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Matotoka MM, Masoko P. Evaluation of the Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Antibacterial, Anti-Motility, and Anti-Biofilm Effects of Myrothamnus flabellifolius Welw. Leaves and Stem Defatted Subfractions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:847. [PMID: 38592866 PMCID: PMC10974473 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The formation of biofilms underscores the challenge of treating bacterial infections. The study aimed to assess the antioxidant, cytotoxicity, antibacterial, anti-motility, and anti-biofilm effects of defatted fractions from Myrothamnus flabellifolius (resurrection plant). Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide assays. Cytotoxicity was screened using a brine shrimp lethality assay. Antibacterial activity was determined using the micro-dilution and growth curve assays. Antibiofilm potential was screened using the crystal violet and tetrazolium reduction assay. Liquid-liquid extraction of crude extracts concentrated polyphenols in the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions. Subsequently, these fractions had notable antioxidant activity and demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against selected Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and Mycobacterium smegmatis (MIC values < 630 μg/mL). Growth curves showed that the bacteriostatic inhibition by the ethyl acetate fractions was through the extension of the lag phase and/or suppression of the growth rate. The sub-inhibitory concentrations of the ethyl acetate fractions inhibited the swarming motility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae by 100% and eradicated more than 50% of P. aeruginosa biofilm biomass. The polyphenolic content of M. flabellifolius plays an important role in its antibacterial, anti-motility, and antibiofilm activity, thus offering an additional strategy to treat biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Masoko
- Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
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Geng X, Yang YJ, Li Z, Ge WB, Xu X, Liu XW, Li JY. Fingolimod Inhibits Exopolysaccharide Production and Regulates Relevant Genes to Eliminate the Biofilm of K. pneumoniae. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1397. [PMID: 38338675 PMCID: PMC10855953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) exhibits the ability to form biofilms as a means of adapting to its adverse surroundings. K. pneumoniae in this biofilm state demonstrates remarkable resistance, evades immune system attacks, and poses challenges for complete eradication, thereby complicating clinical anti-infection efforts. Moreover, the precise mechanisms governing biofilm formation and disruption remain elusive. Recent studies have discovered that fingolimod (FLD) exhibits biofilm properties against Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore, the antibiofilm properties of FLD were evaluated against multidrug-resistant (MDR) K. pneumoniae in this study. The antibiofilm activity of FLD against K. pneumoniae was assessed utilizing the Alamar Blue assay along with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and crystal violet (CV) staining. The results showed that FLD effectively reduced biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide (EPS), motility, and bacterial abundance within K. pneumoniae biofilms without impeding its growth and metabolic activity. Furthermore, the inhibitory impact of FLD on the production of autoinducer-2 (AI-2) signaling molecules was identified, thereby demonstrating its notable anti-quorum sensing (QS) properties. The results of qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that FLD significantly decreased the expression of genes associated with the efflux pump gene (AcrB, kexD, ketM, kdeA, and kpnE), outer membrane (OM) porin proteins (OmpK35, OmpK36), the quorum-sensing (QS) system (luxS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production (wzm), and EPS production (pgaA). Simultaneously, FLD exhibited evident antibacterial synergism, leading to an increased survival rate of G. mellonella infected with MDR K. pneumoniae. These findings suggested that FLD has substantial antibiofilm properties and synergistic antibacterial potential for colistin in treating K. pneumoniae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xi-Wang Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.G.); (Y.-J.Y.); (Z.L.); (W.-B.G.); (X.X.)
| | - Jian-Yong Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (X.G.); (Y.-J.Y.); (Z.L.); (W.-B.G.); (X.X.)
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Martínez Chamás J, Isla MI, Zampini IC. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Different Species of Fabiana sp. Extract Obtained via Maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction against Staphylococcus epidermidis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091830. [PMID: 37176887 PMCID: PMC10180551 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen that, under certain conditions, can induce aggravated infectious processes, mainly in immunosuppressed patients. Moreover, S. epidermidis is one of the leading causes of medical device- and implant-associated infections and is also recognized as a canonical biofilm producer. Fabiana punensis, F. densa and F. patagonica are three medicinal plants that grow in arid environments in Argentina (Altoandina, Puna, Prepuna and Monte regions). In this work, we studied the antimicrobial activity of alcoholic extracts of these plant species obtained via maceration (M) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) against S. epidermidis. In addition, the antibiofilm activity of the F. densa extract was also evaluated. It was found that the extracts obtained via M did not present differences with those obtained via UAE regarding the chemical profile. F. densa showed the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value (75 µg GAE/mL). At concentrations higher than the MIC, the extract induced the release of cellular constituents. At the concentration of 1/8× MIC, the extract inhibited biofilm formation by 78%, reducing metabolic activity by 67%. On the other hand, it presented a low percentage of preformed biofilm removal. In all assays, gallic acid (GA) has been used as a reference antimicrobial compound. Finally, it was shown via microscopy visualization that the extract reduces adhesion to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Thus, F. densa extracts could potentially be used for the antibiotic treatment of infections produced by S. epidermidis or as an inhibitor agent of production biofilm, avoiding infections caused by medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez Chamás
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV-CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán PC:4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Inés Isla
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV-CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán PC:4000, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Iris Catiana Zampini
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Productos Naturales (LIPRON), Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal (INBIOFIV-CONICET-UNT), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e IML, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Lorenzo 1469, San Miguel de Tucumán PC:4000, Tucumán, Argentina
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4
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Cho JS, Yang D, Prabowo CPS, Ghiffary MR, Han T, Choi KR, Moon CW, Zhou H, Ryu JY, Kim HU, Lee SY. Targeted and high-throughput gene knockdown in diverse bacteria using synthetic sRNAs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2359. [PMID: 37095132 PMCID: PMC10126203 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38119-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic sRNAs allow knockdown of target genes at translational level, but have been restricted to a limited number of bacteria. Here, we report the development of a broad-host-range synthetic sRNA (BHR-sRNA) platform employing the RoxS scaffold and the Hfq chaperone from Bacillus subtilis. BHR-sRNA is tested in 16 bacterial species including commensal, probiotic, pathogenic, and industrial bacteria, with >50% of target gene knockdown achieved in 12 bacterial species. For medical applications, virulence factors in Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella pneumoniae are knocked down to mitigate their virulence-associated phenotypes. For metabolic engineering applications, high performance Corynebacterium glutamicum strains capable of producing valerolactam (bulk chemical) and methyl anthranilate (fine chemical) are developed by combinatorial knockdown of target genes. A genome-scale sRNA library covering 2959 C. glutamicum genes is constructed for high-throughput colorimetric screening of indigoidine (natural colorant) overproducers. The BHR-sRNA platform will expedite engineering of diverse bacteria of both industrial and medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Cho
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dongsoo Yang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Cindy Pricilia Surya Prabowo
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Rifqi Ghiffary
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Biology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehee Han
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Rok Choi
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheon Woo Moon
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hengrui Zhou
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Ryu
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Systems Biology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), Institute for the BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Artificial Intelligence, BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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França A, Cerca N. Gene Expression Quantification from Pathogenic Bacterial Biofilms by Quantitative PCR. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2967:133-149. [PMID: 37608108 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3358-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is one of the most used techniques to quantify gene expression in bacterial biofilms due to its easiness, sensitivity, and robustness. However, several practical aspects need to be considered to obtain accurate and reliable results. Here, we describe a detailed and optimized protocol to quantify mRNA transcripts from bacterial biofilms using qPCR, including pieces of advice to improve RNA quality, which ultimately increases the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of gene expression data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Nuno Cerca
- LIBRO-Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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6
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Choi E, Wells B, Mirabella G, Atkins E, Choi S. Anti-biofilm activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens culture supernatants on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis 1457. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:370. [PMID: 36510276 PMCID: PMC9743590 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-06257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Staphylococcus epidermidis is a skin colonizer and a major cause of nosocomial infections that can lead to sepsis. It causes opportunistic infections by forming biofilms on medical devices, which are hard to control with conventional antibiotics. In an attempt to develop its biofilm inhibitors, the culture supernatant (CS) of Pseudomonas fluorescens was assessed. This study examined the effect of the CS on S. epidermidis 1457 biofilm formation, the characteristics of inhibitors in the CS, and the differential gene expression of S. epidermidis when treated with the CS. RESULTS P. fluorescens CS specifically targeted the maturation stage of S. epidermidis biofilm formation while not affecting planktonic growth. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that P. fluorescens CS significantly downregulated S. epidermidis ica genes and upregulated an ica repressor, tcaR. This indicates that the CS reduced polysaccharide intercellular adhesin synthesis, a major component of the S. epidermidis 1457 biofilm matrix. Further studies are required to elucidate the specific inhibitory components in the CS and their mechanism of action. Our results indicate that inhibitors in the P. fluorescens CS may have a significant value for inhibiting S. epidermidis biofilm. Combinations of specific inhibitors from the CS and antibiotics against staphylococci may provide an effective measure to control S. epidermidis biofilm formation while avoiding antibiotic resistance and compensating the attenuated effectiveness of antibiotics on biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euna Choi
- grid.441145.10000 0004 0414 0983Biology Department, Union University, 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson, TN 38305 USA
| | - Bethany Wells
- grid.441145.10000 0004 0414 0983Biology Department, Union University, 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson, TN 38305 USA
| | - Gabrielle Mirabella
- grid.441145.10000 0004 0414 0983Biology Department, Union University, 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson, TN 38305 USA
| | - Emilee Atkins
- grid.441145.10000 0004 0414 0983Biology Department, Union University, 1050 Union University Drive, Jackson, TN 38305 USA
| | - Sunga Choi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biosystems, Seongnam-Campus of Korea Polytechnics, Seongnam, South Korea
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7
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Brás S, França A. Transcriptome Mining to Identify Molecular Markers for the Diagnosis of Staphylococcus epidermidis Bloodstream Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1596. [PMID: 36421239 PMCID: PMC9687011 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis are often misdiagnosed since no diagnostic marker found so far can unequivocally discriminate "true" infection from sample contamination. While attempts have been made to find genomic and/or phenotypic differences between invasive and commensal isolates, possible changes in the transcriptome of these isolates under in vivo-mimicking conditions have not been investigated. Herein, we characterized the transcriptome, by RNA sequencing, of three clinical and three commensal isolates after 2 h of exposure to whole human blood. Bioinformatics analysis was used to rank the genes with the highest potential to distinguish invasive from commensal isolates and among the ten genes identified as candidates, the gene SERP2441 showed the highest potential. A collection of 56 clinical and commensal isolates was then used to validate, by quantitative PCR, the discriminative power of the selected genes. A significant variation was observed among isolates, and the discriminative power of the selected genes was lost, undermining their potential use as markers. Nevertheless, future studies should include an RNA sequencing characterization of a larger collection of isolates, as well as a wider range of conditions to increase the chances of finding further candidate markers for the diagnosis of bloodstream infections caused by S. epidermidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Brás
- LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Angela França
- LIBRO—Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- LABBELS–Associate Laboratory, Braga and Guimarães, Portugal
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Lu Y, Cai WJ, Ren Z, Han P. The Role of Staphylococcal Biofilm on the Surface of Implants in Orthopedic Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1909. [PMID: 36296183 PMCID: PMC9612000 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advanced implant sterilization and aseptic surgical techniques, implant-associated infection remains a major challenge for orthopedic surgeries. The subject of bacterial biofilms is receiving increasing attention, probably as a result of the wide acknowledgement of the ubiquity of biofilms in the clinical environment, as well as the extreme difficulty in eradicating them. Biofilm can be defined as a structured microbial community of cells that are attached to a substratum and embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) that they have produced. Biofilm development has been proposed as occurring in a multi-step process: (i) attachment and adherence, (ii) accumulation/maturation due to cellular aggregation and EPS production, and (iii) biofilm detachment (also called dispersal) of bacterial cells. In all these stages, characteristic proteinaceous and non-proteinaceous compounds are expressed, and their expression is strictly controlled. Bacterial biofilm formation around implants shelters the bacteria and encourages the persistence of infection, which could lead to implant failure and osteomyelitis. These complications need to be treated by major revision surgeries and extended antibiotic therapies, which could lead to high treatment costs and even increase mortality. Effective preventive and therapeutic measures to reduce risks for implant-associated infections are thus in urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pei Han
- Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Carcione D, Leccese G, Conte G, Rossi E, Intra J, Bonomi A, Sabella S, Moreo M, Landini P, Brilli M, Paroni M. Lack of Direct Correlation between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance in Clinical Staphylococcus epidermidis Isolates from an Italian Hospital. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061163. [PMID: 35744681 PMCID: PMC9230108 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic pathogen and a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. In this work, we show that, among 51 S. epidermidis isolates from an Italian hospital, only a minority displayed biofilm formation, regardless of their isolation source (peripheral blood, catheter, or skin wounds); however, among the biofilm-producing isolates, those from catheters were the most efficient in biofilm formation. Interestingly, most isolates including strong biofilm producers displayed production levels of PIA (polysaccharide intercellular adhesin), the main S. epidermidis extracellular polysaccharide, similar to reference S. epidermidis strains classified as non-biofilm formers, and much lower than those classified as intermediate or high biofilm formers, possibly suggesting that high levels of PIA production do not confer a particular advantage for clinical isolates. Finally, while for the reference S. epidermidis strains the biofilm production clearly correlated with the decreased sensitivity to antibiotics, in particular, protein synthesis inhibitors, in our clinical isolates, such positive correlation was limited to tetracycline. In contrast, we observed an inverse correlation between biofilm formation and the minimal inhibitory concentrations for levofloxacin and teicoplanin. In addition, in growth conditions favoring PIA production, the biofilm-forming isolates showed increased sensitivity to daptomycin, clindamycin, and erythromycin, with increased tolerance to the trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole association. The lack of direct correlation between the biofilm production and increased tolerance to antibiotics in S. epidermidis isolates from a clinical setting would suggest, at least for some antimicrobials, the possible existence of a trade-off between the production of biofilm determinants and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Carcione
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriella Leccese
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (G.C.); (E.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Gianmarco Conte
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (G.C.); (E.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Elio Rossi
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (G.C.); (E.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Jari Intra
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Milano-Bicocca, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale di Monza ASST-Monza, San Gerardo Hospital, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Alice Bonomi
- Unit of Biostatistics, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy;
| | - Simona Sabella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Massimo Moreo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Centro Cardiologico Monzino, 20138 Milan, Italy; (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Landini
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (G.C.); (E.R.); (P.L.)
| | - Matteo Brilli
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (G.C.); (E.R.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.P.)
| | - Moira Paroni
- Department of Bioscience, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.); (G.C.); (E.R.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (M.P.)
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10
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Nguyen TK, Peyrusson F, Siala W, Pham NH, Nguyen HA, Tulkens PM, Van Bambeke F. Activity of Moxifloxacin Against Biofilms Formed by Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus Differing by Their Resistant or Persister Character to Fluoroquinolones. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:785573. [PMID: 34975808 PMCID: PMC8715871 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.785573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus biofilms are poorly responsive to antibiotics. Underlying reasons include a matrix effect preventing drug access to embedded bacteria, or the presence of dormant bacteria with reduced growth rate. Using 18 clinical isolates previously characterized for their moxifloxacin-resistant and moxifloxacin-persister character in stationary-phase culture, we studied their biofilm production and matrix composition and the anti-biofilm activity of moxifloxacin. Biofilms were grown in microtiter plates and their abundance quantified by crystal violet staining and colony counting; their content in polysaccharides, extracellular DNA and proteins was measured. Moxifloxacin activity was assessed after 24 h of incubation with a broad range of concentrations to establish full concentration-response curves. All clinical isolates produced more biofilm biomass than the reference strain ATCC 25923, the difference being more important for those with high relative persister fractions to moxifloxacin, most of which being also resistant. High biofilm producers expressed icaA to higher levels, enriching the matrix in polysaccharides. Moxifloxacin was less potent against biofilms from clinical isolates than from ATCC 25923, especially against moxifloxacin-resistant isolates with high persister fractions, which was ascribed to a lower concentration of moxifloxacin in these biofilms. Time-kill curves in biofilms revealed the presence of a moxifloxacin-tolerant subpopulation, with low multiplication capacity, whatever the persister character of the isolate. Thus, moxifloxacin activity depends on its local concentration in biofilm, which is reduced in most isolates with high-relative persister fractions due to matrix effects, and insufficient to kill resistant isolates due to their high MIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiep K. Nguyen
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical Industry, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Frédéric Peyrusson
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wafi Siala
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nhung H. Pham
- Department of Microbiology, Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang A. Nguyen
- The National Center for Drug Information and Adverse Drug Reactions Monitoring, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Paul M. Tulkens
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Françoise Van Bambeke
- Pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Françoise Van Bambeke,
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11
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Steixner SJM, Spiegel C, Dammerer D, Wurm A, Nogler M, Coraça-Huber DC. Influence of Nutrient Media Compared to Human Synovial Fluid on the Antibiotic Susceptibility and Biofilm Gene Expression of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070790. [PMID: 34209737 PMCID: PMC8300679 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation are mechanisms usually involved in the pathogeny of implant-related infections. Worldwide, antibiotic susceptibility tests are usually carried out using nutrient-rich media. Clinical routine laboratories and even research centers use for example EUCAST or CLSI for guidelines. In this study, we investigated the effect of different nutrient media on the antibiotic susceptibility and icaADBC gene expression of bacteria in biofilm. As media, Müller-Hinton Bouillon (MHB), Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and human synovial fluid (SF) diluted 1:4 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), each also supplemented with 1% glucose, were used. The influence of different nutrient media on the antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was evaluated by counting of colony-forming units (CFU) and by checking the metabolic activity of the bacteria. We used reverse transcriptase and real-time qPCR to investigate the influence of nutrient media on the biofilm gene expression. We used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Significant differences in growth and antibiotic susceptibility were detected in all strains tested among the different media used. The nutrient media showed influence on the cell viability of all bacteria after antibiotic treatment. IcaADBC gene expression was significantly influenced by glucose and all nutrient media. The results highlight the influence of glucose on the antibiotic susceptibility, growth and gene expression of all strains tested. For all strains, a significant difference in bacterial recovery, viability and gene expression were found when compared to biofilm grown in SF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Josef Maria Steixner
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopaedics, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.J.M.S.); (C.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Christopher Spiegel
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopaedics, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.J.M.S.); (C.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Dietmar Dammerer
- University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Alexander Wurm
- University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (D.D.); (A.W.)
| | - Michael Nogler
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopaedics, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.J.M.S.); (C.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Débora Cristina Coraça-Huber
- Research Laboratory for Biofilms and Implant Associated Infections (BIOFILM LAB), Experimental Orthopaedics, University Hospital for Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Strasse 4b, Room 204, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (S.J.M.S.); (C.S.); (M.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-512-9003-71697; Fax: +43-512-9003-73691
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12
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S. epidermidis Isolates from a Tertiary Care Portuguese Hospital Show Very High Antibiotic Non-Susceptible Rates and Significant Ability to Form Biofilms. Appl Microbiol 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/applmicrobiol1010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have been increasing during recent decades, leading to long hospital stays and high morbidity and mortality rates. The usage of antibiotics therapy against these infections is enhancing the emergence of more multiple-drug resistant strains, in particular in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hence, this study focused on the resistance pattern of S. epidermidis isolates from clinical settings and its association with phenotypic and molecular traits. Our results showed that HAIs were more prevalent among infants and older adults, and the most frequent type of HAI was central line-associated bloodstream infection. Half of the patients received antibiotic therapy before laboratory diagnosis. Preceding microbiological diagnosis, the number of patients receiving antibiotic therapy increased by 29.1%. Eighty-six per cent of the clinical isolates presented a multidrug resistance (MDR) profile, and a quarter were strong biofilm producers. Furthermore, polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA)-dependent biofilms presented higher biomass production (p = 0.0041) and a higher rate of antibiotic non-susceptibility than PIA-independent biofilms, emphasizing the role of icaABDC operon in infection severity. Therefore, this study suggests that a thorough understanding of the phenotypic and molecular traits of the bacterial cause of the HAIs may lead to a more suitable selection of antibiotic therapy, improving guidance and outcome assessment.
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13
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Gaio V, Cerca N. Biofilm released cells can easily be obtained in a fed-batch system using ica+ but not with ica- isolates. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9549. [PMID: 32742809 PMCID: PMC7368429 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the major opportunistic bacterial pathogens in healthcare facilities, mainly due to its strong ability to form biofilms in the surface of indwelling medical devices. To study biofilms under in vitro conditions, both fed-batch and flow systems are widely used, with the first being the most frequent due to their low cost and ease of use. Aim To assess if a fed-batch system previously developed to obtain biofilm released cells (Brc) from strong biofilm producing S. epidermidis isolates could also be used to obtain and characterize Brc from isolates with lower abilities to form biofilms. Methodology The applicability of a fed-batch system to obtain Brc from biofilms of 3 ica + and 3 ica - isolates was assessed by quantifying the biofilm and Brc biomass by optical density (OD) and colony-forming units (CFU) measurements. The effect of media replacement procedures of fed-batch systems on the amount of biofilm was determined by quantifying the biofilm and biofilm bulk fluid, by CFU, after consecutive washing steps. Results The fed-batch model was appropriate to obtain Brc from ica+ isolates, that presented a greater ability to form biofilms and release cells. However, the same was not true for ica - isolates, mainly because the washing procedure would physically remove a significant number of cells from the biofilm. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a fed-batch system is only feasible to be used to obtain Brc from S. epidermidis when studying strong and cohesive biofilm-forming isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gaio
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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14
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Brás S, França Â, Cerca N. Optimizing a reliable ex vivo human blood model to analyze expression of Staphylococcus epidermidis genes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9295. [PMID: 32587796 PMCID: PMC7301895 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human blood is often used as an ex vivo model to mimic the environment encountered by pathogens inside the host. A significant variety of experimental conditions has been reported. However, optimization strategies are often not described. This study aimed to evaluate key parameters that are expected to influence Staphylococcus epidermidis gene expression when using human blood ex vivo models. Our data confirmed that blood antimicrobial activity was dependent on initial bacterial concentration. Furthermore, blood degradation over time resulted in lower antimicrobial activity, with a 2% loss of leukocytes viability correlating with a 5-fold loss of antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis. We further demonstrated that the volume of human blood could be reduced to as little as 0.18 mL without affecting the stability of gene expression of the tested genes. Overall, the data described herein highlight experimental parameters that should be considered when using a human blood ex vivo model for S. epidermidis gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Brás
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ângela França
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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15
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Costa SP, Dias NM, Melo LDR, Azeredo J, Santos SB, Carvalho CM. A novel flow cytometry assay based on bacteriophage-derived proteins for Staphylococcus detection in blood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6260. [PMID: 32277078 PMCID: PMC7148305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are considered a major cause of death worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are one of the most BSIs prevalent bacteria, classified as high priority due to the increasing multidrug resistant strains. Thus, a fast, specific and sensitive method for detection of these pathogens is of extreme importance. In this study, we have designed a novel assay for detection of Staphylococcus in blood culture samples, which combines the advantages of a phage endolysin cell wall binding domain (CBD) as a specific probe with the accuracy and high-throughput of flow cytometry techniques. In order to select the biorecognition molecule, three different truncations of the C-terminus of Staphylococcus phage endolysin E-LM12, namely the amidase (AMI), SH3 and amidase+SH3 (AMI_SH3) were cloned fused with a green fluorescent protein. From these, a higher binding efficiency to Staphylococcus cells was observed for AMI_SH3, indicating that the amidase domain possibly contributes to a more efficient binding of the SH3 domain. The novel phage endolysin-based flow cytometry assay provided highly reliable and specific detection of 1-5 CFU of Staphylococcus in 10 mL of spiked blood, after 16 hours of enrichment culture. Overall, the method developed herein presents advantages over the standard BSIs diagnostic methods, potentially contributing to an early and effective treatment of BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nicolina M Dias
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvio B Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla M Carvalho
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal.
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16
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Wolden R, Pain M, Karlsson R, Karlsson A, Aarag Fredheim EG, Cavanagh JP. Identification of surface proteins in a clinical Staphylococcus haemolyticus isolate by bacterial surface shaving. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:80. [PMID: 32264835 PMCID: PMC7137321 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01778-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The skin commensal Staphylococcus haemolyticus is an emerging nosocomial pathogen. Despite its clinical relevance, published information about S. haemolyticus virulence factors is scarce. In this study, the adhesive and biofilm forming properties of ten clinical and ten commensal S. haemolyticus strains were examined using standard adhesion and biofilm assays. One of the clinical strains was used to identify expressed surface proteins using bacterial surface shaving. Protein abundance was examined by a comparative analysis between bacterial protein expression after human keratinocyte (HaCaT) colonization and growth in cell culture media supplemented with serum. Relative protein quantification was performed by labeling peptides with tandem mass tags (TMT) prior to Mass Spectrometry analysis. Surface proteins can be used as novel targets for antimicrobial treatment and in diagnostics. Results Adherence to fibronectin, collagen and plastic was low in all tested strains, but with significantly higher adhesion to fibronectin (p = 0.041) and collagen (p = 0.001) in the commensal strains. There was a trend towards higher degree of biofilm formation in the clinical strains (p = 0.059). By using surface shaving, 325 proteins were detected, of which 65 were classified as surface proteins. Analyses showed that the abundance of nineteen (5.8%) proteins were significantly changed following HaCaT colonization. The bacterial Toll/interleukin-1 like (TIRs) domain containing protein (p = 0.04), the transglycosylase SceD (p = 0.01), and the bifunctional autolysin Atl (p = 0.04) showed a 1.4, 1.6- and 1.5-fold increased abundance. The staphylococcal secretory antigen (SsaA) (p = 0.04) was significantly downregulated (− 1.5 fold change) following HaCaT colonization. Among the 65 surface proteins the elastin binding protein (Ebps), LPXAG and LPXSG domain containing proteins and five LPXTG domain containing proteins were identified; three Sdr-like proteins, the extracellular matrix binding protein Embp and a SasH-like protein. Conclusions This study has provided novel knowledge about expression of S. haemolyticus surface proteins after direct contact with eukaryotic cells and in media supplemented with serum. We have identified surface proteins and immune evasive proteins previously only functionally described in other staphylococcal species. The identification of expressed proteins after host-microbe interaction offers a tool for the discovery and design of novel targets for antimicrobial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Wolden
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria Pain
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Nanoxis Consulting AB, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, SE-413 46, Gothenburg, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
| | | | - Elizabeth G Aarag Fredheim
- Microbial Pharmacology and Population Biology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jorunn Pauline Cavanagh
- Pediatric Research group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway. .,Department of Pediatrics, The University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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17
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Oxytropis glabra DC. Inhibits Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis by Down-Regulating ica Operon Expression. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:1167-1173. [PMID: 32072274 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01847-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the main causes of medical device-related infections and bovine mastitis owing to its biofilm-forming abilities. Oxytropis glabra DC. is one of the most widespread Fabaceae species and used as a Chinese herbal formulation in Western China. Our research investigated the effects of O. glabra on the biofilm formation of S. epidermidis and the possible inhibiting mechanism. The biofilm-forming reference strain, S. epidermidis SE-1 (ATCC 35,984), was employed as a model and semi-quantitative biofilm assay was performed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of O. glabra. The exopolysaccharides (EPS) production and expression of ica operon were studied to explore the possible antibiofilm mechanism using thin-layer chromatography and quantitative real-time PCR assay, respectively. The results obtained indicated that O. glabra decoction at 7.5 mg mL-1 significantly inhibited biofilm formation by about 95% without affecting cell growth of S. epidermidis. Two hydrolysis productions of EPS were significantly decreased by 64% and 54% with the addition of 7.5 mg mL-1O. glabra and the expression of icaR was significantly up-regulated 2.2-times, whereas icaB was significantly down-regulated more than 50% by 7.5 mg mL-1O. glabra. These findings suggest a potential application for O. glabra as a promising candidate for the exploration of new drugs against S. epidermidis biofilm-associated infections.
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18
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Jiang X, Yan X, Gu S, Yang Y, Zhao L, He X, Chen H, Ge J, Liu D. Biosurfactants of Lactobacillus helveticus for biodiversity inhibit the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and cell invasion. Future Microbiol 2020; 14:1133-1146. [PMID: 31512521 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the differences of biosurfactants produced by two Lactobacillus helveticus strains against the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in vivo. Materials & methods: Scanning electron microscopy, Real time-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and cell assay were used to analyze the inhibiting effect of biosurfactants against biofilm formation. Results & conclusion: Results showed that the biosurfactants have anti-adhesive and inhibiting effects on biofilm formation in vivo and in vitro. The biofilm-formative genes and autoinducer-2 signaling regulated these characteristics, and the biosurfactant L. helveticus 27170 is better than that of 27058. Host cell adhesion and invasion results indicated that the biosurfactants L. helveticus prevented the S. aureus invading the host cell, which may be a new strategy to eliminate biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpeng Jiang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control & Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Combining Farming & Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Xin Yan
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control & Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Shanshan Gu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control & Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control & Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal & Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Xinmiao He
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming & Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, PR China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal & Comparative Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, PR China
| | - Junwei Ge
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control & Pharmaceutical Development, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Di Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combining Farming & Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, PR China
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19
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Swetha TK, Pooranachithra M, Subramenium GA, Divya V, Balamurugan K, Pandian SK. Umbelliferone Impedes Biofilm Formation and Virulence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis via Impairment of Initial Attachment and Intercellular Adhesion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:357. [PMID: 31681633 PMCID: PMC6813203 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is an opportunistic human pathogen, which is involved in numerous nosocomial and implant associated infections. Biofilm formation is one of the prime virulence factors of S. epidermidis that supports its colonization on biotic and abiotic surfaces. The global dissemination of three lineages of S. epidermidis superbugs highlights its clinical significance and the imperative need to combat its pathogenicity. Thus, in the current study, the antibiofilm activity of umbelliferone (UMB), a natural product of the coumarin family, was assessed against methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). UMB exhibited significant antibiofilm activity (83%) at 500 μg/ml concentration without growth alteration. Microscopic analysis corroborated the antibiofilm potential of UMB and unveiled its potential to impair intercellular adhesion, which was reflected in auto-aggregation and solid phase adherence assays. Furthermore, real time PCR analysis revealed the reduced expression of adhesion encoding genes (icaD, atlE, aap, bhp, ebh, sdrG, and sdrF). Down regulation of agrA and reduced production of secreted hydrolases upon UMB treatment were speculated to hinder invasive lifestyle of MRSE. Additionally, UMB hindered slime synthesis and biofilm matrix components, which were believed to augment antibiotic susceptibility. In vivo assays using Caenorhabditis elegans divulged the non-toxic nature of UMB and validated the antibiofilm, antivirulence, and antiadherence properties of UMB observed in in vitro assays. Thus, UMB impairs MRSE biofilm by turning down the initial attachment and intercellular adhesion. Altogether, the obtained results suggest the potent antibiofilm activity of UMB and the feasibility of using it in clinical settings for combating S. epidermidis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Velayutham Divya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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20
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Bottagisio M, Soggiu A, Piras C, Bidossi A, Greco V, Pieroni L, Bonizzi L, Roncada P, Lovati AB. Proteomic Analysis Reveals a Biofilm-Like Behavior of Planktonic Aggregates of Staphylococcus epidermidis Grown Under Environmental Pressure/Stress. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1909. [PMID: 31551940 PMCID: PMC6743020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint replacement failure has a huge impact on quality of life and hospitalization costs. A leading cause of prosthetic joint infection is bacteria-forming biofilm on the surface of orthopedic devices. Staphylococcus epidermidis is an emergent, low-virulence pathogen implicated in chronic infections, barely indistinguishable from aseptic loosening when embedded in a mature matrix. The literature on the behavior of quiescent S. epidermidis in mature biofilms is scarce. To fill this gap, we performed comparative analysis of the whole proteomic profiles of two methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis strains growing in planktonic and in sessile form to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying biofilm stability. After 72-h culture of biofilm-forming S. epidermidis, overexpression of proteins involved in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphate and polysaccharides was observed, whereas planktonic bacteria expressed proteins linked to stress and anaerobic growth. Cytological analysis was performed to determine why planktonic bacteria unexpectedly expressed proteins typical of sessile culture. Images evidenced that prolonged culture under vigorous agitation can create a stressful growing environment that triggers microorganism aggregation in a biofilm-like matrix as a mechanism to survive harsh conditions. The choice of a unique late time point provided an important clue for future investigations into the biofilm-like behavior of planktonic cells. Our preliminary results may inform comparative proteomic strategies in the study of mature bacterial biofilm. Finally, there is an increasing number of studies on the aggregation of free-floating bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, prompting the need to gain further insight into this mode of bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bottagisio
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Soggiu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Piras
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bidossi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Microbiology, Milan, Italy
| | - Viviana Greco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Roma, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Pieroni
- Proteomics and Metabonomics Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Bonizzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DiMeVet), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Roncada
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi "Magna Græcia", Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arianna B Lovati
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Milan, Italy
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21
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Gaio V, Cerca N. Cells released from S. epidermidis biofilms present increased antibiotic tolerance to multiple antibiotics. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6884. [PMID: 31143534 PMCID: PMC6525591 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm released cells (Brc) are thought to present an intermediary phenotype between biofilm and planktonic cells and this has the potential of affecting their antimicrobial tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gaio
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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