura
- Kringle Pharma Joint Research Division for Regenerative Drug Discovery, Center for Advanced Science and Innovation, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Guerra R, Trotta M, Parra O, Avanzo J, Bateman A, Aloia T, Dagli M, Hernandez-Blazquez F. Modulation of extracellular matrix by nutritional hepatotrophic factors in thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis in the rat. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009; 42:1027-34. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009005000027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Liu F, Liu ZD, Wu N, Cong X, Fei R, Chen HS, Wei L. Transplanted endothelial progenitor cells ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. Liver Transpl 2009; 15:1092-100. [PMID: 19718641 DOI: 10.1002/lt.21845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is the most common end stage of liver diseases, and there are no effective treatment methods. Here we evaluated the effect of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation from rat bone marrow (BM) on the development of cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). Ex vivo generated, characterized, and cultivated rat BM-derived EPCs were identified by their vasculogenic properties in vitro. EPCs from male rats were transplanted into female rats via the intraportal vein 12 weeks after they had been challenged with CCl(4), and the rats were killed 16 weeks later. The control rats received only a saline infusion. The fibrosis index and donor cell engraftment were assessed after EPC transplantation. After transplantation via the portal vein, PKH26 labeling, polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the donor EPCs had adhered to the vasolateral surfaces of blood vessels and established in the liver. EPCs reduced the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen III, and transforming growth factor beta (P < 0.05) as well as levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and total bilirubin in the serum (P < 0.05), but at the same time they increased the levels of albumin and Ki67. CCl(4) treatment increased the international prothrombin ratio (P < 0.05) and reduced albumin levels, whereas EPCs restored these parameters to normal levels. These results suggest that EPC transplantation could play a role in regulating hepatocyte regeneration and ameliorating established liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- Hepatology Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Aoki K, Usui Y, Narita N, Ogiwara N, Iashigaki N, Nakamura K, Kato H, Sano K, Ogiwara N, Kametani K, Kim C, Taruta S, Kim YA, Endo M, Saito N. A thin carbon-fiber web as a scaffold for bone-tissue regeneration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1540-1546. [PMID: 19334009 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200801610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid progress being made in tissue regeneration therapy, biomaterials used as scaffolds are expected to play an important role in future clinical application. We report the development of a 3D web (sheet) consisting of high-purity carbon fibers in a nanoscale structure. When the thin carbon-fiber web (TCFW) and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) composite is implanted in the murine back muscle, new ectopic bone is formed, and the values of the bone mineral content and bone mineral density are significantly higher than those obtained with a collagen sheet. Observation of the interface between the carbon fibers and bone matrix reveal that the fibers are directly integrated into the bone matrix, indicating high bone-tissue compatibility. Further, the rhBMP-2/TCFW composite repairs a critical-size bone defect within a short time period. These results suggest that the TCFW functions as an effective scaffold material and will play an important role in tissue regeneration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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Fukuta K, Adachi E, Matsumoto K, Nakamura T. Different reactivities of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for hepatocyte growth factor. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 402:42-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/05/2008] [Accepted: 12/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor for liver failure. Contemp Clin Trials 2008; 29:696-704. [PMID: 18554990 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human hepatocyte growth factor (rh-HGF) for liver failure (LF) using meta-analysis of data from the literature involving available randomized controlled trials of rh-HGF plus comprehensive therapy (CT) compared with that of CT alone (Therapy I versus II) in treating LF. We searched the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CBMdisc, and CNKI as well as employing manual searches. Based on our search criteria, we found 21 trials, involving 5902 patients. Our results showed that Therapy I, compared with therapy II, significantly reduced the overall mortality (RR=0.62; 95% CI, 0.59-0.66; p=0.0001). Compared to two clinical types of LF (acute and acute-on-chronic), therapy I perhaps had significant effect on mortality due to sub-acute LF, RR and 95% CI were 0.76 [0.65, 0.89], 0.66 [0.60, 0.74], and 0.58 [0.53, 0.64], respectively. Additionally, there was a reduction in mortality of patients that had evidence for an early stage of LF compared to the two other clinical stages of LF (Middle and Advanced); RR and 95% CI were 0.34 [0.24, 0.49], 0.49 [0.44, 0.55], and 0.87 [0.82, 0.93], respectively. No serious adverse events were reported. We conclude that Therapy I may reduce mortality in LF, especially in sub-acute LF and the early stage of LF. However, considering the strength of the evidence, additional randomized controlled trials are needed before Therapy I can be recommended routinely.
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Generation of engineered recombinant hepatocyte growth factor cleaved and activated by Genenase I. J Biotechnol 2008; 133:478-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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