1
|
Saha B, Vannucci L, Saha B, Tenti P, Baral R. Evolvability and emergence of tumor heterogeneity as a space-time function. Cytokine 2023; 161:156061. [PMID: 36252436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The loss of control of cell proliferation, apoptosis regulation and contact inhibition leads to tumor development. While benign tumors are restricted to their primary space, i.e. where these tumors first originate, the metastatic tumors not only disseminate- facilitated by hypoxia-driven neovascularization- to distant secondary sites but also show substantial changes in metabolism, tissue architectures, gene expression profiles and immune phenotypes. All these alterations result in radio-, chemo- and immune-resistance rendering these metastatic tumor cells refractory to therapy. Since the beginning of the transformation, these factors- which influence each other- are incorporated to the developing and metastasizing tumor. As a result, the complexities in the heterogeneity of tumor progressively increase. This space-time function in the heterogeneity of tumors is generated by various conditions and factors at the genetic as well as microenvironmental levels, for example, endogenous retroviruses, methylation and epigenetic dysregulation that may be etiology-specific, cancer associated inflammation, remodeling of the extracellular matrix and mesenchymal cell shifted functions. On the one hand, these factors may cause de-differentiation of the tumor cells leading to cancer stem cells that contribute to radio-, chemo- and immune-resistance and recurrence of tumors. On the other hand, they may also enhance the heterogeneity under specific microenvironment-driven proliferation. In this editorial, we intend to underline the importance of heterogeneity in cancer progress, its evaluation and its use in correlation with the tumor evolution in a specific patient as a field of research for achieving precise patient-tailored treatments and amelioration of diagnostic (monitoring) tools and prognostic capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Baibaswata Saha
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Tenti
- Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Rathindranath Baral
- Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Shyamaprasad Mukherjee Road, Calcutta 700026, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Design, Synthesis, and Structure-Activity relationships of Evodiamine-Based topoisomerase (Top)/Histone deacetylase (HDAC) dual inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
3
|
Lee S, Wang SW, Yu CL, Tai HC, Yen JY, Tuan YL, Wang HH, Liu YT, Chen SS, Lee HY. Effect of phenylurea hydroxamic acids on histone deacetylase and VEGFR-2. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 50:116454. [PMID: 34634618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of phenylurea hydroxamic acids incorporating pharmacophores of inhibitors of HDAC inhibitors and VEGFR-2 has been designed. Most of the compounds show antiproliferative activity comparable to that of Vorinostat and Sorafenib, and better EPC inhibitory activity. Enzymatic assays and Western blotting results indicated that compound 14 not only inhibits HDAC but also has slight VEGFR-2 inhibitory activity. A docking study revealed that the polar hydroxamic acid retains the interaction with HDAC through a zinc ion and also interacts with some residues of the active site of VEGFR-2. Despite 14 displaying a weaker VEGFR-2 activity, a possible route to develop potent HDAC/VEGFR-2 inhibitors is suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Szu Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Lin Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Huai-Ching Tai
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Urology, Fu-Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Juei-Yu Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lien Tuan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Hsiao Wang
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Liu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Shiou-Sheng Chen
- Division of Urology, Taipei City Hospital Zhong Xiao Branch, Taipei, Taiwan; Commission for General Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Urology, College of Medicine and Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan; General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Yun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Master Program in Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deshmukh A, Arfuso F, Newsholme P, Dharmarajan A. Epigenetic demethylation of sFRPs, with emphasis on sFRP4 activation, leading to Wnt signalling suppression and histone modifications in breast, prostate, and ovary cancer stem cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 109:23-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
5
|
Dzobo K, Senthebane DA, Thomford NE, Rowe A, Dandara C, Parker MI. Not Everyone Fits the Mold: Intratumor and Intertumor Heterogeneity and Innovative Cancer Drug Design and Development. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2019; 22:17-34. [PMID: 29356626 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Disruptive innovations in medicine are game-changing in nature and bring about radical shifts in the way we understand human diseases, their treatment, and/or prevention. Yet, disruptive innovations in cancer drug design and development are still limited. Therapies that cure all cancer patients are in short supply or do not exist at all. Chief among the causes of this predicament is drug resistance, a mechanism that is much more dynamic than previously understood. Drug resistance has limited the initial success experienced with biomarker-guided targeted therapies as well. A major contributor to drug resistance is intratumor heterogeneity. For example, within solid tumors, there are distinct subclones of cancer cells, presenting profound complexity to cancer treatment. Well-known contributors to intratumor heterogeneity are genomic instability, the microenvironment, cellular genotype, cell plasticity, and stochastic processes. This expert review explains that for oncology drug design and development to be more innovative, we need to take into account intratumor heterogeneity. Initially thought to be the preserve of cancer cells, recent evidence points to the highly heterogeneous nature and diverse locations of stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer-associated macrophages (CAMs). Distinct subpopulations of CAFs and CAMs are now known to be located immediately adjacent and distant from cancer cells, with different subpopulations exerting different effects on cancer cells. Disruptive innovation and precision medicine in clinical oncology do not have to be a distant reality, but can potentially be achieved by targeting these spatially separated and exclusive cancer cell subclones and CAF subtypes. Finally, we emphasize that disruptive innovations in drug discovery and development will likely come from drugs whose effect is not necessarily tumor shrinkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- 1 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town, South Africa .,2 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Dimakatso Alice Senthebane
- 1 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town, South Africa .,2 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Ekow Thomford
- 3 Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Arielle Rowe
- 1 International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Collet Dandara
- 3 Pharmacogenetics Research Group, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Iqbal Parker
- 2 Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town , Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moggs J, Terranova R. Chromatin dynamics underlying latent responses to xenobiotics. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:606-617. [PMID: 30090610 PMCID: PMC6062062 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00317j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic xenobiotics can trigger dynamic alterations in mammalian chromatin structure and function but many of these are likely non-adverse and simply reflect short-term changes in DNA transactions underlying normal homeostatic, adaptive and protective cellular responses. However, it is plausible that a subset of xenobiotic-induced perturbations of somatic tissue or germline epigenomes result in delayed-onset and long-lasting adverse effects, in particular if they occur during critical stages of growth and development. These could include reprogramming, dedifferentiation, uncontrolled growth, and cumulative toxicity effects through molecular memory of prior xenobiotic exposures or altered susceptibility to subsequent xenobiotic exposures. Here we discuss the current evidence for epigenetic mechanisms underlying latent responses to xenobiotics, and the potential for identifying molecular epigenetic changes that are prodromal to overt morphologic or functional toxicity phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Moggs
- Preclinical Safety , Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Rémi Terranova
- Preclinical Safety , Translational Medicine , Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zang J, Liang X, Huang Y, Jia Y, Li X, Xu W, Chou CJ, Zhang Y. Discovery of Novel Pazopanib-Based HDAC and VEGFR Dual Inhibitors Targeting Cancer Epigenetics and Angiogenesis Simultaneously. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5304-5322. [PMID: 29787262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Herein a novel series of pazopanib hybrids as polypharmacological antitumor agents were developed based on the crosstalk between histone deacetylases (HDACs) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway. Among them, one ortho-aminoanilide 6d and one hydroxamic acid 13f exhibited considerable total HDACs and VEGFR-2 inhibitory activities. The HDAC inhibitory activities endowed 6d and 13f with potent antiproliferative activities, which was not observed in the approved VEGFR inhibitor pazopanib. Compounds 6d and 13f possessed comparable HDAC isoform selectivity profiles to the clinical class I HDAC inhibitor MS-275 and the approved pan-HDAC inhibitor SAHA, respectively. 6d and 13f also exhibited uncompromised multiple tyrosine kinases inhibitory activities relative to pazopanib. The intracellular dual inhibition to HDAC and VEGFR of 6d and 13f was validated by Western blot analysis. In both HUVECs tube formation assay and rat thoracic aorta rings assay, 6d and 13f showed comparable antiangiogenic potencies to pazopanib. What's more, 6d possessed desirable pharmacokinetic profiles with the oral bioavailability of 72% in SD rats and considerable in vivo antitumor efficacy in a human colorectal adenocarcinoma (HT-29) xenograft model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical of Science , Shandong University , Ji'nan , Shandong 250012 , P. R. China
| | - Xuewu Liang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical of Science , Shandong University , Ji'nan , Shandong 250012 , P. R. China
| | - Yongxue Huang
- Weifang Bochuang International Biological Medicinal Institute , Weifang , Shandong 261061 , P. R. China
| | - Yuping Jia
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ji'nan , Shandong 250101 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical of Science , Shandong University , Ji'nan , Shandong 250012 , P. R. China
| | - C James Chou
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina 29425 , United States
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical of Science , Shandong University , Ji'nan , Shandong 250012 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Structural modification of histone deacetylase inhibitors with a phenylglycine scaffold. Anticancer Drugs 2018; 29:145-156. [PMID: 33052636 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During the discovery of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) as antitumor drugs, a series of potent phenylglycine-based HDACIs were developed. However, further development is restricted by the poor solubility. Therefore, structural modifications were performed in the present study in the development of potent HDACIs with improved pharmacokinetic properties. The synthesized molecules were designed by the substitution of fatty linkers for aromatic linkers, and showed good solubility profiles. Among the compounds derived, molecule HD9 showed a potent enzyme-inhibitory effect (IC50 values of 76 nmol/l) and in-vitro antiproliferative activities (IC50 values of 0.51, 0.83, and 0.76 µmol/l against U937, K562, and HL60 cells, respectively). Molecule HD9 showed selectivity of HDAC3 over HDAC6 in the isoform selectivity assays. Molecular docking studies showed good binding patterns of molecule HD9 to the active site of HDAC3. Results from the present work indicated that molecule HD9 is a promising lead compound for the tumor therapy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhou N, Yan Y, Liu C, Hou J, Xu W, Zhang Y. Discovery of a tetrahydroisoquinoline-based HDAC inhibitor with improved plasma stability. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4614-4619. [PMID: 28757101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors with desirable pharmacokinetic profiles which can be delivered to solid tumor tissues in large amount might be promising to treat solid tumor effectively. Herein, structural modification of a previously reported tetrahydroisoquinoline-based HDAC inhibitor 1 was carried out to improve its plasma stability for more feasible drug delivery. Among three newly synthesized analogs, the in vitro rat plasma stability of compound 2 (t1/2=630min) was over 5-fold improved than its parent 1 (t1/2=103min). In vitro activity evaluation showed that compound 2 and 1 exhibited similar HDACs inhibitory activity, which was validated by western blot analysis and antiproliferative assay. Moreover, compared with 1, compound 2 exhibited comparable, if not higher, in vivo antitumor activity in a human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) xenograft model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Drug Research and Development Center, Shandong Drug and Food Vocational College, Weihai, Shandong 264210, PR China
| | - Yugang Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Chunxi Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Jinning Hou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Wenfang Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China
| | - Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China; Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Ji'nan, Shandong 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ellert-Miklaszewska A, Dallavalle S, Musso L, Martinet N, Wojnicki K, Kaminska B. Identification of new scaffolds with anti-tumor action toward human glioblastoma cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00477f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compounds containing an isothiazolonaphthoquinone core and HDAC inhibitors with an indolyl-substituted biphenyl-4-yl-acrylohydroxamic acid are promising drug candidates against malignant brain tumors, glioblastomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ellert-Miklaszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Neurobiology Center
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Loana Musso
- Department of Food
- Environmental and Nutritional Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology
- 20133 Milan
- Italy
| | - Nadine Martinet
- CNRS UMR 7272
- Institut de Chimie
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis
- Nice
- France
| | - Kamil Wojnicki
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Neurobiology Center
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Neurobiology Center
- The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences
- 02-093 Warsaw
- Poland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Juo YY, Gong XJ, Mishra A, Cui X, Baylin SB, Azad NS, Ahuja N. Epigenetic therapy for solid tumors: from bench science to clinical trials. Epigenomics 2015; 7:215-35. [PMID: 25942532 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancer epigenome is characterized by global DNA methylation and chromatin changes, such as the hypermethylation of specific CpG island promoters. Epigenetic agents like DNA methyltransferase or histone deacetylase inhibitors induce phenotype changes by reactivation of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes. Despite initial promise in hematologic malignancies, epigenetic agents have not shown significant efficacy as monotherapy against solid tumors. Recent trials showed that epigenetic agents exert favorable modifier effects when combined with chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or other epigenetic agents. Due to the novel nature of their mechanism, it is important to reconsider the optimal patient selection, drug regimen, study design, and outcome measures when pursuing future trials in order to discover the full potential of this new therapeutic modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yi Juo
- Department of Surgery, George Washington University Medical Center, 2150 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Suite 6B, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Maleszewska M, Steranka A, Kaminska B. The effects of selected inhibitors of histone modifying enzyme on C6 glioma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:107-13. [PMID: 24905315 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant epigenetic histone modifications are implicated in cancer pathobiology, therefore histone modifying enzymes are emerging targets for anti-cancer therapy. There is a few evidence for deregulation of the histone modifying enzymes in glioblastomas. Glioma treatment is a clinical challenge due to its resistance to current therapies. METHODS The effect of selected inhibitors on epigenetic modifications and viability of glioma C6 cells were studied using immunofluorescence and MTT metabolism test. RESULTS We found that VPA and TSA increase histone H4 acetylation in glioma cells, while chaetocin and BIX01294 at low concentrations reduce H3K9me3, and 3DZNep decreases H3K27me3. Long-term treatment with some epigenetic inhibitors affects viability of glioma cells. CONCLUSIONS We established the concentrations of selected inhibitors which in C6 glioma cells inhibit the enzyme activity, but do not decrease cell viability, hence allow to study the role of histone modifications in C6 glioma biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maleszewska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Steranka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Bozena Kaminska
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Neurobiology Center, The Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warszawa, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ahmad A, Li Y, Bao B, Kong D, Sarkar FH. Epigenetic regulation of miRNA-cancer stem cells nexus by nutraceuticals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:79-86. [PMID: 24272883 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nutraceuticals, the bioactive food components represented by many naturally occurring dietary compounds, have been investigated for a few decades for their numerous beneficial effects, including their anticancer properties. The initial interest in the cancer-preventing/therapeutic ability of these agents was based on their ability to affect multiple signaling pathways that are deregulated in cancer cells. With a shift in the focus of cancer research to the emerging areas such as epigenetic regulation, microRNAs (miRNAs) and the cancer stem cells (CSCs), nutraceuticals initially appeared out of place. However, research investigations over the last several years have slowly but firmly presented evidence that supports a relevance of these agents in modern day research. While nutraceuticals are increasingly being realized to alter miRNA/CSCs expression and function, the molecular mechanism(s) are not very clearly understood. Epigenetic regulation is one mechanism by which these agents exert their anticancer effects. In this focused mini review, we summarize our current understanding of epigenetic regulation of miRNAs and CSCs by nutraceuticals. We discuss both direct and indirect evidences that support such an activity of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang L, Zhang Y, Chou CJ, Inks ES, Wang X, Li X, Hou J, Xu W. Histone deacetylase inhibitors with enhanced enzymatic inhibition effects and potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:638-48. [PMID: 24227760 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a series of small molecules were designed and synthesized based on structural optimization. A significant improvement in the enzyme inhibitory activity of these compounds was discovered. Moreover, the tested compounds have moderate preference for class I HDACs over HDAC6, as demonstrated by enzyme selectivity assays. In vitro antiproliferation assay results show that representative compounds can selectively inhibit the growth of non-solid lymphoma and leukemic cells such as U937, K562, and HL60. In the in vivo antitumor assay, (S)-4-(2-(5-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-1-sulfonamido)-2-phenylacetamido)-N-hydroxybenzamide (D17) showed better performance than SAHA in blocking U937 tumor growth. Western blot analysis revealed that representative molecules can block the function of both class I HDACs and HDAC6. More importantly, our western blot results reveal that the levels of some oncogenic proteins (p-Akt in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal pathway, c-Raf and p-Erk in the MAPK signal pathway) were dramatically down-regulated by our compounds in the U937 cell line rather than MDA-MB-231 cells. This distinction in cellular mechanism might be an important reason why the U937 cell line was found to more sensitive to our HDAC inhibitors than the MDA-MB-231 cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071 (China).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
De Sousa E Melo F, Vermeulen L, Fessler E, Medema JP. Cancer heterogeneity--a multifaceted view. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:686-95. [PMID: 23846313 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancers of various organs have been categorized into distinct subtypes after increasingly sophisticated taxonomies. Additionally, within a seemingly homogeneous subclass, individual cancers contain diverse tumour cell populations that vary in important cancer-specific traits such as clonogenicity and invasive potential. Differences that exist between and within a given tumour type have hampered significantly both the proper selection of patients that might benefit from therapy, as well as the development of new targeted agents. In this review, we discuss the differences associated with organ-specific cancer subtypes and the factors that contribute to intra-tumour heterogeneity. It is of utmost importance to understand the biological causes that distinguish tumours as well as distinct tumour cell populations within malignancies, as these will ultimately point the way to more rational anti-cancer treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe De Sousa E Melo
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology & Radiobiology, Centre for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
The promise of targeting epigenetic abnormalities for cancer therapy has not been realized for solid tumours, although increasing evidence is demonstrating its worth in haematological malignancies. In fact, true clinical efficacy in haematopoietic-related neoplasms has only become evident at low doses of epigenetic-targeting drugs (namely, inhibitors of histone deacetylase and DNA methyltransferases). Describing data from preclinical studies and early clinical trial results, we hypothesize that in using low-dose epigenetic-modulating agents, tumour cells can be reprogrammed, which overrides any immediate cytotoxic and off-target effect observed at high dose. We suggest that such optimization of drug dosing and scheduling of currently available agents could give these agents a prominent place in cancer management--when used alone or in combination with other therapies. If so, optimal use of these known agents might also pave the way for the introduction of other agents that target the epigenome.
Collapse
|
17
|
A novel selective LSD1/KDM1A inhibitor epigenetically blocks herpes simplex virus lytic replication and reactivation from latency. mBio 2013; 4:e00558-12. [PMID: 23386436 PMCID: PMC3565832 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00558-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular processes requiring access to the DNA genome are regulated by an overlay of epigenetic modifications, including histone modification and chromatin remodeling. Similar to the cellular host, many nuclear DNA viruses that depend upon the host cell’s transcriptional machinery are also subject to the regulatory impact of chromatin assembly and modification. Infection of cells with alphaherpesviruses (herpes simplex virus [HSV] and varicella-zoster virus [VZV]) results in the deposition of nucleosomes bearing repressive histone H3K9 methylation on the viral genome. This repressive state is modulated by the recruitment of a cellular coactivator complex containing the histone H3K9 demethylase LSD1 to the viral immediate-early (IE) gene promoters. Inhibition of the activity of this enzyme results in increased repressive chromatin assembly and suppression of viral gene expression during lytic infection as well as reactivation from latency in a mouse ganglion explant model. However, available small-molecule LSD1 inhibitors are not originally designed to inhibit LSD1, but rather monoamine oxidases (MAO) in general. Thus, their specificity for and potency to LSD1 is low. In this study, a novel specific LSD1 inhibitor was identified that potently repressed HSV IE gene expression, genome replication, and reactivation from latency. Importantly, the inhibitor also suppressed primary infection of HSV in vivo in a mouse model. Based on common control of a number of DNA viruses by epigenetic modulation, it was also demonstrated that this LSD1 inhibitor blocks initial gene expression of the human cytomegalovirus and adenovirus type 5. IMPORTANCE Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modification and chromatin remodeling, play important regulatory roles in all cellular processes requiring access to the genome. These mechanisms are often altered in disease conditions, including various cancers, and thus represent novel targets for drugs. Similarly, many viral pathogens are regulated by an epigenetic overlay that determines the outcome of infection. Therefore, these epigenetic targets also represent novel antiviral targets. Here, a novel inhibitor was identified with high specificity and potency for the histone demethylase LSD1, a critical component of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) gene expression paradigm. This inhibitor was demonstrated to have potent antiviral potential in both cultured cells and animal models. Thus, in addition to clearly demonstrating the critical role of LSD1 in regulation of HSV infection, as well as other DNA viruses, the data extends the therapeutic potential of chromatin modulation inhibitors from the focused field of oncology to the arena of antiviral agents. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modification and chromatin remodeling, play important regulatory roles in all cellular processes requiring access to the genome. These mechanisms are often altered in disease conditions, including various cancers, and thus represent novel targets for drugs. Similarly, many viral pathogens are regulated by an epigenetic overlay that determines the outcome of infection. Therefore, these epigenetic targets also represent novel antiviral targets. Here, a novel inhibitor was identified with high specificity and potency for the histone demethylase LSD1, a critical component of the herpes simplex virus (HSV) gene expression paradigm. This inhibitor was demonstrated to have potent antiviral potential in both cultured cells and animal models. Thus, in addition to clearly demonstrating the critical role of LSD1 in regulation of HSV infection, as well as other DNA viruses, the data extends the therapeutic potential of chromatin modulation inhibitors from the focused field of oncology to the arena of antiviral agents.
Collapse
|
18
|
Pogribny IP, Beland FA. DNA methylome alterations in chemical carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:39-45. [PMID: 23010082 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis, a complex multifactorial process of the transformation of normal cells into malignant cells, is characterized by many biologically significant and interdependent alterations triggered by the mutational and/or non-mutational (i.e., epigenetic) events. One of these events, specific to all types of cancer, is alterations in DNA methylation. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of DNA methylation changes induced by various genotoxic chemicals (carcinogenic agents that interact with DNA) and non-genotoxic carcinogens (chemicals causing tumor by mechanisms other than directly damaging DNA) in the lung, colorectal, liver, and hematologic carcinogenesis. It also emphasizes the potential role for epigenetic changes to serve as markers for carcinogen exposure and carcinogen risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Epigenetic control and cancer: the potential of histone demethylases as therapeutic targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2012; 5:963-90. [PMID: 24280700 PMCID: PMC3816642 DOI: 10.3390/ph5090963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer involves an immense number of factors at the molecular level. These factors are associated principally with alterations in the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression profiles. Studying the effects of chromatin structure alterations, which are caused by the addition/removal of functional groups to specific histone residues, are of great interest as a promising way to identify markers for cancer diagnosis, classify the disease and determine its prognosis, and these markers could be potential targets for the treatment of this disease in its different forms. This manuscript presents the current point of view regarding members of the recently described family of proteins that exhibit histone demethylase activity; histone demethylases are genetic regulators that play a fundamental role in both the activation and repression of genes and whose expression has been observed to increase in many types of cancer. Some fundamental aspects of their association with the development of cancer and their relevance as potential targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies at the epigenetic level are discussed in the following manuscript.
Collapse
|
20
|
Verbrugge I, Hagekyriakou J, Sharp LL, Galli M, West A, McLaughlin NM, Duret H, Yagita H, Johnstone RW, Smyth MJ, Haynes NM. Radiotherapy increases the permissiveness of established mammary tumors to rejection by immunomodulatory antibodies. Cancer Res 2012; 72:3163-74. [PMID: 22570253 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-0210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that radiotherapy may benefit from coincident or subsequent immunotherapy. In this study, we examined whether the antitumor effects of radiotherapy, in established triple-negative breast tumors could be enhanced with combinations of clinically relevant monoclonal antibodies (mAb), designed to stimulate immunity [anti-(α)-CD137, α-CD40] or relieve immunosuppression [α-programmed death (PD)-1]. While the concomitant targeting of the costimulatory molecules CD137 and CD40 enhanced the antitumor effects of radiotherapy and promoted the rejection of subcutaneous BALB/c-derived 4T1.2 tumors, this novel combination was noncurative in mice bearing established C57BL/6-derived AT-3 tumors. We identified PD-1 signaling within the AT-3 tumors as a critical limiting factor to the therapeutic efficacy of α-CD137 therapy, alone and in combination with radiotherapy. Strikingly, all mice bearing established orthotopic AT-3 mammary tumors were cured when α-CD137 and α-PD-1 mAbs were combined with single- or low-dose fractionated radiotherapy. CD8+ T cells were essential for curative responses to this combinatorial regime. Interestingly, CD137 expression on tumor-associated CD8+ T cells was largely restricted to a subset that highly expressed PD-1. These CD137+PD-1High CD8+ T cells, persisted in irradiated AT-3 tumors, expressed Tim-3, granzyme B and Ki67 and produced IFN-γ ex vivo in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin stimulation. Notably, radiotherapy did not deplete, but enriched tumors of functionally active, tumor-specific effector cells. Collectively, these data show that concomitant targeting of immunostimulatory and inhibitory checkpoints with immunomodulatory mAbs can enhance the curative capacity of radiotherapy in established breast malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inge Verbrugge
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Laboratories, Department of Physical Sciences, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|