1
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Hao M, Lu P, Sotropa S, Manupati K, Yeo SK, Guan JL. In vivo CRISPR knockout screen identifies p47 as a suppressor of HER2+ breast cancer metastasis by regulating NEMO trafficking and autophagy flux. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113780. [PMID: 38363674 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved cellular process, and its dysfunction is implicated in cancer and other diseases. Here, we employ an in vivo CRISPR screen targeting genes implicated in the regulation of autophagy to identify the Nsfl1c gene encoding p47 as a suppressor of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)+ breast cancer metastasis. p47 ablation specifically increases metastasis without promoting primary mammary tumor growth. Analysis of human breast cancer patient databases and tissue samples indicates a correlation of lower p47 expression levels with metastasis and decreased survival. Mechanistic studies show that p47 functions in the repair of lysosomal damage for autophagy flux and in the endosomal trafficking of nuclear factor κB essential modulator for lysosomal degradation to promote metastasis. Our results demonstrate a role and mechanisms of p47 in the regulation of breast cancer metastasis. They highlight the potential to exploit p47 as a suppressor of metastasis through multiple pathways in HER2+ breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingang Hao
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Peixin Lu
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sarah Sotropa
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Kanakaraju Manupati
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Syn Kok Yeo
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jun-Lin Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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2
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Akbari A, Noorbakhsh Varnosfaderani SM, Haeri MS, Fathi Z, Aziziyan F, Yousefi Rad A, Zalpoor H, Nabi-Afjadi M, Malekzadegan Y. Autophagy induced by Helicobacter Pylori infection can lead to gastric cancer dormancy, metastasis, and recurrence: new insights. Hum Cell 2024; 37:139-153. [PMID: 37924488 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-023-00996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
According to the findings of recent research, Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) infection is not only the primary cause of gastric cancer (GC), but it is also linked to the spread and invasion of GC through a number of processes and factors that contribute to virulence. In this study, we discussed that H. pylori infection can increase autophagy in GC tumor cells, leading to poor prognosis in such patients. Until now, the main concerns have been focused on H. pylori's role in GC development. According to our hypothesis, however, H. pylori infection may also lead to GC dormancy, metastasis, and recurrence by stimulating autophagy. Therefore, understanding how H. pylori possess these processes through its virulence factors and various microRNAs can open new windows for providing new prevention and/or therapeutic approaches to combat GC dormancy, metastasis, and recurrence which can occur in GC patients with H. pylori infection with targeting autophagy and eradicating H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullatif Akbari
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Melika Sadat Haeri
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Fathi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Yousefi Rad
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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3
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Chao Y, Ou Q, Shang J. Expression and prognostic value of SULT1A2 in bladder cancer. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:779. [PMID: 34055078 PMCID: PMC8145616 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase Family 1A Member 2 (SULT1A2) is a protein coding gene. Several studies have reported that SULT1A2 may have a chemical carcinogenic effect if expressed as a functional protein. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and potential role of SULT1A2 in bladder cancer (BC). Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus databases were used to analyze SULT1A2 expression in BC. In addition, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses were performed to detect SULT1A2 expression in BC cells and tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed on 100 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded BC tissues and corresponding adjacent normal bladder tissues (ANBTs) to verify SULT1A2 expression and determine the clinical significance of SULT1A2 in BC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to determine the potential biological processes and internal molecular mechanisms. The results demonstrated that SULT1A2 was highly expressed in BC tissues compared with ANBTs. Furthermore, high SULT1A2 expression was significantly associated with the staging of BC. Analyses of TCGA datasets and BC tissue microarray indicated that high SULT1A2 expression was significantly associated with a favorable overall survival in patients with BC. In addition, GSEA revealed pathways, diseases and biological processes associated with SULT1A2. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that SULT1A2 acts as an oncogene in BC, and thus may serve as a biomarker for tumor staging and prognosis in patients with BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Qifeng Ou
- Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jin Shang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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4
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Seok JK, Hong EH, Yang G, Lee HE, Kim SE, Liu KH, Kang HC, Cho YY, Lee HS, Lee JY. Oxidized Phospholipids in Tumor Microenvironment Stimulate Tumor Metastasis via Regulation of Autophagy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030558. [PMID: 33806593 PMCID: PMC8001732 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipids are well known to play physiological and pathological roles in regulating cellular homeostasis and disease progression. However, their role in cancer metastasis has not been entirely understood. In this study, effects of oxidized phosphatidylcholines such as 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POVPC) on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy were determined in cancer cells by immunoblotting and confocal analysis. Metastasis was analyzed by a scratch wound assay and a transwell migration/invasion assay. The concentrations of POVPC and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-phosphocholine (PGPC) in tumor tissues obtained from patients were measured by LC-MS/MS analysis. POVPC induced EMT, resulting in increase of migration and invasion of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) and human breast cancer cells (MCF7). POVPC induced autophagic flux through AMPK-mTOR pathway. Pharmacological inhibition or siRNA knockdown of autophagy decreased migration and invasion of POVPC-treated HepG2 and MCF7 cells. POVPC and PGPC levels were greatly increased at stage II of patient-derived intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma tissues. PGPC levels were higher in malignant breast tumor tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues. The results show that oxidized phosphatidylcholines increase metastatic potential of cancer cells by promoting EMT, mediated through autophagy. These suggest the positive regulatory role of oxidized phospholipids accumulated in tumor microenvironment in the regulation of tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Seok
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Eun-Hee Hong
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
- Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP) Central Research Institute, Daejeon 34101, Korea
| | - Gabsik Yang
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
- Immunotherapy Research Lab, Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonju 54986, Korea
| | - Hye Eun Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Sin-Eun Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Liu
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (S.-E.K.); (K.-H.L.)
| | - Han Chang Kang
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Yong-Yeon Cho
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
| | - Joo Young Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea; (J.K.S.); (E.-H.H.); (G.Y.); (H.E.L.); (H.C.K.); (Y.-Y.C.); (H.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +82-2-2164-4095
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5
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Bustos SO, Antunes F, Rangel MC, Chammas R. Emerging Autophagy Functions Shape the Tumor Microenvironment and Play a Role in Cancer Progression - Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:606436. [PMID: 33324568 PMCID: PMC7724038 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.606436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex environment where cancer cells reside and interact with different types of cells, secreted factors, and the extracellular matrix. Additionally, TME is shaped by several processes, such as autophagy. Autophagy has emerged as a conserved intracellular degradation pathway for clearance of damaged organelles or aberrant proteins. With its central role, autophagy maintains the cellular homeostasis and orchestrates stress responses, playing opposite roles in tumorigenesis. During tumor development, autophagy also mediates autophagy-independent functions associated with several hallmarks of cancer, and therefore exerting several effects on tumor suppression and/or tumor promotion mechanisms. Beyond the concept of degradation, new different forms of autophagy have been described as modulators of cancer progression, such as secretory autophagy enabling intercellular communication in the TME by cargo release. In this context, the synthesis of senescence-associated secretory proteins by autophagy lead to a senescent phenotype. Besides disturbing tumor treatment responses, autophagy also participates in innate and adaptive immune signaling. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated intricate crosstalk between autophagy and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which cancer cells obtain an invasive phenotype and metastatic potential. Thus, autophagy in the cancer context is far broader and complex than just a cell energy sensing mechanism. In this scenario, we will discuss the key roles of autophagy in the TME and surrounding cells, contributing to cancer development and progression/EMT. Finally, the potential intervention in autophagy processes as a strategy for cancer therapy will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Odete Bustos
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Antunes
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina Rangel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de São Paulo, Brazil
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6
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La Belle Flynn A, Calhoun BC, Sharma A, Chang JC, Almasan A, Schiemann WP. Autophagy inhibition elicits emergence from metastatic dormancy by inducing and stabilizing Pfkfb3 expression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3668. [PMID: 31413316 PMCID: PMC6694140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are unique in their ability to undergo unlimited self-renewal, an essential process in breast cancer recurrence following metastatic dormancy. Emergent metastatic lesions were subjected to microarray analysis, which identified 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (Pfkfb3) as a differentially expressed gene coupled to metastatic recurrence. Here, we report that elevated Pfkfb3 expression correlates with the appearance of aggressive breast cancers and reduces relapse-free survival, as well as enhances BCSC self-renewal and metastatic outgrowth. We observe an inverse relationship between Pfkfb3 expression and autophagy, which reduces Pfkfb3 expression and elicits cellular dormancy. Targeted depletion of Atg3, Atg7, or p62/sequestosome-1 to inactivate autophagy restores aberrant Pfkfb3 expression in dormant BCSCs, leading to their reactivation of proliferative programs and outgrowth. Moreover, Pfkfb3 interacts physically with autophagy machinery, specifically the UBA domain of p62/sequestosome-1. Importantly, disrupting autophagy and this event enables Pfkfb3 to drive dormant BCSCs and metastatic lesions to recur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa La Belle Flynn
- Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Benjamin C Calhoun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Arishya Sharma
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Jenny C Chang
- Houston Methodist Research Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alexandru Almasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - William P Schiemann
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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7
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Smith AG, Macleod KF. Autophagy, cancer stem cells and drug resistance. J Pathol 2019; 247:708-718. [PMID: 30570140 DOI: 10.1002/path.5222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular survival mechanism that is induced by cancer therapy, among other stresses, and frequently contributes to cancer cell survival during long periods of dormancy and the eventual outgrowth of metastatic disease. Autophagy degrades large cellular structures that, once broken down, contribute to cellular survival through the recycling of their constituent metabolites. However, the extent to which this fuel function of autophagy is key to its role in promoting stemness, dormancy and drug resistance remains to be determined. Other roles for autophagy in determining cell fate more directly through targeted degradation of key transcription factors, such as p53 and FoxO3A, or by enforcing a reversible quiescent growth arrest, are discussed in this review. This review also highlights the need to parse out the roles of different forms of selective autophagy in stemness, CD44 expression and dormancy that, for example, are increasingly being attributed explicitly to mitophagy. The clinical relevance of this work and how an increased understanding of functions of autophagy in stemness, dormancy and drug resistance could be manipulated for increased therapeutic benefit, including eliminating minimal residual disease and preventing metastasis, are discussed. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G Smith
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Multi-disciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, The Gordon Center for Integrative Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Multi-disciplinary Training Grant in Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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8
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Mei Y, Yang JP, Lang YH, Peng LX, Yang MM, Liu Q, Meng DF, Zheng LS, Qiang YY, Xu L, Li CZ, Wei WW, Niu T, Peng XS, Yang Q, Lin F, Hu H, Xu HF, Huang BJ, Wang LJ, Qian CN. Global expression profiling and pathway analysis of mouse mammary tumor reveals strain and stage specific dysregulated pathways in breast cancer progression. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:963-973. [PMID: 29712537 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1442629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that the alteration of tissue microenvironment would affect cancer initiation and progression. However, little is known in terms of the underlying molecular mechanisms that would affect the initiation and progression of breast cancer. In the present study, we use two murine mammary tumor models with different speeds of tumor initiation and progression for whole genome expression profiling to reveal the involved genes and signaling pathways. The pathways regulating PI3K-Akt signaling and Ras signaling were activated in Fvb mice and promoted tumor progression. Contrastingly, the pathways regulating apoptosis and cellular senescence were activated in Fvb.B6 mice and suppressed tumor progression. We identified distinct patterns of oncogenic pathways activation at different stages of breast cancer, and uncovered five oncogenic pathways that were activated in both human and mouse breast cancers. The genes and pathways discovered in our study would be useful information for other researchers and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Mei
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Jun-Ping Yang
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Yan-Hong Lang
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Li-Xia Peng
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Ming-Ming Yang
- b Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Course, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Qing Liu
- b Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Course, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Dong-Fang Meng
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Li-Sheng Zheng
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qiang
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Liang Xu
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Wen-Wen Wei
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Ting Niu
- b Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Course, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Xing-Si Peng
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Qin Yang
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Fen Lin
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Hao Hu
- d Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine , First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Hong-Fa Xu
- e Department of Hematology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou 510230 , China
| | - Bi-Jun Huang
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- b Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Course, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- a Department of Experimental Research, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China.,c Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma , Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center , Guangzhou 510060 , China
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9
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Raju GSR, Pavitra E, Merchant N, Lee H, Prasad GLV, Nagaraju GP, Huh YS, Han YK. Targeting autophagy in gastrointestinal malignancy by using nanomaterials as drug delivery systems. Cancer Lett 2018; 419:222-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Mowers EE, Sharifi MN, Macleod KF. Functions of autophagy in the tumor microenvironment and cancer metastasis. FEBS J 2018; 285:1751-1766. [PMID: 29356327 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macro-autophagy is an ancient and highly conserved self-degradative process that plays a homeostatic role in normal cells by eliminating organelles, pathogens, and protein aggregates. Autophagy, as it is routinely referred to, also allows cells to maintain metabolic sufficiency and survive under conditions of nutrient stress by recycling the by-products of autophagic degradation, such as fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides. Tumor cells are more reliant than normal cells on autophagy for survival in part due to their rapid growth rate, altered metabolism, and nutrient-deprived growth environment. How this dependence of tumor cells on autophagy affects their progression to malignancy and metastatic disease is an area of increasing research focus. Here, we review recent work identifying critical functions for autophagy in tumor cell migration and invasion, tumor stem cell maintenance and therapy resistance, and cross-talk between tumor cells and their microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Mowers
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.,Inter-disciplinary Scientist Training Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marina N Sharifi
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kay F Macleod
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, IL, USA.,The Committee on Cancer Biology, Chicago, IL, USA.,The University of Chicago, IL, USA
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11
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic program that is responsible for the degradation of dysfunctional or unnecessary proteins and organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis. Mechanistically, it involves the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes that sequester cytoplasmic material and deliver it to lysosomes for degradation. Eventually, the material is recycled back to the cytoplasm. Abnormalities of autophagy often lead to human diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer. In the case of cancer, increasing evidence has revealed the paradoxical roles of autophagy in both tumor inhibition and tumor promotion. Here, we summarize the context-dependent role of autophagy and its complicated molecular mechanisms in the hallmarks of cancer. Moreover, we discuss how therapeutics targeting autophagy can counter malignant transformation and tumor progression. Overall, the findings of studies discussed here shed new light on exploiting the complicated mechanisms of the autophagic machinery and relevant small-molecule modulators as potential antitumor agents to improve therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhi Huang
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xiao Song
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Yongyong Yang
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Xuechao Wan
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Angel A. Alvarez
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Namratha Sastry
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Haizhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Hu
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shi-Yuan Cheng
- Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Lou & Jean Malnati Brain Tumor Institute, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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12
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Kottke T, Evgin L, Shim KG, Rommelfanger D, Boisgerault N, Zaidi S, Diaz RM, Thompson J, Ilett E, Coffey M, Selby P, Pandha H, Harrington K, Melcher A, Vile R. Subversion of NK-cell and TNFα Immune Surveillance Drives Tumor Recurrence. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:1029-1045. [PMID: 29038298 PMCID: PMC5858196 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how incompletely cleared primary tumors transition from minimal residual disease (MRD) into treatment-resistant, immune-invisible recurrences has major clinical significance. We show here that this transition is mediated through the subversion of two key elements of innate immunosurveillance. In the first, the role of TNFα changes from an antitumor effector against primary tumors into a growth promoter for MRD. Second, whereas primary tumors induced a natural killer (NK)-mediated cytokine response characterized by low IL6 and elevated IFNγ, PD-L1hi MRD cells promoted the secretion of IL6 but minimal IFNγ, inhibiting both NK-cell and T-cell surveillance. Tumor recurrence was promoted by trauma- or infection-like stimuli inducing VEGF and TNFα, which stimulated the growth of MRD tumors. Finally, therapies that blocked PD-1, TNFα, or NK cells delayed or prevented recurrence. These data show how innate immunosurveillance mechanisms, which control infection and growth of primary tumors, are exploited by recurrent, competent tumors and identify therapeutic targets in patients with MRD known to be at high risk of relapse. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(11); 1029-45. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kottke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Laura Evgin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kevin G Shim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Shane Zaidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Rosa Maria Diaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jill Thompson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Elizabeth Ilett
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Matt Coffey
- Oncolytics Biotech Incorporated, Calgary, Canada
| | - Peter Selby
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Alan Melcher
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Vile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St. James' University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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13
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Seeberg LT, Brunborg C, Waage A, Hugenschmidt H, Renolen A, Stav I, Bjørnbeth BA, Borgen E, Naume B, Brudvik KW, Wiedswang G. Survival Impact of Primary Tumor Lymph Node Status and Circulating Tumor Cells in Patients with Colorectal Liver Metastases. Ann Surg Oncol 2017; 24:2113-2121. [PMID: 28258416 PMCID: PMC5491630 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-017-5818-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyse the survival impact of primary tumor nodal status (N0/N+) in patients with resectable colorectal liver metastases (CLM), and to determine the value of circulating and disseminated tumor cells (CTCs/DTCs) in this setting. METHODS In this prospective study of patients undergoing resection of CLM from 2008 to 2011, peripheral blood was analyzed for CTCs using the CellSearch System®, and bone marrow was sampled for DTC analyses just prior to hepatic resection. The presence of one or more tumor cells was scored as CTC/DTC-positive. Following resection of the primary tumor, the lymph nodes (LNs) were examined by routine histopathological examination. RESULTS A total of 140 patients were included in this study; 38 patients (27.1%) were negative at the primary colorectal LN examination (N0). CTCs were detected in 12.1% of all patients; 5.3% of patients in the N0 group and 14.7% of patients in the LN-positive (N+) group (p = 0.156), with the LN-positive group (N+) consisting of both N1 and N2 patients. There was a significant difference in recurrence-free survival (RFS) when analysing the N0 group versus the N+ group (p = 0.007) and CTC-positive versus CTC-negative patients (p = 0.029). In multivariate analysis, CTC positivity was also significantly associated with impaired overall survival (OS) [p = 0.05], whereas DTC positivity was not associated with survival. CONCLUSION In this cohort of resectable CLM patients, 27% had primary N0 colorectal cancer. Assessment of CTC in addition to nodal status may contribute to improved classification of patients into high- and low-risk groups, which has the potential to guide and improve treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Thomas Seeberg
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway.
| | - Cathrine Brunborg
- Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Waage
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Hugenschmidt
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Renolen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Stav
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn A Bjørnbeth
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Borgen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Naume
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Gro Wiedswang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Autophagy in cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2016; 36:1619-1630. [PMID: 27593926 PMCID: PMC5337449 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved self-degradative process that has a key role in cellular stress responses and survival. Recent work has begun to explore the function of autophagy in cancer metastasis, which is of particular interest given the dearth of effective therapeutic options for metastatic disease. Autophagy is induced upon progression of various human cancers to metastasis and together with data from genetically engineered mice and experimental metastasis models, a role for autophagy at nearly every phase of the metastatic cascade has been identified. Specifically, autophagy has been shown to be involved in modulating tumor cell motility and invasion, cancer stem cell viability and differentiation, resistance to anoikis, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor cell dormancy and escape from immune surveillance, with emerging functions in establishing the pre-metastatic niche and other aspects of metastasis. In this review, we provide a general overview of how autophagy modulates cancer metastasis and discuss the significance of new findings for disease management.
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15
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Forte VA, Barrak DK, Elhodaky M, Tung L, Snow A, Lang JE. The potential for liquid biopsies in the precision medical treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:19-40. [PMID: 27144060 PMCID: PMC4850125 DOI: 10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the clinical management of breast cancer relies on relatively few prognostic/predictive clinical markers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2), based on primary tumor biology. Circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may enhance our treatment options by focusing on the very cells that are the direct precursors of distant metastatic disease, and probably inherently different than the primary tumor's biology. To shift the current clinical paradigm, assessing tumor biology in real time by molecularly profiling CTCs or ctDNA may serve to discover therapeutic targets, detect minimal residual disease and predict response to treatment. This review serves to elucidate the detection, characterization, and clinical application of CTCs and ctDNA with the goal of precision treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Forte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dany K Barrak
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mostafa Elhodaky
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lily Tung
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anson Snow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie E Lang
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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16
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Carels N, Spinassé LB, Tilli TM, Tuszynski JA. Toward precision medicine of breast cancer. Theor Biol Med Model 2016; 13:7. [PMID: 26925829 PMCID: PMC4772532 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-016-0035-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we report on breast cancer's molecular features and on how high throughput technologies are helping in understanding the dynamics of tumorigenesis and cancer progression with the aim of developing precision medicine methods. We first address the current state of the art in breast cancer therapies and challenges in order to progress towards its cure. Then, we show how the interaction of high-throughput technologies with in silico modeling has led to set up useful inferences for promising strategies of target-specific therapies with low secondary effect incidence for patients. Finally, we discuss the challenge of pharmacogenetics in the clinical practice of cancer therapy. All these issues are explored within the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carels
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lizânia Borges Spinassé
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Tatiana Martins Tilli
- Laboratório de Modelagem de Sistemas Biológicos, National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Diseases (INCT/IDN, CNPq), Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Jack Adam Tuszynski
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1Z2, Canada. .,Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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17
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Cunningham JJ, Brown JS, Vincent TL, Gatenby RA. Divergent and convergent evolution in metastases suggest treatment strategies based on specific metastatic sites. EVOLUTION MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 2015:76-87. [PMID: 25794501 PMCID: PMC4404930 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells, although maximally fit at their primary site, typically have lower fitness on the adaptive landscapes offered by the metastatic sites due to organ-specific variations in mesenchymal properties and signaling pathways. Clinically evident metastases will exhibit time-dependent divergence from the phenotypic mean of the primary population as the tumor cells evolve and adapt to their new circumstances. In contrast, tumors from different primary sites evolving on identical metastatic adaptive landscapes exhibit phenotypic convergence so that, for example, metastases in the liver from different primary tumors will evolve toward similar adaptive phenotypes. The combination of evolutionary divergence from the primary cancer phenotype and convergence towards similar adaptive strategies in the same tissue cause significant variations in treatment responses particularly for highly targeted therapies. This suggest that optimal therapies for disseminated cancer must take into account the site(s) of metastatic growth as well as the primary organ. Background and objective: Systemic therapy for metastatic cancer is currently determined exclusively by the site of tumor origin. Yet, there is increasing evidence that the molecular characteristics of metastases significantly differ from the primary tumor. We define the evolutionary dynamics of metastases that govern this molecular divergence and examine their potential contribution to variations in response to targeted therapies. Methodology: Darwinian interactions of transformed cells with the tissue microenvironments at primary and metastatic sites are analyzed using evolutionary game theory. Computational models simulate responses to targeted therapies in different organs within the same patient. Results: Tumor cells, although maximally fit at their primary site, typically have lower fitness on the adaptive landscapes offered by the metastatic sites due to organ-specific variations in mesenchymal properties and signaling pathways. Clinically evident metastases usually exhibit time-dependent divergence from the phenotypic mean of the primary population as the tumor cells evolve and adapt to their new circumstances. In contrast, tumors from different primary sites evolving on identical metastatic adaptive landscapes exhibit phenotypic convergence. Thus, metastases in the liver from different primary tumors and even in different hosts will evolve toward similar adaptive phenotypes. The combination of evolutionary divergence from the primary cancer phenotype and convergence towards similar adaptive strategies in the same tissue cause significant variations in treatment responses particularly for highly targeted therapies. Conclusion and implications: The results suggest that optimal therapies for disseminated cancer must take into account the site(s) of metastatic growth as well as the primary organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J Cunningham
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607; Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Joel S Brown
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607; Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Thomas L Vincent
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607; Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
| | - Robert A Gatenby
- Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607; Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA Cancer Biology and Evolution Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607; Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85745, USA
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18
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Bruun J, Kolberg M, Nesland JM, Svindland A, Nesbakken A, Lothe RA. Prognostic Significance of β-Catenin, E-Cadherin, and SOX9 in Colorectal Cancer: Results from a Large Population-Representative Series. Front Oncol 2014; 222:1-15. [PMID: 24904831 DOI: 10.1002/path.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust biomarkers that can precisely stratify patients according to treatment needs are in great demand. The literature is inconclusive for most reported prognostic markers for colorectal cancer (CRC). Hence, adequately reported studies in large representative series are necessary to determine their clinical potential. We investigated the prognostic value of three Wnt signaling-associated proteins, β-catenin, E-cadherin, and SOX9, in a population-representative single-hospital series of 1290 Norwegian CRC patients by performing immunohistochemical analyses of each marker using the tissue microarray technology. Loss of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and loss of cytosolic E-cadherin protein expression were significantly associated with reduced 5-year survival in 903 patients who underwent major resection (722 evaluable tissue cores) independently of standard clinicopathological high-risk parameters. Pre-specified subgroup analyses demonstrated particular effect for stage IV patients for β-catenin membrane staining (P = 0.018; formal interaction test P = 0.025). Among those who underwent complete resection (714 patients, 568 evaluable), 5-year time-to-recurrence analyses were performed, and stage II patients with loss of cytosolic E-cadherin were identified as an independent high-risk subgroup (P = 0.020, formal interaction test was not significant). Nuclear β-catenin and SOX9 protein, regardless of intracellular location, were not associated with prognosis. In conclusion, the protein expression level of membranous or cytosolic β-catenin and E-cadherin predicts CRC patient subgroups with inferior prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarle Bruun
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Matthias Kolberg
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Jahn M Nesland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Aud Svindland
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Arild Nesbakken
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Aker Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragnhild A Lothe
- Department for Cancer Prevention, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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19
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Detecting and targeting tumor relapse by its resistance to innate effectors at early recurrence. Nat Med 2013; 19:1625-1631. [PMID: 24240185 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor recurrence represents a major clinical challenge. Our data show that emergent recurrent tumors acquire a phenotype radically different from that of their originating primary tumors. This phenotype allows them to evade a host-derived innate immune response elicited by the progression from minimal residual disease (MRD) to actively growing recurrence. Screening for this innate response predicted accurately in which mice recurrence would occur. Premature induction of recurrence resensitized MRD to the primary therapy, suggesting a possible paradigm shift for clinical treatment of dormant disease in which the current expectant approach is replaced with active attempts to uncover MRD before evolution of the escape phenotype is complete. By combining screening with second-line treatments targeting innate insensitivity, up to 100% of mice that would have otherwise relapsed were cured. These data may open new avenues for early detection and appropriately timed, highly targeted treatment of tumor recurrence irrespective of tumor type or frontline treatment.
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20
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Fein MR, Egeblad M. Caught in the act: revealing the metastatic process by live imaging. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:580-93. [PMID: 23616077 PMCID: PMC3634643 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.009282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of metastatic cancer in patients is poor. Interfering with metastatic spread is therefore important for achieving better survival from cancer. Metastatic disease is established through a series of steps, including breaching of the basement membrane, intravasation and survival in lymphatic or blood vessels, extravasation, and growth at distant sites. Yet, although we know the steps involved in metastasis, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of dissemination and colonization of distant organs are incompletely understood. Here, we review the important insights into the metastatic process that have been gained specifically through the use of imaging technologies in murine, chicken embryo and zebrafish model systems, including high-resolution two-photon microscopy and bioluminescence. We further discuss how imaging technologies are beginning to allow researchers to address the role of regional activation of specific molecular pathways in the metastatic process. These technologies are shedding light, literally, on almost every step of the metastatic process, particularly with regards to the dynamics and plasticity of the disseminating cancer cells and the active participation of the microenvironment in the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam R Fein
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1 Bungtown Road, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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21
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Molecular interactions in the development of brain metastases. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17157-67. [PMID: 23965978 PMCID: PMC3759957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140817157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastases are a much-feared complication of cancer. The development of brain metastases requires a malignant cell to acquire characteristics that facilitate dissemination away from the primary site, entrance into the nervous system, and establishment in the brain. This review summarizes recent work focused on the molecular derangements leading to brain metastases and outlines areas in need of greater understanding.
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22
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Rud AK, Borgen E, Mælandsmo GM, Flatmark K, Le H, Josefsen D, Solvoll I, Schirmer CB, Helland Å, Jørgensen L, Brustugun OT, Fodstad Ø, Boye K. Clinical significance of disseminated tumour cells in non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:1264-70. [PMID: 23942067 PMCID: PMC3778301 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients have a high risk of disease relapse despite curatively intended surgical resection, and the detection of tumour cells in the bone marrow could be one method of determining the presence of the disseminated disease in its early stages. Methods: Bone marrow aspirates were collected from 296 patients at the time of surgery, and the presence of disseminated tumour cells was determined with the help of immunomagnetic selection (IMS) using the MOC31-antibody recognising EpCAM and with the help of standard immunocytochemistry (ICC) using the anti-cytokeratin (CK) antibodies AE1/AE3. Results: Disseminated tumour cells were found in 152 of 252 (59%) bone marrow samples using IMS and in 25 of 234 (11%) samples using ICC. No association between the two detection methods was observed. The presence of EpCAM+ cells was not associated with any clinicopathological parameters, whereas a higher frequency of CK+ cells was found in patients with an advanced pT status. Disseminated tumour cells, as detected using IMS, had no prognostic impact. Patients with CK+ cells in the bone marrow had a reduced relapse-free survival, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Our findings do not support the further development of DTC detection for clinical use in early-stage NSCLC. Future studies should include the molecular characterisation of DTCs, along with an attempt to identify subpopulations of cells with biological and clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Rud
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, PO Box 4953 Nydalen NO-0424, Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Krishnan V, Stadick N, Clark R, Bainer R, Veneris JT, Khan S, Drew A, Rinker-Schaeffer C. Using MKK4's metastasis suppressor function to identify and dissect cancer cell-microenvironment interactions during metastatic colonization. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2013; 31:605-13. [PMID: 22706843 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-012-9371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Host tissue microenvironment plays key roles in cancer progression and colonization of secondary organs. One example is ovarian cancer, which colonizes the peritoneal cavity and especially the omentum. Our research indicates that the interaction of ovarian cancer cells with the omental microenvironment can activate a stress-kinase pathway involving the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4). A combination of clinical correlative and functional data suggests that MKK4 activation suppresses growth of ovarian cancer cells lodged in omentum. These findings prompted us to turn our focus to the cellular composition of the omental microenvironment and its role in regulating cancer growth. In this review, in addition to providing an overview of MKK4 function, we highlight a use for metastasis suppressors as a molecular tool to study cancer cell interaction with its microenvironment. We review features of the omentum that makes it a favorable microenvironment for metastatic colonization. In conclusion, a broader, evolutionary biology perspective is presented which we believe needs to be considered when studying the evolution of cancer cells within a defined microenvironment. Taken together, this approach can direct new multi-dimensional lines of research aimed at a mechanistic understanding of host tissue microenvironment, which could be used to realize novel targets for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Krishnan
- The Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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24
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Boisgerault N, Kottke T, Pulido J, Thompson J, Diaz RM, Rommelfanger-Konkol D, Embry A, Saenz D, Poeschla E, Pandha H, Harrington K, Melcher A, Selby P, Vile R. Functional cloning of recurrence-specific antigens identifies molecular targets to treat tumor relapse. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1507-16. [PMID: 23752316 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggressive regrowth of recurrent tumors following treatment-induced dormancy represents a major clinical challenge for treatment of malignant disease. We reported previously that recurrent prostate tumors, which underwent complete macroscopic regression followed by aggressive regrowth, could be cured with a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-expressed cDNA library derived from recurrent tumor cells. By screening the protective, recurrence-derived VSV-cDNA library, here we identify topoisomerase-IIα (TOPO-IIα) as a recurrence-specific tumor antigen against which tolerance can be broken. Tumor recurrences, in two different types of tumor (prostate and melanoma), which had evaded two different frontline treatments (immunotherapy or chemotherapy), significantly overexpressed TOPO-IIα compared with their primary tumor counterparts, which conferred a novel sensitivity to doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy upon the recurrent tumors. This was exploited in vivo using combination therapies to cure mice, which would otherwise have relapsed, after suboptimal primary therapy in both models. Our data show that recurrent tumors-across histologies and primary treatments-express distinct antigens compared with the primary tumor which can be identified using the VSV-cDNA library technology. These results suggest that it may be possible to design a few common second-line therapies against a variety of tumor recurrences, in some cases using agents with no obvious activity against the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Boisgerault
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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25
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Han JP, Liu B, Yang YL, Su QJ, Shi M, Qian Z, Dong L, Zhang CL, Ha YD. Relationship between characteristics of CD44 +/ki-67 - colorectal cancer stem cells and clinicopathological characteristics in patients with colorectal cancer. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2011; 19:3483-3488. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v19.i34.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the number, location, distribution and staining features of CD44+/ki-67- colorectal cancer stem cells and to analyze their relation with clinicopathological characteristics in patients with colorectal carcinoma.
METHODS: Streptavidin-HRP immunohistochemical staining, double immunohistochemical staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining were performed to detect the expression of CD44 and ki-67 in 10 cases of normal mucosal tissue, 15 cases of adenoma with atypical hyperplasia, 59 cases of colorectal carcinoma, and human colon cancer cell line SW620. The number, location, distribution and staining features of CD44+/ki-67- colorectal cancer stem cells were observed, and their relation with clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed.
RESULTS: The number of CD44+/ki-67- tumor cells accounted for 0.1%-25.0% (average 5.82%) of all tumor cells, and the cells were mainly distributed in the sides of the basal membrane or common wall of glands. These cells had round or oval nuclei that were consistent in size, and contained deep stained chromatin and less cytoplasm. These features are consistent with those of stem cells in the intestinal crypts. The number of CD44+/ki-67- tumor cells was significantly correlated with depth of cancer infiltration (χ2 = 1.851, P < 0.05) and lymph node metastasis (χ2 = -4.113, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: CD44+/ki-67- are suitable specific markers for tumor stem cells and can be used for tumor stem cell isolation, targeted therapy, individualized treatment, prediction of tumor metastasis, and estimation of prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Tran DD, Corsa CAS, Biswas H, Aft RL, Longmore GD. Temporal and spatial cooperation of Snail1 and Twist1 during epithelial-mesenchymal transition predicts for human breast cancer recurrence. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:1644-57. [PMID: 22006115 PMCID: PMC4922748 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a normal developmental program that is considered to also play an important role in cancer metastasis. Ultimate inducers of EMT are transcriptional repressors that individually can induce experimental EMT, yet in many cells, particularly cancer cells, multiple inducers are expressed simultaneously. Why, and if, and how they interact to regulate EMT is unanswered. Using RNA interference technology to affect protein knockdown and avoid potential overexpression artifact coupled with transient TGFβ treatment to better mimic in vivo conditions we show, in both nontumorigenic and tumorigenic epithelial cancer cells, that Snail1 is uniquely required for EMT initiation, whereas Twist1 is required to maintain late EMT. Twist1, present in resting epithelial cells, is dispensable for EMT initiation. Mechanistically, in response to transient TGFβ treatment, transient Snail1 expression represses Twist1 transcription directly, which is subsequently upregulated, as Snail1 levels decrease, to sustain E-cadherin downregulation and growth arrest of EMT. Persistent Twist1 expression is associated with a p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signal feedback loop that sustains growth-inhibitory signals characteristic of quiescent micrometastatic tumors. This Snail1-Twist1 temporal and spatial cooperation was also observed in vivo during human breast cancer progression to metastasis. Twist1 level, but not Snail1 level, and Twist1:Snail1 ratio in disseminated micrometastatic bone marrow tumor cells was found to correlate with survival and treatment resistance and is highly predictive of metastatic or recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Tran
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Callie Ann S. Corsa
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Hirak Biswas
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca L. Aft
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- John Cochran Veterans Administration Hospital, 915 North Grand Boulevard, Saint Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Gregory D. Longmore
- Departments of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- The BRIGHT Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Goulet B, Chan G, Chambers AF, Lewis JD. An emerging role for the nuclear localization of maspin in the suppression of tumor progression and metastasis. Biochem Cell Biol 2011; 90:22-38. [PMID: 22047058 DOI: 10.1139/o11-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maspin, a member of the serpin family of serine protease inhibitors, was originally identified as a tumor suppressor that is expressed in normal mammary epithelial cells but is reduced or absent in breast carcinomas. Early enthusiasm for maspin as a biomarker for disease progression has been tempered by clinical data that associates maspin with favourable outcomes in some studies and poor prognosis in others. Here, we review all of the published clinical studies for maspin in breast and ovarian cancers and propose that the apparent discordance between clinical reports is a consequence of differential cellular distribution of maspin. Indeed, it was thought that an extracellular pool of maspin possessed tumor suppressor activity, acting by inhibiting migration and increasing cell adhesion. Recent evidence from our group and others indicates, however, that the nuclear localization of maspin in cancer cells is necessary for its tumor suppressor activity. We provide additional data here to demonstrate that nuclear-localized maspin binds to chromatin and is required to effectively prevent cells from metastasizing. Our knowledge of other serpins that localize to the nucleus should help to inform future studies of nuclear maspin. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms regulating the localization and activities of maspin should pave the way for the development of improved diagnostics and therapies for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Goulet
- London Regional Cancer Program, Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, London, ON N6A 4L6, Canada
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28
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Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4: A Dynamic Regulator of Breast Cancer Metastasis through Modulation of the Extracellular Matrix. Int J Breast Cancer 2011; 2012:670632. [PMID: 22295248 PMCID: PMC3262604 DOI: 10.1155/2012/670632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is an extremely complex process that accounts for most cancer-related deaths. Malignant primary tumors can be removed surgically, but the cells that migrate, invade, and proliferate at distant organs are often the cells that prove most difficult to target therapeutically. There is growing evidence that host factors outside of the primary tumors are of major importance in the development of metastasis. Recently, we have shown that the bromodomain-containing protein 4 or bromodomain 4 (Brd4) functions as an inherited susceptibility gene for breast cancer progression and metastasis. In this paper, we will discuss that host genetic background on which a tumor arises can significantly alter the biology of the subsequent metastatic disease, and we will focus on the role of Brd4 in regulating metastasis susceptibility.
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29
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Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell 2011; 144:646-74. [PMID: 21376230 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43646] [Impact Index Per Article: 3357.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of cancer comprise six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. The hallmarks constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of neoplastic disease. They include sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis. Underlying these hallmarks are genome instability, which generates the genetic diversity that expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters multiple hallmark functions. Conceptual progress in the last decade has added two emerging hallmarks of potential generality to this list-reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. In addition to cancer cells, tumors exhibit another dimension of complexity: they contain a repertoire of recruited, ostensibly normal cells that contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hanahan
- The Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, EPFL, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland.
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30
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Flatmark K, Borgen E, Nesland JM, Rasmussen H, Johannessen HO, Bukholm I, Rosales R, Hårklau L, Jacobsen HJ, Sandstad B, Boye K, Fodstad Ø. Disseminated tumour cells as a prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2011; 104:1434-9. [PMID: 21448171 PMCID: PMC3101945 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study was performed to determine detection rate and prognostic relevance of disseminated tumour cells (DTC) in patients receiving curatively intended surgery for colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS The study population consisted of 235 patients with CRC prospectively recruited from five hospitals in the Oslo region. Bone marrow (BM) aspirates were collected at the time of surgery and the presence of DTC was determined by two immunological methods; immunomagnetic selection (using an anti-EpCAM antibody) and immunocytochemistry (using a pan-cytokeratin antibody). Associations between the presence of DTC and metastasis-free, disease-specific and overall survival were analysed using univariate and multivariate methods. RESULTS Disseminated tumour cells were detected in 41 (17%) and 28 (12%) of the 235 examined BM samples by immunomagnetic selection and immunocytochemistry, respectively, with only five samples being positive with both methods. The presence of DTC was associated with adverse outcome (metastasis-free, disease-specific and overall survival) in univariate and multivariate analyses. CONCLUSION The presence of DTC was associated with adverse prognosis in this cohort of patients curatively resected for CRC, suggesting that DTC detection still holds promise as a biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Flatmark
- Department of Tumor Biology, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway.
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31
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Nguyen DX. Tracing the origins of metastasis. J Pathol 2010; 223:195-204. [PMID: 21125675 DOI: 10.1002/path.2801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is often considered an orderly sequence of events leading to the colonization of distal organs by malignant cells. In fact, the evolution of metastatic disease is a dynamic process that is influenced by unique cellular lineages, altered microenvironments, distinct anatomical restrictions and multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations. These factors all contribute to variable clinical courses, likely requiring tailored therapy. As we inch closer towards personalized medicine, there is a renewed conceptual and technological focus on characterizing the cellular and genetic heterogeneity within tumours, to ultimately trace the origins of metastatic cells in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine and Cancer Center, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Glazer ES, Massey KL, Zhu C, Curley SA. Pancreatic carcinoma cells are susceptible to noninvasive radio frequency fields after treatment with targeted gold nanoparticles. Surgery 2010; 148:319-24. [PMID: 20541785 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gold and carbon nanoparticles absorb nonionizing radio frequency (RF) energy and release heat. Solid gold nanoparticles are delivered to cancer cells via conjugation with targeting antibodies. Here, 20-nm gold particles were conjugated to cetuximab, which is an epidermal growth factor receptor-1 (EGFR-1) antibody. METHODS A pancreatic carcinoma cell line that highly expresses EGFR-1, Panc-1, and Cama-1, which is a breast carcinoma cell line that minimally expresses EGFR-1, were treated with 100-nmol/L cetuximab-conjugated gold nanoparticles for 3 h (n = 4). Thirty-six hours later, the dishes were placed in an RF field with a generator power of 200 W for 5 min. After another 36 h, cell injury and death were evaluated with flow cytometry. RESULTS The targeted cell line Panc-1 had a viability of 46% +/- 12%, whereas the Cama-1 cell had a viability of 92% +/- 2% after RF field exposure (P < .008). Transmission electron microscopy showed gold nanoparticle uptake in Panc-1 cells but negligible uptake by Cama-1 cells. Nontargeted cells do not internalize a sufficient amount of antibody-conjugated gold nanoparticles to induce injury in a noninvasive RF field. CONCLUSION This technique could be useful in cancer treatment if a cancer-specific antibody is used to localize gold nanoparticles to malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan S Glazer
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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