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Donyavi T, Bokharaei-Salim F, Nahand JS, Garshasbi S, Esghaei M, Sadeghi M, Jamshidi S, Khanaliha K. Evaluation of CCR5-Δ32 mutation among individuals with high risk behaviors, neonates born to HIV-1 infected mothers, HIV-1 infected individuals, and healthy people in an Iranian population. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1158-1164. [PMID: 31854469 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
One of the important genetic factors related to resistance to HIV-1 infection is the presence of the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 delta 32 (CCR5-Δ32) homozygous genotype (Δ32/Δ32). The aim of this study was to evaluate the CCR5-Δ32 mutation among individuals with high-risk behaviors, neonates born to HIV-1-infected mothers in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) project, HIV-1-infected individuals, and healthy people. The frequency of the CCR5-Δ32 genotype was assessed in a cross-sectional survey carried out from March 2014 to March 2019 among four different groups of the Iranian population. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 140 Iranian healthy people, 84 neonates born to HIV-1-infected mothers in the PMTCT project, 71 people with high-risk behaviors, and 76 HIV-1-infected individuals. The polymerase chain reaction method was used for the amplification of the CCR5 gene. The CCR5-Δ32 heterozygous deletion was detected in five (6.6%) HIV-1-infected individuals, four (4.7%) neonates born to HIV-1 positive mothers, two (1.4%) healthy people, and also three (4.2%) people with high-risk behaviors whereas the CCR5-Δ32 homozygous deletion was absent in all the groups (Fisher's exact test, P = .0242). The allele of CCR5-Δ32 homozygous was not detected in the four study groups, and no significant difference was seen in the frequency of the CCR5Δ32 heterozygous allele between HIV seropositive and seronegative individuals. Therefore, it seems that this allele alone cannot explain the natural resistance to HIV-1 infection and probably several mechanisms are responsible for these processes and it should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Donyavi
- Vice Chancellor for Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javid Sadri Nahand
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Garshasbi
- Vice Chancellor for Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi
- Vice Chancellor for Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sogol Jamshidi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Khanaliha
- Research Center of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Imami N, Herasimtschuk AA. Multifarious immunotherapeutic approaches to cure HIV-1 infection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:2287-93. [PMID: 26048144 PMCID: PMC4635699 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1021523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy in the context of treated HIV-1 infection aims to improve immune responses to achieve better control of the virus. To date, multifaceted immunotherapeutic approaches have been shown to reduce immune activation and increase CD4 T-lymphocyte counts, further to the effects of antiretroviral therapy alone, in addition to improving HIV-1-specific T-cell responses. While sterilizing cure of HIV-1 would involve elimination of all replication-competent virus, a functional cure in which the host has long-lasting control of viral replication may be more feasible. In this commentary, we discuss novel strategies aimed at targeting the latent viral reservoir with cure of HIV-1 infection being the ultimate goal, an achievement that would have considerable impact on worldwide HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrina Imami
- Department of Medicine; Imperial College London; London, UK
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Herasimtschuk A, Downey J, Nelson M, Moyle G, Mandalia S, Sikut R, Adojaan M, Stanescu I, Gotch F, Imami N. Therapeutic immunisation plus cytokine and hormone therapy improves CD4 T-cell counts, restores anti-HIV-1 responses and reduces immune activation in treated chronic HIV-1 infection. Vaccine 2014; 32:7005-7013. [PMID: 25454870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This randomised, open label, phase I, immunotherapeutic study investigated the effects of interleukin (IL)-2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), and therapeutic immunisation (a Clade B DNA vaccine) on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated HIV-1-infected individuals, with the objective to reverse residual T-cell dysfunction. METHODS Twelve HIV-1(+) patients on suppressive cART with baseline CD4 T-cell counts >400 cells/mm(3) blood were randomised into one of three groups: (1) vaccine, IL-2, GM-CSF and rhGH (n=3); (2) vaccine alone (n=4); or (3) IL-2, GM-CSF and rhGH (n=5). Samples were collected at weeks 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24 and 48. Interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-2, IL-4 and perforin ELISpot assays performed at each time point quantified functional responses to Gag p17/p24, Nef, Rev, and Tat peptides; and detailed T-cell immunophenotyping was undertaken by flow cytometry. Proviral DNA was also measured. RESULTS Median baseline CD4 T-cell count was 757 cells/mm(3) (interquartile range [IQR] 567-886 cells/mm(3)), median age 48 years (IQR 42-51 years), and plasma HIV-1-RNA <50 copies/ml for all subjects. Patients who received vaccine plus IL-2, GM-CSF and rhGH (group 1) showed the most marked changes. Assessing mean changes from baseline to week 48 revealed significantly elevated numbers of CD4 T cells (p=0.0083) and improved CD4/CD8 T-cell ratios (p=0.0033). This was accompanied by a significant reduction in expression of CD38 on CD4 T cells (p=0.0194), significantly increased IFN-γ and IL-2 production in response to Gag (p=0.0122) and elevated IFN-γ production in response to Tat (p=0.041) at week 48 compared to baseline. Subjects in all treatment groups showed significantly reduced PD-1 expression at week 48 compared to baseline, with some reductions in proviral DNA. CONCLUSIONS Multifarious immunotherapeutic approaches in the context of fully suppressive cART further reduce immune activation, and improve both CD4 T-lymphocyte counts and HIV-1-specific T-cell responses (NCT01130376).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark Nelson
- Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Sundhiya Mandalia
- Imperial College London, London, UK; Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
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Westrop SJ, Qazi NA, Pido-Lopez J, Nelson MR, Gazzard B, Gotch FM, Imami N. Transient nature of long-term nonprogression and broad virus-specific proliferative T-cell responses with sustained thymic output in HIV-1 controllers. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5474. [PMID: 19434236 PMCID: PMC2677159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1(+) individuals who, without therapy, conserve cellular anti-HIV-1 responses, present with high, stable CD4(+) T-cell numbers, and control viral replication, facilitate analysis of atypical viro-immunopathology. In the absence of universal definition, immune function in such HIV controllers remains an indication of non-progression. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS CD4 T-cell responses to a number of HIV-1 proteins and peptide pools were assessed by IFN-gamma ELISpot and lymphoproliferative assays in HIV controllers and chronic progressors. Thymic output was assessed by sjTRECs levels. Follow-up of 41 HIV-1(+) individuals originally identified as "Long-term non-progressors" in 1996 according to clinical criteria, and longitudinal analysis of two HIV controllers over 22 years, was also performed. HIV controllers exhibited substantial IFN-gamma producing and proliferative HIV-1-specific CD4 T-cell responses to both recombinant proteins and peptide pools of Tat, Rev, Nef, Gag and Env, demonstrating functional processing and presentation. Conversely, HIV-specific T-cell responses were limited to IFN-gamma production in chronic progressors. Additionally, thymic output was approximately 19 fold higher in HIV controllers than in age-matched chronic progressors. Follow-up of 41 HIV-1(+) patients identified as LTNP in 1996 revealed the transitory characteristics of this status. IFN-gamma production and proliferative T-cell function also declines in 2 HIV controllers over 22 years. CONCLUSIONS Although increased thymic output and anti-HIV-1 T-cell responses are observed in HIV controllers compared to chronic progressors, the nature of nonprogressor/controller status appears to be transitory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Westrop
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadeem A. Qazi
- Department of HIV/GU Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Pido-Lopez
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark R. Nelson
- Department of HIV/GU Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Gazzard
- Department of HIV/GU Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances M. Gotch
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nesrina Imami
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Herasimtschuk AA, Westrop SJ, Moyle GJ, Downey JS, Imami N. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on HIV-1-specific T-cell responses, thymic output and proviral DNA in patients on HAART: 48-week follow-up. JOURNAL OF IMMUNE BASED THERAPIES AND VACCINES 2008; 6:7. [PMID: 18976455 PMCID: PMC2613878 DOI: 10.1186/1476-8518-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficacious immune-based therapy in treated chronic HIV-1 infection requires the induction of virus-specific CD4+ T cells and subsequent maturation and maintenance of specific memory CD8+ T cells. Concomitant daily administration of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was used in chronically infected patients with lipodystrophy in an attempt to reconstitute these virus-specific T-cell responses. METHODS Individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection on HAART were enrolled on a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study to receive rhGH therapy. We assessed HIV-1-specific proliferative CD4+ and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-producing CD8+ T-cell responses, quantified thymic output and proviral HIV-1 DNA at the following time points: baseline; after 12 weeks of rhGH therapy; at 24 weeks, after randomization into three groups [placebo weeks 12-24 (Group A), alternate-day dosing weeks 12-24 (Group B), and twice-per-week dosing weeks 12-24 (Group C)]; and at 48 weeks after all patients had received HAART alone for the final 24 weeks. RESULTS We found significant increases in both proliferative CD4+ and IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ HIV-1-specific T-cell responses after daily administration of rhGH. This increase was focused on HIV-1 Gag-specific T-cell responses. Following subsequent randomisation into different dosing regimens, HIV-1-specific proliferative CD4+ T-cell responses declined in patients receiving less frequent dosing of rhGH, while virus-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T-cell responses were maintained for longer periods of time. There was no significant change in thymic output and the cell-associated HIV-1 DNA remained stable in most patients. An increased anti-HIV-1 Nef-specific CD4+ T-cell proliferative response was correlated to a decrease in proviral load, and an increased HIV-1 Gag-specific IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T-cell response correlated with an increase in proviral load. CONCLUSION The implication of these data is that daily dosing of rhGH with HAART, in addition to improving HIV-1-associated lipodystrophy, may reverse some of the T-lymphocyte dysfunction seen in most treated HIV-1-positive patients, in a dose-dependent manner. Such immune-based therapeutic strategies used in treated, chronic HIV-1 infection may enable the induction of virus-specific CD4+ T cells essential for the subsequent 'kick-start' and expansion of virus-specific CD8+ T cells. TRIAL REGISTRATION GH in Lipoatrophy IMP22350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Herasimtschuk
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Samantha J Westrop
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Graeme J Moyle
- Department of HIV/GU Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Jocelyn S Downey
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Nesrina Imami
- Department of Immunology, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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