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Bryant CJ, McCool MA, Rosado-González GT, Abriola L, Surovtseva YV, Baserga SJ. Discovery of novel microRNA mimic repressors of ribosome biogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.17.526327. [PMID: 36824951 PMCID: PMC9949135 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.17.526327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
While microRNAs and other non-coding RNAs are the next frontier of novel regulators of mammalian ribosome biogenesis (RB), a systematic exploration of microRNA-mediated RB regulation has not yet been undertaken. We carried out a high-content screen in MCF10A cells for changes in nucleolar number using a library of 2,603 mature human microRNA mimics. Following a secondary screen for nucleolar rRNA biogenesis inhibition, we identified 72 novel microRNA negative regulators of RB after stringent hit calling. Hits included 27 well-conserved microRNAs present in MirGeneDB, and were enriched for mRNA targets encoding proteins with nucleolar localization or functions in cell cycle regulation. Rigorous selection and validation of a subset of 15 microRNA hits unexpectedly revealed that most of them caused dysregulated pre-rRNA processing, elucidating a novel role for microRNAs in RB regulation. Almost all hits impaired global protein synthesis and upregulated CDKN1A ( p21 ) levels, while causing diverse effects on RNA Polymerase 1 (RNAP1) transcription and TP53 protein levels. We discovered that the MIR-28 siblings, hsa-miR-28-5p and hsa-miR-708-5p, directly and potently target the ribosomal protein mRNA RPS28 via tandem primate-specific 3' UTR binding sites, causing a severe pre-18S pre-rRNA processing defect. Our work illuminates novel microRNA attenuators of RB, forging a promising new path for microRNA mimic chemotherapeutics.
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Desjardins P, Le-Bel G, Ghio SC, Germain L, Guérin SL. The WNK1 kinase regulates the stability of transcription factors during wound healing of human corneal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2434-2450. [PMID: 35150137 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to its superficial anatomical localization, the cornea is continuously subjected to injuries. Damages to the corneal epithelium trigger important changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix to which the basal human corneal epithelial cells (hCECs) attach. These changes are perceived by membrane-bound integrins and ultimately lead to re-epithelialization of the injured epithelium through intracellular signalin. Among the many downstream targets of the integrin-activated signaling pathways, WNK1 is the kinase whose activity is the most strongly increased during corneal wound healing. We previously demonstrated that pharmacological inhibition of WNK1 prevents proper closure of wounded human tissue-engineered cornea in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by which WNK1 contributes to corneal wound healing. By exploiting transcription factors microarrays, electrophoretic mobility-shift assay, and gene profiling analyses, we demonstrated that the DNA binding properties and expression of numerous transcription factors (TFs), including the well-known, ubiquitous TFs specific protein 1 (Sp1) and activator protein 1 (AP1), were reduced in hCECs upon WNK1 inhibition by WNK463. This process appears to be mediated at least in part by alteration in both the ubiquitination and glycosylation status of these TFs. These changes in TFs activity and expression impacted the transcription of several genes, including that encoding the α5 integrin subunit, a well-known target of both Sp1 and AP1. Gene profiling revealed that only a moderate number of genes in hCECs had their level of expression significantly altered in response to WNK463 exposition. Interestingly, analysis of the microarray data for these deregulated genes using the ingenuity pathway analysis software predicted that hCECs would stop migrating and proliferating but differentiate more when they are grown in the presence of the WNK1 inhibitor. These results demonstrate that WNK1 plays a critical function by orienting hCECs into the appropriate biological response during the process of corneal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Desjardins
- Centre Universitaire d'Ophtalmologie - Recherche (CUO-Recherche) et Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Gaëtan Le-Bel
- Centre Universitaire d'Ophtalmologie - Recherche (CUO-Recherche) et Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sergio C Ghio
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Lucie Germain
- Centre Universitaire d'Ophtalmologie - Recherche (CUO-Recherche) et Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvain L Guérin
- Centre Universitaire d'Ophtalmologie - Recherche (CUO-Recherche) et Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l'Université Laval/LOEX, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada.,Département d'Ophtalmologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Zhu G, Cai H, Ye L, Mo Y, Zhu M, Zeng Y, Song X, Yang C, Gao X, Wang J, Jin M. Small Proline-Rich Protein 3 Regulates IL-33/ILC2 Axis to Promote Allergic Airway Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 12:758829. [PMID: 35126350 PMCID: PMC8810634 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small proline-rich proteins (SPRRs), components of cornified cell envelope precursors, have recently been found to participate in airway diseases. However, their role in allergic airway inflammatory conditions remains unknown. Here, we explored the expression of SPRR3 in house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized/challenged mice and attempted to elucidate the regulatory role of SPRR3 in allergic airway inflammation. SPRR3 was identified via bioinformatics analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases and further confirmed to be upregulated in the lungs of asthmatic mice. Knockdown of SPRR3 via the intratracheal route significantly inhibited eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and suppressed the expressions of type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) in BALF and lung tissues. Further, SPRR3 knockdown reduced the expression of IL-33 and further attenuated the activation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in the recruitment of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) to inhibit allergic airway inflammation. In vitro, SPRR3 siRNA could alleviate HDM-induced inflammatory responses in BEAS-2B cells. This study reveals the regulatory role of SPRR3 in allergic airway inflammation, identifying this protein as a potential novel therapeutic target for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jian Wang
- *Correspondence: Meiling Jin, ; Jian Wang,
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4
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Colaço HG, Barros A, Neves-Costa A, Seixas E, Pedroso D, Velho T, Willmann KL, Faisca P, Grabmann G, Yi HS, Shong M, Benes V, Weis S, Köcher T, Moita LF. Tetracycline Antibiotics Induce Host-Dependent Disease Tolerance to Infection. Immunity 2020; 54:53-67.e7. [PMID: 33058782 PMCID: PMC7840524 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of antibiotics have long been known to have beneficial effects that cannot be explained strictly on the basis of their capacity to control the infectious agent. Here, we report that tetracycline antibiotics, which target the mitoribosome, protected against sepsis without affecting the pathogen load. Mechanistically, we found that mitochondrial inhibition of protein synthesis perturbed the electron transport chain (ETC) decreasing tissue damage in the lung and increasing fatty acid oxidation and glucocorticoid sensitivity in the liver. Using a liver-specific partial and acute deletion of Crif1, a critical mitoribosomal component for protein synthesis, we found that mice were protected against sepsis, an observation that was phenocopied by the transient inhibition of complex I of the ETC by phenformin. Together, we demonstrate that mitoribosome-targeting antibiotics are beneficial beyond their antibacterial activity and that mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibition leading to ETC perturbation is a mechanism for the induction of disease tolerance. Doxycycline protects from sepsis beyond its direct antibacterial activity Doxycycline protection from infection is microbiome-independent Inhibition of mitochondrial protein synthesis induces disease tolerance Mild and transient perturbations of the mitochondrial ETC induce disease tolerance
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique G Colaço
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - André Barros
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana Neves-Costa
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elsa Seixas
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Dora Pedroso
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Tiago Velho
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Katharina L Willmann
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faisca
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | | | - Hyon-Seung Yi
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Minho Shong
- Research Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Vladimir Benes
- EMBL Genomics Core Facilities, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Köcher
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities GmbH, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luís F Moita
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal; Instituto de Histologia e Biologia do Desenvolvimento, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
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Aguayo F, Muñoz JP, Perez-Dominguez F, Carrillo-Beltrán D, Oliva C, Calaf GM, Blanco R, Nuñez-Acurio D. High-Risk Human Papillomavirus and Tobacco Smoke Interactions in Epithelial Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2201. [PMID: 32781676 PMCID: PMC7465661 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical, anogenital, and some head and neck cancers (HNC) are etiologically associated with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, even though additional cofactors are necessary. Epidemiological studies have established that tobacco smoke (TS) is a cofactor for cervical carcinogenesis because women who smoke are more susceptible to cervical cancer when compared to non-smokers. Even though such a relationship has not been established in HPV-related HNC, a group of HPV positive patients with this malignancy are smokers. TS is a complex mixture of more than 4500 chemical compounds and approximately 60 of them show oncogenic properties such as benzo[α]pyrene (BaP) and nitrosamines, among others. Some of these compounds have been evaluated for carcinogenesis through experimental settings in collaboration with HR-HPV. Here, we conducted a comprehensive review of the suggested molecular mechanisms involved in cooperation with both HR-HPV and TS for epithelial carcinogenesis. Furthermore, we propose interaction models in which TS collaborates with HR-HPV to promote epithelial cancer initiation, promotion, and progression. More studies are warranted to clarify interactions between oncogenic viruses and chemical or physical environmental factors for epithelial carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Aguayo
- Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile
| | - Juan P. Muñoz
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (J.P.M.); (G.M.C.)
| | - Francisco Perez-Dominguez
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Diego Carrillo-Beltrán
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Carolina Oliva
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Gloria M. Calaf
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica 1000000, Chile; (J.P.M.); (G.M.C.)
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rances Blanco
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
| | - Daniela Nuñez-Acurio
- Laboratorio Oncovirología, Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380000, Chile; (F.P.-D.); (D.C.-B.); (C.O.); (R.B.); (D.N.-A.)
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Li Q, Wang Y, Hu R, Yang G. Dysregulation of SPRR3/miR-876-3p Axis Contributes to Tumorigenesis in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:2411-2419. [PMID: 32273714 PMCID: PMC7106992 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s245422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SPRR3, also known as esophagin, has been shown to be involved in the initiation and progression of numerous types of tumor. However, the biological function of SPRR3 that contributes to non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) growth and migration is largely unknown. Methods The expression of SPRR3 and its association with EZH2 and miR-876-3p in NSCLC cells were determined by real-time PCR. Protein levels were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot. Cell functions were studied by CCK-8, transwell assay, flow cytometry and dual-luciferase reporter assay. The effect of SPRR3 on tumor growth in vivo was evaluated in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. Results SPRR3 was up-regulated in most NSCLC cell lines and clinical tissues. Also, the correlation between SPRR3 expression and clinical features was significant. Functional studies confirmed that SPRR3 modulates cell proliferation, invasion and cell apoptosis in NSCLC via regulating EZH2, which is a well-known oncogene in NSCLC. Furthermore, SPRR3 was found to be a direct target of miR-876-3p that also plays a suppressor role in NSCLC. Conclusion These findings indicated that miR-876-3p/SPRR3/EZH2 signaling cascade exerts important roles in the regulation of NSCLC, suggesting that this pathway can serve as a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Oncology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongkuan Hu
- GenePharma Co., Ltd, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Oncology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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Expression and function of FRA1 protein in tumors. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:737-752. [PMID: 31612408 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AP-1 is a dimeric complex that is composed of JUN, FOS, ATF and MAF protein families. FOS-related antigen 1 (FRA1) which encoded by FOSL1 gene, belongs to the FOS protein family, and mainly forms an AP-1 complex with the protein of the JUN family to exert an effect. Regulation of FRA1 occurs at levels of transcription and post-translational modification, and phosphorylation is the major post-translational modification. FRA1 is mainly regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway and is degraded by ubiquitin-independent proteasomes. FRA1 can affect biological functions, such as tumor proliferation, differentiation, invasion and apoptosis. Studies have demonstrated that FRA1 is abnormally expressed in many tumors and plays a relevant role, but the specific condition varies from the target organs. FRA1 is overexpressed in breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, thyroid cancer and other tumors. However, the expression of FRA1 is decreased in cervical cancer, and the expression of FRA1 in ovarian cancer and oral squamous cell carcinoma is still controversial. In this review, we present a detailed description of the regulatory factors and functions of FRA1, also, the expression of FRA1 in various tumors and its function in relative tumor.
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Bae JE, Choi H, Shin DW, Na HW, Park NY, Kim JB, Jo DS, Cho MJ, Lyu JH, Chang JH, Lee EH, Lee TR, Kim HJ, Cho DH. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) inhibits ciliogenesis by increasing SPRR3 expression via c-Jun activation in RPE cells and skin keratinocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3994. [PMID: 30850686 PMCID: PMC6408442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40670-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM) with diameter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) causes epithelium injury and endothelial dysfunction. Primary cilia are sensory organelles that transmit extracellular signals into intracellular biochemical responses and have roles in physiology. To date, there have been no studies investigating whether PM2.5 affects primary cilia in skin. We addressed this in the present study using normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. We found that formation of primary cilium is increased in differentiated NHEKs. However, treatment with PM2.5 blocked increased ciliogenesis in NHEKs and RPE cells. Furthermore, PM2.5 transcriptionally upregulated small proline rich protein 3 (SPRR3) expression by activating c-Jun, and ectopic expression of SPRR3 inhibits suppressed the ciliogenesis. Accordingly, treatment with c-Jun activator (anisomycin) induced SPRR3 expression, whereas the inhibitor (SP600125) recovered the ciliated cells and cilium length in PM2.5-treated cells. Moreover, c-Jun inhibitor suppressed upregulation of SPRR3 in PM2.5-treated cells. Taken together, our finding suggested that PM2.5 inhibits ciliogenesis by increasing SPRR3 expression via c-Jun activation in RPE cells and keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Bae
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.,Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woon Shin
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Won Na
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Yeon Park
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Bum Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Lyu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Chang
- Department of Biology Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
| | - Eunjoo H Lee
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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