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Zhao Y, Li W, Xu J, Bao L, Wu K, Shan R, Hu X, Fu Y, Zhao C. Endogenous retroviruses modulate the susceptibility of mice to Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis by activating cGAS-STING signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 142:113171. [PMID: 39312862 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Recently studies showed that cow mastitis seriously affected the economic benefit of dairy industry and pathogen infection including S. aureus is the main cause of mastitis. However, there is still a lack of safe and effective treatment for S. aureus-induced mastitis due to its complex pathogenesis. Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) have long been symbiotic with mammals, and most ERVs still have the ability to produces complementary DNA (cDNA) by reverse transcription, whose induction by commensal or pathogens can regulate host immunity and inflammatory responses through the cGAS-STING pathway. However, whether and how ERVs participate in the pathogenesis of S. aureus-induced mastitis still unclear. In this study, we found that S. aureus treatment increased the levels of ERVs and IFN-β. Inhibition the transcription of ERVs by emtricitabine alleviated S. aureus-induced mammary injury, reduced mammary bacterial burden, and inhibited the production of mammary proinflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β and MPO activity. Moreover, inhibition of ERVs restored the function of blood-milk barrier caused by S. aureus. Next, we showed that S. aureus infection activated mammary cGAS-STING signaling pathway, which was mediated by ERVs, as evidenced by emtricitabine inhibited S. aureus-induced activation of the cGAS-STING pathway. Interestingly, inhibition of cGAS-STING by Ru.521 and H151 respectively, significantly alleviated S. aureus-induced mammary injury and inflammatory responses, which was associated with the inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways. In conclusion, our study revealed that ERVs regulate the development of S. aureus-induced mastitis in mice through NF-κB- and NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses via the activation of cGAS-STING pathway, suggesting that targeting ERVs-cGAS-STING axis may be a potential approach for the treatment of S. aureus-induced mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihong Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China; Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jiawen Xu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Lijuan Bao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Keyi Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ruping Shan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Yunhe Fu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China
| | - Caijun Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin Province, China.
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Osipovich AB, Dudek KD, Trinh LT, Kim LH, Shrestha S, Cartailler JP, Magnuson MA. ZFP92, a KRAB domain zinc finger protein enriched in pancreatic islets, binds to B1/Alu SINE transposable elements and regulates retroelements and genes. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010729. [PMID: 37155670 PMCID: PMC10166502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Repressive KRAB domain-containing zinc-finger proteins (KRAB-ZFPs) are abundant in mammalian genomes and contribute both to the silencing of transposable elements (TEs) and to the regulation of developmental stage- and cell type-specific gene expression. Here we describe studies of zinc finger protein 92 (Zfp92), an X-linked KRAB-ZFP that is highly expressed in pancreatic islets of adult mice, by analyzing global Zfp92 knockout (KO) mice. Physiological, transcriptomic and genome-wide chromatin binding studies indicate that the principal function of ZFP92 in mice is to bind to and suppress the activity of B1/Alu type of SINE elements and modulate the activity of surrounding genomic entities. Deletion of Zfp92 leads to changes in expression of select LINE and LTR retroelements and genes located in the vicinity of ZFP92-bound chromatin. The absence of Zfp92 leads to altered expression of specific genes in islets, adipose and muscle that result in modest sex-specific alterations in blood glucose homeostasis, body mass and fat accumulation. In islets, Zfp92 influences blood glucose concentration in postnatal mice via transcriptional effects on Mafb, whereas in adipose and muscle, it regulates Acacb, a rate-limiting enzyme in fatty acid metabolism. In the absence of Zfp92, a novel TE-Capn11 fusion transcript is overexpressed in islets and several other tissues due to de-repression of an IAPez TE adjacent to ZFP92-bound SINE elements in intron 3 of the Capn11 gene. Together, these studies show that ZFP92 functions both to repress specific TEs and to regulate the transcription of specific genes in discrete tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B. Osipovich
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Karrie D. Dudek
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Linh T. Trinh
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lily H. Kim
- College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jean-Philippe Cartailler
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Yuan Z, Yang Y, Zhang N, Soto C, Jiang X, An Z, Zheng WJ. Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Microorganisms 2021; 9:764. [PMID: 33917421 PMCID: PMC8067472 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and deadly brain tumor. It is primarily diagnosed in the elderly and has a 5-year survival rate of less than 6% even with the most aggressive therapies. The lack of biomarkers has made the development of immunotherapy for GBM challenging. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are a group of viruses with long terminal repeat (LTR) elements, which are believed to be relics from ancient viral infections. Recent studies have found that those repetitive elements play important roles in regulating various biological processes. The differentially expressed LTR elements from HERVs are potential biomarkers for immunotherapy to treat GBM. However, the understanding of the LTR element expression in GBM is greatly lacking. METHODS We obtained 1077.4 GB of sequencing data from public databases. These data were generated from 111 GBM tissue studies, 30 GBM cell lines studies, and 45 normal brain tissues studies. We analyzed repetitive elements that were differentially expressed in GBM and normal brain samples. RESULTS We found that 48 LTR elements were differentially expressed (p-value < 0.05) between GBM and normal brain tissues, of which 46 were HERV elements. Among these 46 elements, 34 significantly changed HERVs belong to the ERV1 superfamily. Furthermore, 43 out of the 46 differentially expressed HERV elements were upregulated. CONCLUSION Our results indicate significant differential expression of many HERV LTR elements in GBM and normal brain tissues. Expression levels of these elements could be developed as biomarkers for GBM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Yuan
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.Y.); (X.J.)
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Yuntao Yang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Ningyan Zhang
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Claudio Soto
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Xiaoqian Jiang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.Y.); (X.J.)
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Texas Therapeutics Institute, Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Wenjin Jim Zheng
- School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (Z.Y.); (Y.Y.); (X.J.)
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4
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Nadeau MJ, Manghera M, Douville RN. Inside the Envelope: Endogenous Retrovirus-K Env as a Biomarker and Therapeutic Target. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1244. [PMID: 26617584 PMCID: PMC4643131 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to multiple ancestral human retroviral germ cell infections, the modern human genome is strewn with relics of these infections, termed endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). ERV expression has been silenced due to negative selective pressures and genetic phenomena such as mutations and epigenetic silencing. Nonetheless, select ERVs have retained the capacity to be damaging to their host when reawakened. Much of the current research on the ERVK Env protein strongly suggests a causal or contributive role in the pathogenesis of various cancers, autoimmune and infectious diseases. Additionally, there is a small body of research suggesting that ERVK Env has been domesticated for use in placental development, akin to the ERVW syncytin. Though much is left to ascertain, the innate immune response to ERVK Env expression has been partially characterized and appears to be due to a region located in the transmembrane domain of the Env protein. In this review, we aim to highlight ERVK Env as a biomarker for inflammatory conditions and explore its use as a future therapeutic target for cancers, HIV infection and neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josée Nadeau
- Douville Lab, Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Mamneet Manghera
- Douville Lab, Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Renée N Douville
- Douville Lab, Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg Winnipeg, MB, Canada ; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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5
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Goodson P. Questioning the HIV-AIDS Hypothesis: 30 Years of Dissent. Front Public Health 2014; 2:154. [PMID: 25695040 PMCID: PMC4172096 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2014.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Goodson
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Fischer S, Echeverría N, Moratorio G, Landoni AI, Dighiero G, Cristina J, Oppezzo P, Moreno P. Human endogenous retrovirus np9 gene is over expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients. Leuk Res Rep 2014; 3:70-2. [PMID: 25180156 PMCID: PMC4145164 DOI: 10.1016/j.lrr.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome contains a large number of endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). Their reactivation has frequently been observed in patients with cancer. Considering their role in the carcinogenesis process, we aimed to study the possible relationship between HERVs gene expression and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). We focused on two viral genes gag and np9, the latter presumably an oncogene. We found that the transcriptional activity of HERV-K np9 gene was greater in CLL patients than in healthy donors. However, gag expression was not significantly increased. These findings suggest a noteworthy relationship between CLL disease and HERV-K np9 expression. We study the possible relationship between HERVs gene expression and CLL. CLL patients express np9 gene at least 5 times higher than in healthy donors. The gag gene expression was not significantly increased in CLL samples. The expression level of the c-myc was not modified by the over expression of np9. This work suggests a possible relationship between CLL and HERV-K np9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Fischer
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Echeverría
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ; Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ana Inés Landoni
- Service of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Hospital Maciel, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Juan Cristina
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Oppezzo
- Protein Recombinant Unit, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pilar Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay ; Protein Recombinant Unit, Institut Pasteur, Montevideo, Uruguay
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7
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Rhyu DW, Kang YJ, Ock MS, Eo JW, Choi YH, Kim WJ, Leem SH, Yi JM, Kim HS, Cha HJ. Expression of human endogenous retrovirus env genes in the blood of breast cancer patients. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9173-83. [PMID: 24964007 PMCID: PMC4100088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15069173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) env proteins have been recently reported to be significantly up-regulated in certain cancers. Specifically, mRNA and protein levels of HERV-K (HML-2) are up-regulated in the blood plasma or serum of breast cancer patients. Here, we collected blood samples of 49 breast cancer patients and analyzed mRNA expressions of various HERVs env genes including HERV-R, HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-P by real-time PCR. The expression of env genes were significantly increased in the blood of primary breast cancer patients but were decreased in patients undergoing chemotherapy to a similar level with benign patients. When we compared the group currently undergoing chemotherapy and those patients undergoing chemotherapy simultaneously with radiotherapy, HERVs env genes were reduced more in the chemotherapy only group, suggesting that chemotherapy is more effective in reducing HERV env gene expression than is radiotherapy. Among chemotherapy groups, HERV env gene expression was the lowest in the taxotere- or taxol-treated group, suggesting that taxotere and taxol can reduce HERVs env expression. These data suggest the potential to use HERVs env genes as a diagnosis marker for primary breast cancer, and further studies are needed to identify the mechanism and physiological significance of the reduction of HERV env gene expression during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Rhyu
- Department of Surgery, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-072, Korea.
| | - Yun-Jeong Kang
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-072, Korea.
| | - Mee-Sun Ock
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-072, Korea.
| | - Jung-Woo Eo
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Oriental Medicine, Dongeui University, Busan 614-052, Korea.
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hee Leem
- Department of Biological Science, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea.
| | - Joo-Mi Yi
- Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medicine Sciences, Busan 619-953, Korea.
| | - Heui-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea.
| | - Hee-Jae Cha
- Department of Parasitology and Genetics, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan 602-072, Korea.
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Sin HS, Koh E, Taya M, IIjima M, Sugimoto K, Maeda Y, Yoshida A, Iwamoto T, Namiki M. A Novel Y Chromosome Microdeletion With the Loss of an Endogenous Retrovirus Related, Testis Specific Transcript in AZFb Region. J Urol 2011; 186:1545-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2011.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Su Sin
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eitetsu Koh
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masaki Taya
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masashi IIjima
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sugimoto
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yuji Maeda
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Teruaki Iwamoto
- Division of Male Infertility, Center for Infertility and IVF, International University of Health and Welfare, Nasushiobara, Japan
| | - Mikio Namiki
- Departments of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Andrology Unit, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan
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