1
|
Mariani S, Robbiano V, Iglio R, La Mattina AA, Nadimi P, Wang J, Kim B, Kumeria T, Sailor MJ, Barillaro G. Moldless Printing of Silicone Lenses With Embedded Nanostructured Optical Filters. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1906836. [PMID: 32377177 PMCID: PMC7202556 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201906836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Optical lenses are among the oldest technological innovations (3000 years ago) and they have enabled a multitude of applications in healthcare and in our daily lives. The primary function of optical lenses has changed little over time; they serve mainly as a light-collection (e.g. reflected, transmitted, diffracted) element, and the wavelength and/or intensity of the collected light is usually manipulated by coupling with various external optical filter elements or coatings. This generally results in losses associated with multiple interfacial reflections, and increases the complexity of design and construction. In this work we introduce a change in this paradigm, by integrating both light-shaping and image magnification into a single lens element using a moldless procedure that takes advantage of the physical and optical properties of mesoporous silicon (PSi) photonic crystal nanostructures. Casting of a liquid poly(dimethyl) siloxane (PDMS) pre-polymer solution onto a PSi film generates a droplet with contact angle that is readily controlled by the silicon nanostructure, and adhesion of the cured polymer to the PSi photonic crystal allows preparation of lightweight (10 mg) freestanding lenses (4.7 mm focal length) with an embedded optical component (e.g. optical rugate filter, resonant cavity, distributed Bragg reflector). Our fabrication process shows excellent reliability (yield 95%) and low cost and we expect our lens to have implications in a wide range of applications. As a proof-of-concept, using a single monolithic lens/filter element we demonstrate: fluorescence imaging of isolated human cancer cells with rejection of the blue excitation light, through a lens that is self-adhered to a commercial smartphone; shaping the emission spectrum of a white light emitting diode (LED) to tune the color from red through blue; and selection of a narrow wavelength band (bandwidth 5 nm) from a fluorescent molecular probe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mariani
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Valentina Robbiano
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Rossella Iglio
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Antonino A La Mattina
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Pantea Nadimi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| | - Joanna Wang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Byungji Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Tushar Kumeria
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael J Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Giuseppe Barillaro
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Via G. Caruso 16, 56122, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sanguinetti M, Seme K, Poljak M. Mobile microbiology: an evolving concept in diagnosis of infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Infect 2020; 26:409-410. [PMID: 31899335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Sanguinetti
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio e Infettivologiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - K Seme
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ong DSY, Poljak M. Smartphones as mobile microbiological laboratories. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 26:421-424. [PMID: 31610301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Point-of-care (POC) tests provide an alternative to traditional laboratory-based diagnostics due to reduced turnaround times, portability and no need for highly trained laboratory staff. Smartphones can be integrated into POC platforms because of their multifunctionality, enabled by high-quality digital cameras, computer processors, touchscreen interface and wireless data transfer. It is predicted that by 2020 about 80% of the world population will use smartphones. OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the current state of the art regarding smartphones as part of a mobile microbiological laboratory. SOURCES Selected peer-reviewed publications on smartphone-based microbiological testing published between January 2015 and August 2019. CONTENT Smartphones can be used as instrumental interfaces, dongles, microscopes or test result readers (brightfield, colorimetric and fluorescent measurements), or combined with amplification methods such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) tests in portable POC test platforms. Smartphone-based tests offer opportunities for microbiological diagnostics in remote areas and both resource-limited and resource-rich settings. Wireless connectivity may facilitate epidemiological studies and creation of spatiotemporal disease prevalence maps. However, the current analytical performance of many smartphone-based POC tests must be improved and carefully validated in clinical settings by comparison with current diagnostic standards. IMPLICATIONS Recent developments in smartphone-based POC tests for infectious diseases are promising, as evidenced by results from many proof-of-concept studies. Further progress will foster large-scale implementation of smartphone-based POC as mobile microbiological laboratories in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Y Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - M Poljak
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vietz C, Schütte ML, Wei Q, Richter L, Lalkens B, Ozcan A, Tinnefeld P, Acuna GP. Benchmarking Smartphone Fluorescence-Based Microscopy with DNA Origami Nanobeads: Reducing the Gap toward Single-Molecule Sensitivity. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:637-642. [PMID: 30775643 PMCID: PMC6372172 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Smartphone-based fluorescence microscopy has been rapidly developing over the last few years, enabling point-of-need detection of cells, bacteria, viruses, and biomarkers. These mobile microscopy devices are cost-effective, field-portable, and easy to use, and benefit from economies of scale. Recent developments in smartphone camera technology have improved their performance, getting closer to that of lab microscopes. Here, we report the use of DNA origami nanobeads with predefined numbers of fluorophores to quantify the sensitivity of a smartphone-based fluorescence microscope in terms of the minimum number of detectable molecules per diffraction-limited spot. With the brightness of a single dye molecule as a reference, we compare the performance of color and monochrome sensors embedded in state-of-the-art smartphones. Our results show that the monochrome sensor of a smartphone can achieve better sensitivity, with a detection limit of ∼10 fluorophores per spot. The use of DNA origami nanobeads to quantify the minimum number of detectable molecules of a sensor is broadly applicable to evaluate the sensitivity of various optical instruments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Vietz
- Institute
for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Braunschweig Integrated
Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology
(LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Max L. Schütte
- Institute
for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Braunschweig Integrated
Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology
(LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Lars Richter
- Institute
for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Braunschweig Integrated
Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology
(LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Birka Lalkens
- Department
Chemie and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet
Muenchen, Butenandtstr.
5-13 Haus E, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical
& Computer Engineering Department, Bioengineering Department,
California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), and Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 310 825 0915 (A.O.)
| | - Philip Tinnefeld
- Department
Chemie and Center for NanoScience, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet
Muenchen, Butenandtstr.
5-13 Haus E, 81377 Muenchen, Germany
- E-mail: . Tel: +49 89 2180 77549. Fax: +49 89 2180 77548 (P.T.)
| | - Guillermo P. Acuna
- Institute
for Physical & Theoretical Chemistry, Braunschweig Integrated
Centre of Systems Biology (BRICS), and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology
(LENA), Braunschweig University of Technology, Rebenring 56, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Department
of Physics, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 3, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
- E-mail: . Tel: +41 26 300 9631. Fax: +41 26 300 9030 (G.P.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Culture-free, highly sensitive, quantitative detection of bacteria from minimally processed samples using fluorescence imaging by smartphone. Biosens Bioelectron 2018. [PMID: 29533818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A critical unmet need in the diagnosis of bacterial infections, which remain a major cause of human morbidity and mortality, is the detection of scarce bacterial pathogens in a variety of samples in a rapid and quantitative manner. Herein, we demonstrate smartphone-based detection of Staphylococcus aureus in a culture-free, rapid, quantitative manner from minimally processed liquid samples using aptamer-functionalized fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles. The tagged S. aureus cells were magnetically captured in a detection cassette, and then fluorescence was imaged using a smartphone camera with a light-emitting diode as the excitation source. Our results showed quantitative detection capability with a minimum detectable concentration as low as 10 cfu/ml by counting individual bacteria cells, efficiently capturing S. aureus cells directly from a peanut milk sample within 10 min. When the selectivity of detection was investigated using samples spiked with other pathogenic bacteria, no significant non-specific detection occurred. Furthermore, strains of S. aureus from various origins showed comparable results, ensuring that the approach can be widely adopted. Therefore, the quantitative fluorescence imaging platform on a smartphone could allow on-site detection of bacteria, providing great potential assistance during major infectious disease outbreaks in remote and resource-limited settings.
Collapse
|
6
|
Greenway A. Welcome to the 13th volume of Future Microbiology. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1-3. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2017-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Greenway
- Future Science Group, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, London N3 1QB, UK
| |
Collapse
|