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He X, Li J, Liang X, Mao W, Deng X, Qin M, Su H, Wu H. An all-in-one tetrazine reagent for cysteine-selective labeling and bioorthogonal activable prodrug construction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2831. [PMID: 38565562 PMCID: PMC10987521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The prodrug design strategy offers a potent solution for improving therapeutic index and expanding drug targets. However, current prodrug activation designs are mainly responsive to endogenous stimuli, resulting in unintended drug release and systemic toxicity. In this study, we introduce 3-vinyl-6-oxymethyl-tetrazine (voTz) as an all-in-one reagent for modular preparation of tetrazine-caged prodrugs and chemoselective labeling peptides to produce bioorthogonal activable peptide-prodrug conjugates. These stable prodrugs can selectively bind to target cells, facilitating cellular uptake. Subsequent bioorthogonal cleavage reactions trigger prodrug activation, significantly boosting potency against tumor cells while maintaining exceptional off-target safety for normal cells. In vivo studies demonstrate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of this prodrug design approach. Given the broad applicability of functional groups and labeling versatility with voTz, we foresee that this strategy will offer a versatile solution to enhance the therapeutic range of cytotoxic agents and facilitate the development of bioorthogonal activatable biopharmaceuticals and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu He
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Liang
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wuyu Mao
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinglong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Qin
- National Chengdu Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Su
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoxing Wu
- Department of Radiology and Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Frontiers Science Center for Disease Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Sonneveld P, Richardson PG, Ludwig H, Dimopoulos MA, Schjesvold FH, Hájek R, Abdulhaq H, Thuresson M, Norin S, Bakker NA, Mateos MV. Benefit Versus Risk Assessment of Melflufen and Dexamethasone in Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Analyses From Longer Follow-up of the OCEAN and HORIZON Studies. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2023; 23:687-696. [PMID: 37355418 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen), a first-in-class alkylating peptide-drug conjugate, plus dexamethasone demonstrated superior progression-free survival (PFS) but directionally different overall survival (OS) favoring pomalidomide (hazard ratio [HR], 1.10) in OCEAN. METHODS These analyses further investigated prognostic subgroups impacting survival in updated data from the randomized, phase 3 OCEAN study (NCT03151811; date: February 3, 2022) and the phase 2 HORIZON study (NCT02963493; date: February 2, 2022). RESULTS In OCEAN, subgroups prognostic for OS were age (P = .011; <65 years favored pomalidomide) and no previous autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) or progression >36 months after ASCT (P = .001; favored melflufen). Overall, 245 of 495 (49%) patients randomized had received a previous ASCT, of which 202 (82%) had progressed within 36 months following their ASCT. When excluding patients who had progressed <36 months post-ASCT (melflufen group, n = 145; pomalidomide group, n = 148), median OS was 23.6 months with melflufen and 19.8 months with pomalidomide (HR, 0.83 [95% CI, 0.62-1.12]; P = .22). Among patients with triple-class refractory disease in HORIZON, patients who had progressed <36 months post-ASCT (n = 58) had a lower response rate and shorter duration of response and PFS than the remaining patients (n = 52). Safety was consistent with previous reports. CONCLUSION These analyses demonstrate a consistent benefit for melflufen and dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma who have not received an ASCT or progressed >36 months after receiving an ASCT (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03151811).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Sonneveld
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Medical Department Center for Oncology, Hematology and Palliative Medicine, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Fredrik H Schjesvold
- Oslo Myeloma Center, Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; KG Jebsen Center for B Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roman Hájek
- Department of Hemato-oncology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Haifaa Abdulhaq
- Department of Hemato-oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Fresno Campus, CA
| | | | | | | | - Maria-Victoria Mateos
- University Hospital of Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Institute of Cancer Molecular and Cellular Biology and CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
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Tannoury M, Garnier D, Susin SA, Bauvois B. Current Status of Novel Agents for the Treatment of B Cell Malignancies: What's Coming Next? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:6026. [PMID: 36551511 PMCID: PMC9775488 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to death is one of the hallmarks of human B cell malignancies and often contributes to the lack of a lasting response to today's commonly used treatments. Drug discovery approaches designed to activate the death machinery have generated a large number of inhibitors of anti-apoptotic proteins from the B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2 family and the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway. Orally administered small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2 protein and BCR partners (e.g., Bruton's tyrosine kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase) have already been included (as monotherapies or combination therapies) in the standard of care for selected B cell malignancies. Agonistic monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives (antibody-drug conjugates, antibody-radioisotope conjugates, bispecific T cell engagers, and chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells) targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAAs, such as CD19, CD20, CD22, and CD38) are indicated for treatment (as monotherapies or combination therapies) of patients with B cell tumors. However, given that some patients are either refractory to current therapies or relapse after treatment, novel therapeutic strategies are needed. Here, we review current strategies for managing B cell malignancies, with a focus on the ongoing clinical development of more effective, selective drugs targeting these molecules, as well as other TAAs and signaling proteins. The observed impact of metabolic reprogramming on B cell pathophysiology highlights the promise of targeting metabolic checkpoints in the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brigitte Bauvois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France
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Abstract
The nitrogen mustards are powerful cytotoxic and lymphoablative agents and have been used for more than 60 years. They are employed in the treatment of cancers, sarcomas, and hematologic malignancies. Cyclophosphamide, the most versatile of the nitrogen mustards, also has a place in stem cell transplantation and the therapy of autoimmune diseases. Adverse effects caused by the nitrogen mustards on the central nervous system, kidney, heart, bladder, and gonads remain important issues. Advances in analytical techniques have facilitated the investigation of the pharmacokinetics of the nitrogen mustards, especially the oxazaphosphorines, which are prodrugs requiring metabolic activation. Enzymes involved in the metabolism of cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide are very polymorphic, but a greater understanding of the pharmacogenomic influences on their activity has not yet translated into a personalized medicine approach. In addition to damaging DNA, the nitrogen mustards can act through other mechanisms, such as antiangiogenesis and immunomodulation. The immunomodulatory properties of cyclophosphamide are an area of current exploration. In particular, cyclophosphamide decreases the number and activity of regulatory T cells, and the interaction between cyclophosphamide and the intestinal microbiome is now recognized as an important factor. New derivatives of the nitrogen mustards continue to be assessed. Oxazaphosphorine analogs have been synthesized in attempts to both improve efficacy and reduce toxicity, with varying degrees of success. Combinations of the nitrogen mustards with monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule targeted agents are being evaluated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The nitrogen mustards are important, well-established therapeutic agents that are used to treat a variety of diseases. Their role is continuing to evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Highley
- Plymouth Oncology Centre, Derriford Hospital, and Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom (M.S.H.); Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology (B.L.) and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (E.A.D.B.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (H.P.); and London Oncology Clinic, London, United Kingdom (P.G.H.)
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Plymouth Oncology Centre, Derriford Hospital, and Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom (M.S.H.); Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology (B.L.) and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (E.A.D.B.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (H.P.); and London Oncology Clinic, London, United Kingdom (P.G.H.)
| | - Hans Prenen
- Plymouth Oncology Centre, Derriford Hospital, and Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom (M.S.H.); Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology (B.L.) and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (E.A.D.B.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (H.P.); and London Oncology Clinic, London, United Kingdom (P.G.H.)
| | - Peter G Harper
- Plymouth Oncology Centre, Derriford Hospital, and Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom (M.S.H.); Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology (B.L.) and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (E.A.D.B.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (H.P.); and London Oncology Clinic, London, United Kingdom (P.G.H.)
| | - Ernst A De Bruijn
- Plymouth Oncology Centre, Derriford Hospital, and Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom (M.S.H.); Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology (B.L.) and Laboratory for Experimental Oncology (E.A.D.B.), University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Oncology Department, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium (H.P.); and London Oncology Clinic, London, United Kingdom (P.G.H.)
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Ocio EM, Nadeem O, Schjesvold F, Gay F, Touzeau C, Dimopoulos MA, Richardson PG, Mateos MV. Melflufen for the treatment of multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:371-382. [PMID: 35723075 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2075847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that takes advantage of increased aminopeptidase activity inside tumor cells to rapidly release alkylating agents therein. Melflufen in combination with dexamethasone has been evaluated in multiple clinical trials in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). AREAS COVERED This profile covers the unique mechanism of action of melflufen, the preclinical results supporting its activity in cellular models of resistance to chemotherapy, its activity in animal models of MM, and the clinical pharmacokinetics of melflufen. Findings from clinical trials evaluating melflufen, including the pivotal phase II HORIZON study and the phase III OCEAN study, are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although MM treatment has improved, patients with disease refractory to multiple standard-of-care drug classes face a dismal prognosis. Melflufen demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in select populations, with an initial approval in the United States in patients with ≥ four previous lines of therapy and triple-class-refractory MM. Results from the phase III OCEAN study - currently under discussion with regulatory agencies in the United States and Europe - are more complex and have been put into context herein. Lastly, melflufen provides a proof-of-concept for the utility of the peptide-drug conjugate platform in relapsed/refractory MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Ocio
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of CantabriaUniversity Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Omar Nadeem
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fredrik Schjesvold
- Oslo Myeloma Center, Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Francesca Gay
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cyrille Touzeau
- Hematology Department, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Site de Recherche Intégrée sur le Cancer (SIRIC), Imaging and Longitudinal Investigations to Ameliorate Decision-making (ILIAD), Nantes, France; Service d'hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, France
| | - Meletios A Dimopoulos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Harvard Medical School, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria-Victoria Mateos
- Department of Haematology, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Centro de Investigación del Cancer (IBMCC-USAL, CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
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Flanagan K, Kumari R, Miettinen JJ, Haney SL, Varney ML, Williams JT, Majumder MM, Suvela M, Slipicevic A, Lehmann F, Nupponen NN, Holstein SA, Heckman CA. The Peptide-Drug Conjugate Melflufen Modulates the Unfolded Protein Response of Multiple Myeloma and Amyloidogenic Plasma Cells and Induces Cell Death. Hemasphere 2022; 6:e687. [PMID: 35243210 PMCID: PMC8884539 DOI: 10.1097/hs9.0000000000000687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis is a rare disease caused by clonal plasma cell secretion of misfolded light chains that assemble as toxic amyloid fibrils, depositing in vital organs including the heart and kidneys, causing organ dysfunction. Plasma cell-directed therapeutics are expected to reduce production of toxic light chain by eliminating amyloidogenic cells in bone marrow, thereby diminishing amyloid fibril deposition and providing the potential for organ recovery. Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly releases alkylating agents inside tumor cells. Melflufen is highly lipophilic, permitting rapid uptake by cells, where it is enzymatically hydrolyzed by aminopeptidases, resulting in intracellular accumulation of the alkylating agents, including melphalan. Previous data demonstrating sensitivity of myeloma cells to melflufen suggest that the drug might be useful in AL amyloidosis. We describe the effects of melflufen on amyloidogenic plasma cells in vitro and ex vivo, demonstrating enhanced cytotoxic effects in comparison to melphalan, as well as novel mechanisms of action through the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. These findings provide evidence that melflufen-mediated cytotoxicity extends to amyloidogenic plasma cells, and support the rationale for the evaluation of melflufen in patients with AL amyloidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romika Kumari
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juho J. Miettinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Staci L. Haney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Michelle L. Varney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Jacob T. Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Muntasir M. Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Suvela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Sarah A. Holstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Caroline A. Heckman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland - FIMM, HiLIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Schjesvold FH, Dimopoulos MA, Delimpasi S, Robak P, Coriu D, Legiec W, Pour L, Špička I, Masszi T, Doronin V, Minarik J, Salogub G, Alekseeva Y, Lazzaro A, Maisnar V, Mikala G, Rosiñol L, Liberati AM, Symeonidis A, Moody V, Thuresson M, Byrne C, Harmenberg J, Bakker NA, Hájek R, Mateos MV, Richardson PG, Sonneveld P, Schjesvold F, Delimpasi S, Robak P, Coriu D, Nikolayeva A, Tomczak W, Pour L, Spicka I, Dimopoulos MA, Masszi T, Doronin V, Minarik J, Salogub G, Alekseeva Y, Maisnar V, Mikala G, Rosinol L, Konstantinova T, Lazzaro A, Liberati AM, Symeonidis A, Gatt M, Illes A, Abdulhaq H, Dungarwalla M, Grosicki S, Hajek R, Leleu X, Myasnikov A, Richardson PG, Avivi I, Deeren D, Gironella M, Hernandez-Garcia MT, Martinez Lopez J, Newinger-Porte M, Ribas P, Samoilova O, Voog E, Arnao-Herraiz M, Carrillo-Cruz E, Corradini P, Dodlapati J, Granell Gorrochategui M, Huang SY, Jenner M, Karlin L, Kim JS, Kopacz A, Medvedeva N, Min CK, Mina R, Palk K, Shin HJ, Sohn SK, Sonneveld P, Tache J, Anagnostopoulos A, Arguiñano JM, Cavo M, Filicko J, Garnes M, Halka J, Herzog-Tzarfati K, Ipatova N, Kim K, Krauth MT, Kryuchkova I, Lazaroiu MC, Luppi M, Proydakov A, Rambaldi A, Rudzianskiene M, Yeh SP, Alcalá-Peña MM, Alegre Amor A, Alizadeh H, Bendandi M, Brearton G, Brown R, Cavet J, Dally N, Egyed M, Hernández-Rivas JÁ, Kaare A, Karsenti JM, Kloczko J, Kreisle W, Lee JJ, Legiec W, Machherndl-Spandl S, Manda S, Mateos MV, Moiseev I, Moreb J, Nagy Z, Nair S, Oriol-Rocafiguera A, Osswald M, Otero-Rodriguez P, Peceliunas V, Plesner T, Rey P, Rossi G, Stevens D, Suriu C, Tarella C, Verlinden A, Zannetti A. Melflufen or pomalidomide plus dexamethasone for patients with multiple myeloma refractory to lenalidomide (OCEAN): a randomised, head-to-head, open-label, phase 3 study. THE LANCET HAEMATOLOGY 2022; 9:e98-e110. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3026(21)00381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Verhulst E, Garnier D, De Meester I, Bauvois B. Validating Cell Surface Proteases as Drug Targets for Cancer Therapy: What Do We Know, and Where Do We Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:624. [PMID: 35158891 PMCID: PMC8833564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteases (also known as ectoproteases) are transmembrane and membrane-bound enzymes involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Several members, most notably dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4/CD26) and its related family member fibroblast activation protein (FAP), aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), a disintegrin and metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17/TACE), and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP2 and MMP9, are often overexpressed in cancers and have been associated with tumour dysfunction. With multifaceted actions, these ectoproteases have been validated as therapeutic targets for cancer. Numerous inhibitors have been developed to target these enzymes, attempting to control their enzymatic activity. Even though clinical trials with these compounds did not show the expected results in most cases, the field of ectoprotease inhibitors is growing. This review summarizes the current knowledge on this subject and highlights the recent development of more effective and selective drugs targeting ectoproteases among which small molecular weight inhibitors, peptide conjugates, prodrugs, or monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and derivatives. These promising avenues have the potential to deliver novel therapeutic strategies in the treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emile Verhulst
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.V.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Delphine Garnier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (E.V.); (I.D.M.)
| | - Brigitte Bauvois
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Cell Death and Drug Resistance in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Team, F-75006 Paris, France;
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Callander NS, Baljevic M, Adekola K, Anderson LD, Campagnaro E, Castillo JJ, Costello C, Devarakonda S, Elsedawy N, Faiman M, Garfall A, Godby K, Hillengass J, Holmberg L, Htut M, Huff CA, Hultcrantz M, Kang Y, Larson S, Liedtke M, Martin T, Omel J, Sborov D, Shain K, Stockerl-Goldstein K, Weber D, Berardi RA, Kumar R, Kumar SK. NCCN Guidelines® Insights: Multiple Myeloma, Version 3.2022. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2022; 20:8-19. [PMID: 34991075 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The NCCN Guidelines for Multiple Myeloma provide recommendations for diagnosis, initial workup, treatment, follow-up, and supportive care for patients with various plasma cell neoplasms, including multiple myeloma. These NCCN Guidelines Insights highlight some of the important updates/changes specific to the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma in the 2022 version of the guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kehinde Adekola
- 3Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center of Northwestern University
| | | | | | - Jorge J Castillo
- 6Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center
| | | | - Srinivas Devarakonda
- 8The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute
| | - Noura Elsedawy
- 9St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/The University of Tennessee Health Science Center
| | - Matthew Faiman
- 10Case Comprehensive Cancer Center/University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center and Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute
| | - Alfred Garfall
- 11Abramson Cancer Center at the University of Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Leona Holmberg
- 14Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Seattle Cancer Care Alliance
| | - Myo Htut
- 15City of Hope National Medical Center
| | - Carol Ann Huff
- 16The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Martin
- 21UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | | | - Donna Weber
- 26The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
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Jessee JK. Pepaxto: A New Peptide-Drug Conjugate for Heavily Pretreated Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Ann Pharmacother 2021; 56:951-957. [PMID: 34963319 DOI: 10.1177/10600280211058388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this article was to review existing data of melflufen (Pepaxto) as an additional treatment option for heavily pretreated relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search was completed using the search terms melphalan flufenamide; melflufen; melflufen AND relapsed refractory multiple myeloma; melphalan flufenamide and relapsed refractory multiple myeloma between January 1, 2013, and October 18, 2021. Additional information was obtained from the National Institutes of Health Clinical Trial Registry, Federal Drug Administration (FDA) web updates, and Pepaxto prescribing information. STUDY SELECTION/DATA EXTRACTION Clinical trials including melflufen in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma and trials related to safety and clinical pharmacology were included. DATA SYNTHESIS The findings of this review show melflufen in combination with dexamethasone can be used as a treatment option for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have previously received greater than 4 previous lines of therapy, and documented resistance to a proteosome inhibitor, an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody, and an immunomodulator. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Melflufen in combination with dexamethasone is a reasonable option for patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least 4 previous lines of therapy and considered ineligible for autologous stem cell transplant. Further clinical utilization in earlier lines of therapy is under review, pending the in-depth safety analysis by the FDA. CONCLUSIONS The FDA approval of melflufen in combination with dexamethasone provides an additional therapy option for patients with heavily pretreated relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah K Jessee
- Fred Wilson School of Pharmacy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
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Berillo D, Yeskendir A, Zharkinbekov Z, Raziyeva K, Saparov A. Peptide-Based Drug Delivery Systems. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57111209. [PMID: 34833427 PMCID: PMC8617776 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based drug delivery systems have many advantages when compared to synthetic systems in that they have better biocompatibility, biochemical and biophysical properties, lack of toxicity, controlled molecular weight via solid phase synthesis and purification. Lysosomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, dendrimers, polymeric micelles can be applied by intravenous administration, however they are of artificial nature and thus may induce side effects and possess lack of ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. An analysis of nontoxic drug delivery systems and an establishment of prospective trends in the development of drug delivery systems was needed. This review paper summarizes data, mainly from the past 5 years, devoted to the use of peptide-based carriers for delivery of various toxic drugs, mostly anticancer or drugs with limiting bioavailability. Peptide-based drug delivery platforms are utilized as peptide–drug conjugates, injectable biodegradable particles and depots for delivering small molecule pharmaceutical substances (500 Da) and therapeutic proteins. Controlled drug delivery systems that can effectively deliver anticancer and peptide-based drugs leading to accelerated recovery without significant side effects are discussed. Moreover, cell penetrating peptides and their molecular mechanisms as targeting peptides, as well as stimuli responsive (enzyme-responsive and pH-responsive) peptides and peptide-based self-assembly scaffolds are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Berillo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Pharmacognosy and Botany School of Pharmacy, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (A.S.)
| | - Adilkhan Yeskendir
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (Z.Z.); (K.R.)
| | - Zharylkasyn Zharkinbekov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (Z.Z.); (K.R.)
| | - Kamila Raziyeva
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (Z.Z.); (K.R.)
| | - Arman Saparov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan; (A.Y.); (Z.Z.); (K.R.)
- Correspondence: (D.B.); (A.S.)
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Sgherza N, Curci P, Rizzi R, Musto P. Novel Approaches Outside the Setting of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: The Case of Melflufen, Venetoclax, and Selinexor. Front Oncol 2021; 11:716751. [PMID: 34660279 PMCID: PMC8514936 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.716751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the survival rate of patients with multiple myeloma has significantly improved in the last years thanks to the introduction of various classes of new drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and monoclonal antibodies, the vast majority of these subjects relapse with a more aggressive disease due to the acquisition of further genetic alterations that may cause resistance to current salvage therapies. The treatment of these often "triple" (or even more) refractory patients remains challenging, and alternative approaches are required to overcome the onset of that resistance. Immunotherapies with novel monoclonal, drug-conjugated, or bi-specific antibodies, as well as the use of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, have been recently developed and are currently investigated. However, other non-immunologic therapeutic regimens based on melfluflen, venetoclax, or selinexor, three molecules with new mechanisms of action, have also shown promising results in the setting of relapsed/refractory myeloma. Here we report the most recent literature data regarding these three drugs, focusing on their efficacy and safety in multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sgherza
- Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale (AOUC) Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Paola Curci
- Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale (AOUC) Policlinico, Bari, Italy
| | - Rita Rizzi
- Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale (AOUC) Policlinico, Bari, Italy
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Pellegrino Musto
- Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale (AOUC) Policlinico, Bari, Italy
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, “Aldo Moro” University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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13
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Mohyuddin GR, Banerjee R, Goodman AM. Lack of equipoise in the LIGHTHOUSE trial for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: An ethical concern. Eur J Cancer 2021; 157:533-535. [PMID: 34544634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron M Goodman
- Division of Hematology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Morabito F, Tripepi G, Martino EA, Vigna E, Mendicino F, Morabito L, Todoerti K, Al-Janazreh H, D'Arrigo G, Canale FA, Cutrona G, Neri A, Martino M, Gentile M. Spotlight on Melphalan Flufenamide: An Up-and-Coming Therapy for the Treatment of Myeloma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2969-2978. [PMID: 34262262 PMCID: PMC8275138 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s295215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent therapeutic advances, multiple myeloma (MM) patients experience relapses as they become resistant to various classes and combinations of treatment. Melphalan (L-PAM) is an ageless drug. However, its use in the autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) setting and the innovative quadruplet regimen as well as daratumumab, bortezomib, and prednisone make this old drug current yet. Melflufen is a peptide-conjugated alkylator belonging to a novel class of compounds, representing an overcoming of L-PAM in terms of mechanism of action and effectiveness. The improved melflufen cytotoxicity is related to aminopeptidase activity, notably present in normal and neoplastic cells and remarkably heavily overexpressed in MM cells. Upon entering a cell, melflufen is cleaved by aminopeptidases, ultimately releasing the L-PAM payload and eliciting further the inflow and cleavage of the conjugated peptide. This virtuous loop persists until all extracellular melflufen has been utilized. The aminopeptidase-driven accumulation results in a 50-fold increase in L-PAM cell enrichment as compared with free alkylator. This condition produces selective cytotoxicity, increased on-target cell potency, and decreased off-target cell toxicity, ultimately overcoming resistance pathways triggered by previous treatments, including alkylators. Due to its distinct mechanism of action, melflufen plus dexamethasone as a doublet, and in combination with other novel drugs, has the potential to be beneficial for a broad range of patients with relapsed/refractory (RR) MM in third- or even in second-line therapy. The safety profile of melflufen has been consistent across studies, and no new safety concerns have been identified when melflufen was administered in doublet and triplet combinations. Based on growing clinical evidence, melflufen could be not only a good addition in the fight against RRMM but also a drug with a very favorable tolerability profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Morabito
- Biotechnology Research Unit, AO of Cosenza, Cosenza, Italy.,Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Giovanni Tripepi
- HCNR-IBIM, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Lucio Morabito
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Hamdi Al-Janazreh
- Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Hemato-Oncology Department, Augusta Victoria Hospital, East Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Graziella D'Arrigo
- HCNR-IBIM, Clinical Epidemiology and Physiopathology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension of Reggio Calabria, Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | - Filippo Antonio Canale
- Stem Cell Transplant Program, Clinical Section, Department of Hemato-Oncology and Radiotherapy, Grande Ospedale Metropolitano "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli", Reggio, Calabria, Italy
| | | | - Antonino Neri
- Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Massimo Martino
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Early detection of treatment failure and early rescue intervention in multiple myeloma: time for new approaches. Blood Adv 2021; 5:1340-1343. [PMID: 33656540 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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16
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Schjesvold F, Oriol A. Current and Novel Alkylators in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2465. [PMID: 34070213 PMCID: PMC8158783 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of novel treatments for myeloma have been developed and approved; however, alkylating drugs continue to be part of standard regimens. Additionally, novel alkylators are currently being developed. We performed a non-systematized literary search for relevant papers and communications at large conferences, as well as exploiting the authors' knowledge of the field, to review the history, current use and novel concepts around the traditional alkylators cyclophosphamide, bendamustine and melphalan and current data on the newly developed pro-drug melflufen. Even in the era of targeted treatment and personalized medicine, alkylating drugs continue to be part of the standard-of-care in myeloma, and new alkylators are coming to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Schjesvold
- Oslo Myeloma Center, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo, 4950 Oslo, Norway
| | - Albert Oriol
- Institut Josep Carreras and Institut Català d’Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
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Abstract
Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen, Pepaxto®) is a peptide conjugated alkylating drug developed by Oncopeptides for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and amyloid light-chain amyloidosis. It is an ethyl ester of a lipophilic dipeptide consisting of melphalan and para-fluoro-L-phenylalanine. Due to its lipophilicity, melphalan flufenamide is rapidly transported across the cell membrane and almost immediately hydrolyzed by aminopeptidases in the cytoplasm to yield more hydrophilic alkylating molecules, such as melphalan and desethyl-melflufen. Like other nitrogen mustard drugs, melphalan flufenamide exerts antitumor activity through DNA crosslinking. In February 2021, melphalan flufenamide, in combination with dexamethasone, received its first approval in the USA for the treatment of adults with relapsed or refractory (r/r) MM who have received at least four prior lines of therapy and whose disease is refractory to at least one proteasome inhibitor (PI), one immunomodulatory agent, and one CD38-directed monoclonal antibody. A multinational clinical study of melphalan flufenamide in amyloid light-chain amyloidosis is underway across several countries, and preclinical studies for various haematological and solid cancers are underway. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of melphalan flufenamide leading to this first approval.
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18
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Treatment of Multiple Myeloma and the Role of Melphalan in the Era of Modern Therapies-Current Research and Clinical Approaches. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091841. [PMID: 33922721 PMCID: PMC8123041 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 10% of all hematological malignancies, and it is the second most common hematological neoplasm for which chemotherapy is an important pharmacological treatment. High dose melphalan followed by autologous stem cell transplantation remains the standard of treatment for transplant-eligible patients with MM. In this review, we describe aspects of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of melphalan therapy and related compounds. In addition, we describe the use of melphalan in innovative therapies for the treatment of MM, including the development of drug carriers to reduce systemic toxicity, combination therapy to improve the effectiveness of cancer therapy, and the chemical modification of the melphalan molecule to improve antitumor activity.
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19
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Richardson PG, Oriol A, Larocca A, Bladé J, Cavo M, Rodriguez-Otero P, Leleu X, Nadeem O, Hiemenz JW, Hassoun H, Touzeau C, Alegre A, Paner A, Maisel C, Mazumder A, Raptis A, Moreb JS, Anderson KC, Laubach JP, Thuresson S, Thuresson M, Byrne C, Harmenberg J, Bakker NA, Mateos MV. Melflufen and Dexamethasone in Heavily Pretreated Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:757-767. [PMID: 33296242 PMCID: PMC8078327 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) is a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly and selectively releases alkylating agents into tumor cells. The phase II HORIZON trial evaluated the efficacy of melflufen plus dexamethasone in relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), a population with an important unmet medical need. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with RRMM refractory to pomalidomide and/or an anti-CD38 monoclonal antibody received melflufen 40 mg intravenously on day 1 of each 28-day cycle plus once weekly oral dexamethasone at a dose of 40 mg (20 mg in patients older than 75 years). The primary end point was overall response rate (partial response or better) assessed by the investigator and confirmed by independent review. Secondary end points included duration of response, progression-free survival, overall survival, and safety. The primary analysis is complete with long-term follow-up ongoing. RESULTS Of 157 patients (median age 65 years; median five prior lines of therapy) enrolled and treated, 119 patients (76%) had triple-class-refractory disease, 55 (35%) had extramedullary disease, and 92 (59%) were refractory to previous alkylator therapy. The overall response rate was 29% in the all-treated population, with 26% in the triple-class-refractory population. In the all-treated population, median duration of response was 5.5 months, median progression-free survival was 4.2 months, and median overall survival was 11.6 months at a median follow-up of 14 months. Grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 96% of patients, most commonly neutropenia (79%), thrombocytopenia (76%), and anemia (43%). Pneumonia (10%) was the most common grade 3/4 nonhematologic event. Thrombocytopenia and bleeding (both grade 3/4 but fully reversible) occurred concomitantly in four patients. GI events, reported in 97 patients (62%), were predominantly grade 1/2 (93%); none were grade 4. CONCLUSION Melflufen plus dexamethasone showed clinically meaningful efficacy and a manageable safety profile in patients with heavily pretreated RRMM, including those with triple-class-refractory and extramedullary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Albert Oriol
- Institut Català d'Oncologia and Josep Carreras Research Institute, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Larocca
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Joan Bladé
- Hematology Department, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michele Cavo
- Seràgnoli Institute of Hematology, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Omar Nadeem
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - John W. Hiemenz
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Hani Hassoun
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Cyrille Touzeau
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie et Immunologie Nantes-Angers (CRCINA), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Site de Recherche Intégrée sur le Cancer (SIRIC), Imaging and Longitudinal Investigations to Ameliorate Decision-making (ILIAD), Nantes, France
- Service d'hématologie Clinique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Place Alexis Ricordeau, Nantes, France
| | - Adrián Alegre
- Hospital Universitario La Princesa and Hospital Universitario Quironsalud, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agne Paner
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
| | | | | | - Anastasios Raptis
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jan S. Moreb
- Novant Health Hematology, Novant Health Forsyth Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC
| | | | - Jacob P. Laubach
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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20
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Improving outcomes for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma: Challenges and considerations of current and emerging treatment options. Blood Rev 2021; 49:100808. [PMID: 33863601 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent introduction of new therapies for multiple myeloma (MM), it remains an incurable disease. As MM progresses, patients experience cycles of relapse and remission, with remission periods becoming increasingly shorter as the disease becomes less treatment-sensitive. The treatment of relapsed refractory MM (RRMM) remains a significant clinical challenge. Patients with RRMM are a highly heterogeneous group and choosing the most appropriate treatment requires careful consideration. Furthermore, the number of treatment options for MM is continually growing with no definitive consensus to guide treating clinicians. The emergence of second-generation proteasome inhibitors (e.g., carfilzomib and ixazomib), immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., pomalidomide) and monoclonal antibodies (e.g., isatuximab) has expanded an already complex treatment landscape. This review provides a clear summary of the available treatments for MM and discusses how to tailor treatments to individual patients' needs. Novel treatments currently under clinical development, including venetoclax, melflufen and CAR T-cell therapies, are also discussed.
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Kaufman GP, Cerchione C. Beyond Andromeda: Improving Therapy for Light Chain Amyloidosis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:624573. [PMID: 33614504 PMCID: PMC7888257 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.624573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy for light chain amyloidosis (AL) continues to evolve, and a new standard of care for the disease is rapidly forming. The risk of early death however, mainly from cardiac complications, remains an important benchmark yet to be definitively improved upon. This brief review explores recent advances in plasma cell directed therapy for AL, highlighting unique factors specific to these patients and AL biology driving differences in treatment strategies and clinical development compared with multiple myeloma. Improving upon proteasome inhibitor based upfront therapy combinations with the addition of anti-CD38 antibodies has shown promise with improved response rates in the ANDROMEDA (NCT03201965) study. Though depth and kinetics of achieving deep hematologic response as well as rates of biomarker defined organ response were improved with the addition of daratumumab to the combination of bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone, death rates in each arm remained similar. Evaluation of other targeted and novel therapies in AL is ongoing, and we highlight efforts evaluating B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) directed therapy, BCL-2 family inhibitors, and other novel agents in the field. We also look ahead to efforts to reimagine the clinical development of anti-fibrillar therapies after late phase study failures. Upcoming anti-amyloid fibril antibody studies explore opportunities to improve outcomes for the sickest AL patients with advanced cardiac disease, focusing on improving overall patient survival and reducing the risk of early death in this uniquely frail population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory P. Kaufman
- Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Claudio Cerchione
- Hematology Unit, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, Meldola, Italy
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22
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Gulla' A, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: the (r)evolution of current therapy and a glance into future. Haematologica 2020; 105:2358-2367. [PMID: 33054076 PMCID: PMC7556665 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.247015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the regulatory approval of several novel agents to treat multiple myeloma (MM) has prolonged median patient survival from 3 to 8-10 years. Increased understanding of MM biology has translated to advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and response assessment, as well as informed the development of targeted and immune agents. Here we provide an overview of the recent progress in MM, and highlight research areas of greatest promise to further improve patient outcome in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth C. Anderson
- Division of Hematologic Neoplasia, Department of Medical Oncology, Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Bertamini L, Bonello F, Boccadoro M, Bringhen S. New drugs in early development for treating multiple myeloma: all that glitters is not gold. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:989-1004. [PMID: 32434394 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1772753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The last twenty years have introduced new therapeutic agents for multiple myeloma (MM); these include proteasome inhibitors (PIs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMDs) and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, MM remains incurable, hence there is an unmet need for new agents for the treatment of advanced refractory disease. New agents could also be used in early lines to achieve improved, more sustained remission. AREAS COVERED We review the most promising agents investigated in early-phase trials for the treatment of MM and provide an emphasis on new agents directed against well-known targets (new PIs, IMDs and anti-CD38 mAbs). Drugs that work through distinct and numerous mechanisms of action (e.g. pro-apoptotic agents and tyrosine kinase inhibitors) and innovative immunotherapeutic approaches are also described. The paper culminates with our perspective on therapeutic approaches on the horizon for this disease. EXPERT OPINION IMD iberdomide and the export protein inhibitor selinexor demonstrated efficacy in heavily pretreated patients who had no other therapeutic options. We expect that immunotherapy with anti-BCMA BTEs and ADCs will revolutionize the approach to treating the early stages of the disease. Data on venetoclax in t(11;14)-positive patients may pave the way for personalized therapy. Not all new agents under early clinical evaluation will be investigated in regulatory phase III trials; one of the most important challenges is to identify those that could make a difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bertamini
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Bonello
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Mario Boccadoro
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Bringhen
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino , Torino, Italy
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24
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Oriol A, Larocca A, Leleu X, Hajek R, Hassoun H, Rodríguez-Otero P, Paner A, Schjesvold FH, Gullbo J, Richardson PG. Melflufen for relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:1069-1078. [PMID: 32924646 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1808884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The overall survival of patients with multiple myeloma has improved with the advent of novel agents; however, multiple myeloma remains incurable. Combinations of standard-of-care agents such as immunomodulators, proteasome inhibitors, and anti-CD38 monoclonal antibodies are increasingly used in earlier lines of therapy. Patients with disease that is refractory to multiple novel agents represent a population with high unmet medical need and for whom therapies with new mechanisms of action could be beneficial. Melphalan flufenamide (melflufen) has demonstrated encouraging activity in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma. AREAS COVERED This review provides an overview of the mechanism of action of melflufen, a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly delivers alkylating agents into tumor cells. It reviews key Phase I and II clinical trial data for melflufen in combination with dexamethasone as well as in triplet combinations with daratumumab or bortezomib. The safety profile of melflufen, which is characterized primarily by clinically manageable hematologic adverse events, is described. EXPERT OPINION Melflufen has potential to fill a gap in the myeloma treatment landscape by providing a new mechanism of action with clinically meaningful efficacy and a favorable safety profile in patients refractory to multiple novel agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Oriol
- Institut Josep Carreras and Institut Català d'Oncologia, Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol , Badalona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Larocca
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città Della Salute E Della Scienza Di Torino, University of Torino , Torino, Italy
| | - Xavier Leleu
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital De La Milétrie, CHU De Poitiers , Poitiers, France
| | - Roman Hajek
- Department of Hemato-Oncology, University of Ostrava and Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava , Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hani Hassoun
- Myeloma Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Agne Paner
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplant, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fredrik H Schjesvold
- Oslo Myeloma Center, Oslo University Hospital and K.G. Jebsen Centre for B-Cell Malignancies, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University , Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Paul G Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
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Mateos MV, Bladé J, Bringhen S, Ocio EM, Efebera Y, Pour L, Gay F, Sonneveld P, Gullbo J, Richardson PG. Melflufen: A Peptide-Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3120. [PMID: 32992506 PMCID: PMC7601491 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of new therapies that have led to improved outcomes for patients with multiple myeloma, most patients will eventually relapse. With triplet and even quadruplet combination therapies becoming standard in the first and second line, many patients will have few treatment options after second-line treatment. Melflufen (melphalan flufenamide) is a first-in-class peptide-drug conjugate (PDC) that targets aminopeptidases and rapidly releases alkylating agents into tumor cells. Once inside the tumor cells, melflufen is hydrolyzed by peptidases to release alkylator molecules, which become entrapped. Melflufen showed anti-myeloma activity in myeloma cells that were resistant to bortezomib and the alkylator melphalan. In early phase studies (O-12-M1 and HORIZON [OP-106]), melflufen plus dexamethasone has demonstrated encouraging clinical activity and a manageable safety profile in heavily pretreated patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, including those with triple-class refractory disease and extramedullary disease. The Phase III OCEAN study (OP-104) is further evaluating melflufen plus dexamethasone in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. The safety profile of melflufen is characterized primarily by clinically manageable hematologic adverse events. Melflufen, with its novel mechanism of action, has the potential to provide clinically meaningful benefits to patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, including those with high unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joan Bladé
- Hematology Department, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Hospital Clinic, 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Sara Bringhen
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (S.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Enrique M Ocio
- University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), University of Cantabria, 39008 Santander, Spain;
| | - Yvonne Efebera
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Luděk Pour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Brno, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Francesca Gay
- Myeloma Unit, Division of Hematology, University of Torino, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; (S.B.); (F.G.)
| | - Pieter Sonneveld
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, 3075 EA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Joachim Gullbo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Paul G. Richardson
- Jerome Lipper Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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