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Gálvez C, Urrea V, Garcia-Guerrero MDC, Bernal S, Benet S, Mothe B, Bailón L, Dalmau J, Martinez A, Nieto A, Leal L, García F, Clotet B, Martinez-Picado J, Salgado M. Altered T-cell subset distribution in the viral reservoir in HIV-1-infected individuals with extremely low proviral DNA (LoViReTs). J Intern Med 2022; 292:308-320. [PMID: 35342993 PMCID: PMC9308636 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV cure strategies aim to eliminate viral reservoirs that persist despite successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). We have previously described that 9% of HIV-infected individuals who receive ART harbor low levels of provirus (LoViReTs). METHODS We selected 22 LoViReTs matched with 22 controls ART suppressed for more than 3 years with fewer than 100 and more than 100 HIV-DNA copies/106 CD4+ T cells, respectively. We measured HIV reservoirs in blood and host genetic factors. Fourteen LoViReTs underwent leukapheresis to analyze replication-competent virus, and HIV-DNA in CD4+ T-cell subpopulations. Additionally, we measured HIV-DNA in rectum and/or lymph node biopsies from nine of them. RESULTS We found that LoViReTs harbored not only lower levels of total HIV-DNA, but also significantly lower intact HIV-DNA, cell-associated HIV-RNA, and ultrasensitive viral load than controls. The proportion of intact versus total proviruses was similar in both groups. We found no differences in the percentage of host factors. In peripheral blood, 71% of LoViReTs had undetectable replication-competent virus. Minimum levels of total HIV-DNA were found in rectal and lymph node biopsies compared with HIV-infected individuals receiving ART. The main contributors to the reservoir were short-lived transitional memory and effector memory T cells (47% and 29%, respectively), indicating an altered distribution of the HIV reservoir in the peripheral T-cell subpopulations of LoViReTs. CONCLUSION In conclusion, LoViReTs are characterized by low levels of viral reservoir in peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid tissues, which might be explained by an altered distribution of the proviral HIV-DNA towards more short-lived memory T cells. LoViReTs can be considered exceptional candidates for future interventions aimed at curing HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gálvez
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Víctor Urrea
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Maria Del Carmen Garcia-Guerrero
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Bernal
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Susana Benet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mothe
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Bailón
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Judith Dalmau
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Andrea Martinez
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Aroa Nieto
- Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Lorna Leal
- Infectious Diseases Department Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Infectious Diseases Department Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Lluita contra la SIDA Foundation, Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,Chair in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, University of Vic - Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Salgado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute and Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
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Distinct Plasma Concentrations of Acyl-CoA-Binding Protein (ACBP) in HIV Progressors and Elite Controllers. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030453. [PMID: 35336860 PMCID: PMC8949460 DOI: 10.3390/v14030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV elite controllers (ECs) are characterized by the spontaneous control of viral replication, and by metabolic and autophagic profiles which favor anti-HIV CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Extracellular acyl coenzyme A binding protein (ACBP) acts as a feedback inhibitor of autophagy. Herein, we assessed the circulating ACBP levels in ECs, compared to people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not. We found lower ACBP levels in ECs compared to ART-naïve or ART-treated PLWH (p < 0.01 for both comparisons), independently of age and sex. ACBP levels were similar in ECs and HIV-uninfected controls. The expression of the protective HLA alleles HLA-B*27, *57, or *58 did not influence ACBP levels in ECs. ACBP levels were not associated with CD4 or CD8 T-cell counts, CD4 loss over time, inflammatory cytokines, or anti-CMV IgG titers in ECs. In ART-treated PLWH, ACBP levels were correlated with interleukin (IL)-1β levels, but not with other inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-32, or TNF-α. In conclusion, ECs are characterized by low ACBP plasma levels compared to ART-naïve or ART-treated PLWH. As autophagy is key to anti-HIV CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses, the ACBP pathway constitutes an interesting target in HIV cure strategies.
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