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Wang Y, Weng S, Tang Y, Lin S, Liu X, Zhang W, Liu G, Pandi B, Wu Y, Ma L, Wang L. A transmembrane scaffold from CD20 helps recombinant expression of a chimeric claudin 18.2 in an in vitro coupled transcription and translation system. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 215:106392. [PMID: 37952787 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Cluster of differentiation 20 (CD20) is a nonglycosylated, multispanning transmembrane protein specifically integrated by B lymphocytes. Similar to CD20, another four-pass transmembrane protein, claudin 18.2, has attracted attention as an emerging therapeutic target for cancer. However, their poor solubility and toxic nature often hinder downstream applications, such as antibody drug development. Therefore, developing a cost-effective method for producing drug targets with multiple membrane-spanning domains is crucial. In this study, a high yield of recombinant CD20 was achieved through an E. coli-based in vitro coupled transcription-translation system. Surface plasmon resonance results showed that rituximab (an antileukemia drug) has nanomolar affinity with the CD20 protein, which aligns with published results. Notably, a previously hard-to-express claudin 18.2 recombinant protein was successfully expressed in the same reaction system by replacing its membrane-spanning domains with the transmembrane domains of CD20. The folding of the extracellular domain of the chimeric protein was verified using a commercial anti-claudin 18 antibody. This study provides a novel concept for promoting the expression of four-pass transmembrane proteins and lays the foundation for the large-scale industrial production of membrane-associated drug targets, similar to claudin 18.2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shaoting Weng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Yajie Tang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Sen Lin
- Anyang Kindstar Global Medical Laboratory Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Xiayue Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Boomi Pandi
- Department of bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Yinrong Wu
- Henan Panran Medical Equipment Co., Ltd, Anyang, Henan province, 455000, China
| | - Lei Ma
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, 455000, China.
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Development of a Bispecific Nanobody Targeting CD20 on B-Cell Lymphoma Cells and CD3 on T Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081335. [PMID: 36016223 PMCID: PMC9413575 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma is a group of malignant proliferative diseases originating from lymphoid tissue with different clinical manifestations and biological characteristics. It can occur in any part of the body, accounting for more than 80% of all lymphomas. The present study aimed to construct bispecific single-domain antibodies against CD20 and CD3 and to evaluate their function in killing tumor cells in vitro. A Bactrian camel was immunized with a human CD20 extracellular peptide, and the VHH gene was cloned and ligated into a phagemid vector to construct the phage antibody display library. A phage antibody library with a size of 1.2 × 108 was successfully constructed, and the VHH gene insertion rate was 91.7%. Ninety-two individual clones were randomly picked and screened by phage ELISA. Six strains with the high binding ability to human CD20 were named 11, 30, 71, 72, 83, and 92, and induced expression and purification were performed to obtain soluble CD20 single-domain antibodies. The obtained single-domain antibodies could specifically bind to human CD20 polypeptide and cell surface-expressed CD20 molecules in ELISA, Western blot, and cell immunofluorescence assays. The anti-CD20/CD3 bispecific nanobody (BsNb) was successfully constructed by fusing the anti-CD20 VHH gene with the anti-CD3 VHH and the bispecific single-domain antibody was expressed, purified, and validated. Anti-CD20/CD3 BsNb can specifically bind CD20 molecules on the surface of human lymphoma Raji cells and CD3 molecules on the surface of T cells in flow cytometry analysis and effectively mediate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) target Raji cells with a killing efficiency of up to 30.4%, as measured by the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) method. The release of hIFN-γ from PBMCs during incubation with anti-CD20/CD3 BsNb was significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.01). The anti-CD20/CD3 BsNb could maintain 80% binding activity after incubation with human serum at 37 °C for 48 h. These results indicated the strong antitumor effect of the constructed anti-CD20/CD3 BsNb and laid the foundation for the further development of antitumor agents and the clinical application of anti-CD20/CD3 BsNb.
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DuoHexaBody-CD37 ®, a novel biparatopic CD37 antibody with enhanced Fc-mediated hexamerization as a potential therapy for B-cell malignancies. Blood Cancer J 2020; 10:30. [PMID: 32341336 PMCID: PMC7186228 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-020-0292-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetraspanin CD37 has recently received renewed interest as a therapeutic target for B-cell malignancies. Although complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) is a powerful Fc-mediated effector function for killing hematological cancer cells, CD37-specific antibodies are generally poor inducers of CDC. To enhance CDC, the E430G mutation was introduced into humanized CD37 monoclonal IgG1 antibodies to drive more efficient IgG hexamer formation through intermolecular Fc-Fc interactions after cell surface antigen binding. DuoHexaBody-CD37, a bispecific CD37 antibody with the E430G hexamerization-enhancing mutation targeting two non-overlapping epitopes on CD37 (biparatopic), demonstrated potent and superior CDC activity compared to other CD37 antibody variants evaluated, in particular ex vivo in patient-derived chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. The superior CDC potency was attributed to enhanced IgG hexamerization mediated by the E430G mutation in combination with dual epitope targeting. The mechanism of action of DuoHexaBody-CD37 was shown to be multifaceted, as it was additionally capable of inducing efficient antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis in vitro. Finally, potent anti-tumor activity in vivo was observed in cell line- and patient-derived xenograft models from different B-cell malignancy subtypes. These encouraging preclinical results suggest that DuoHexaBody-CD37 (GEN3009) may serve as a potential therapeutic antibody for the treatment of human B-cell malignancies.
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Wolska-Washer A, Robak P, Smolewski P, Robak T. Emerging antibody-drug conjugates for treating lymphoid malignancies. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2017; 22:259-273. [PMID: 28792782 DOI: 10.1080/14728214.2017.1366447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) are monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) attached to biologically active drugs through specialized chemical linkers. They deliver and release cytotoxic agents at the tumor site, reducing the likelihood of systemic exposure and therefore toxicity. These agents should improve the potency of chemotherapy by increasing the accumulation of cytotoxic the drug within or near the neoplastic cells with reduced systemic effects. Areas covered: A literature review was conducted of the MEDLINE database PubMed for articles in English examining Mabs, B-cell receptor pathway inhibitors and immunomodulating drugs. Publications from 2000 through April 2017 were scrutinized. Conference proceedings from the previous five years of the American Society of Hematology, European Hematology Association, American Society of Clinical Oncology, and ACR/ARHP Annual Scientific Meetings were searched manually. Additional relevant publications were obtained by reviewing the references from the chosen articles. Expert opinion: Newer ADCs show promise as treatment for several hematologic malignancies, especially lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and leukemia. However, definitive data from ongoing and future clinical trials will aid in better defining the status of these agents in the treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pawel Robak
- b Department of Experimental Hematology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Piotr Smolewski
- b Department of Experimental Hematology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
| | - Tadeusz Robak
- a Department of Hematology , Medical University of Lodz , Lodz , Poland
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Liapis V, Zysk A, DeNichilo M, Zinonos I, Hay S, Panagopoulos V, Shoubridge A, Difelice C, Ponomarev V, Ingman W, Atkins GJ, Findlay DM, Zannettino ACW, Evdokiou A. Anticancer efficacy of the hypoxia-activated prodrug evofosfamide is enhanced in combination with proapoptotic receptor agonists against osteosarcoma. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2164-2176. [PMID: 28799237 PMCID: PMC5603834 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a major cause of treatment failure for a variety of malignancies. However, hypoxia also leads to treatment opportunities as demonstrated by the development of compounds that target regions of hypoxia within tumors. Evofosfamide is a hypoxia‐activated prodrug that is created by linking the hypoxia‐seeking 2‐nitroimidazole moiety to the cytotoxic bromo‐isophosphoramide mustard (Br‐IPM). When evofosfamide is delivered to hypoxic regions of tumors, the DNA cross‐linking toxin, Br‐IPM, is released leading to cell death. This study assessed the anticancer efficacy of evofosfamide in combination with the Proapoptotic Receptor Agonists (PARAs) dulanermin and drozitumab against human osteosarcoma in vitro and in an intratibial murine model of osteosarcoma. Under hypoxic conditions in vitro, evofosfamide cooperated with dulanermin and drozitumab, resulting in the potentiation of cytotoxicity to osteosarcoma cells. In contrast, under the same conditions, primary human osteoblasts were resistant to treatment. Animals transplanted with osteosarcoma cells directly into their tibiae developed mixed osteosclerotic/osteolytic bone lesions and consequently developed lung metastases 3 weeks post cancer cell transplantation. Tumor burden in the bone was reduced by evofosfamide treatment alone and in combination with drozitumab and prevented osteosarcoma‐induced bone destruction while also reducing the growth of pulmonary metastases. These results suggest that evofosfamide may be an attractive therapeutic agent, with strong anticancer activity alone or in combination with either drozitumab or dulanermin against osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Liapis
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aneta Zysk
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mark DeNichilo
- Vascular Biology and Cell Trafficking Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Irene Zinonos
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Shelley Hay
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vasilios Panagopoulos
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alexandra Shoubridge
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher Difelice
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vladimir Ponomarev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Wendy Ingman
- Discipline of Surgery, School of Medicine at The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gerald J Atkins
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - David M Findlay
- Discipline of Orthopaedics and Trauma, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- School of Medical Sciences, Myeloma Research Laboratory Cancer Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Faculty of Health Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Evdokiou
- Discipline of Surgery, Breast Cancer Research Unit, Basil Hetzel Institute and Centre for Personalised Cancer Medicine, University of Adelaide, Woodville, South Australia, Australia
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Sesé L, Rivaud E, Bron C, Leblond V, Raffoux E, Longchampt E, Cahen P, Zemoura L, Mellot F, Couderc LJ, Catherinot E. UnexpectedPneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia in patients with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 59:1004-1007. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1357170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucile Sesé
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Camille Bron
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Véronique Leblond
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Pitié Salpétrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- UPMC GRC11-GRECHY, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Raffoux
- Service d’Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Cahen
- Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Leila Zemoura
- Service d’Anatomo-Pathologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | | | - Louis-Jean Couderc
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
- Faculté Paris-Ile de France Ouest, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin, Versailles, France
- UPRES EA 220, Suresnes, France
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Wang J, Xiao H, Qian ZG, Zhong JJ. Bioproduction of Antibody–Drug Conjugate Payload Precursors by Engineered Cell Factories. Trends Biotechnol 2017; 35:466-478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Li XL, Zhang CX. New emerging therapies in the management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3051-3054. [PMID: 27899962 PMCID: PMC5103901 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is considered incurable despite advances in management strategies. New drugs targeting cell pathways are currently being developed for the efficient management of CLL. Various strategies involving different targets have been developed, or are currently in the developing stage. A search was conducted in the electronic database PubMed, for pre-clinical as well as clinically controlled trials reporting various strategies against CLL currently under investigation. Novel strategies included use of antibodies, small cell inhibitors, such as spleen tyrosine kinase, LYN, cyclin-dependent kinase, and histone deacetylase inhibitors. The present review examined these new and emerging strategies for the efficient management of CLL. The review involves a discussion of novel strategies being examined worldwide against CLL, including anti-CD20, anti-CD37, anti-CD23, anti-CD40, SYK/LYN inhibitors, BTK inhibitors, p13k inhibitors and recent developments such as the use of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors/histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, The Affiliated Xuzhou Hospital of Medical College of Southeast University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Ci-Xian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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Morabito F, Recchia AG, Vigna E, De Stefano L, Bossio S, Morabito L, Pellicanò M, Palummo A, Storino F, Caruso N, Gentile M. Promising therapies for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:795-807. [PMID: 25728009 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1021920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combination schedule of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab is the gold standard of therapy for younger, physically fit chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients; it allows achieving high and durable complete response rates. Although treatment outcome has considerably improved with chemo-immunotherapy, most patients eventually relapse and CLL is still incurable. Thus, newer and more rationally developed drugs are needed to improve CLL therapy, particularly in cases of relapsed/refractory disease. AREAS COVERED The authors review preclinical and clinical data regarding newer CLL agents, currently undergoing examination, such as: signal transduction and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors, next generation mAbs, heat shock protein 90 and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. EXPERT OPINION Newer compounds with different mechanisms of action, such as B-cell receptor signal transduction inhibitors, lenalidomide, next generation mAbs and several pro-apoptotic molecules, have shown efficacy in relapsed or refractory CLL patients. Several studies are under way to investigate the efficacy of combinations of these novel drugs. Hopefully, the combined use of these molecules in risk-adapted treatment strategies will change the therapeutic approach in the near future and will pave the way for a long-term control of CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Morabito
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Dipartimento Oncoematologico, Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia , Viale della Repubblica, Cosenza 87100 , Italy +39 0984 681329 ; +39 0984 681866 ; ;
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10
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Shatnyeva OM, Hansen HP, Reiners KS, Sauer M, Vyas M, von Strandmann EP. DNA damage response and evasion from immunosurveillance in CLL: new options for NK cell-based immunotherapies. Front Genet 2015; 6:11. [PMID: 25699074 PMCID: PMC4316781 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most prominent B cell malignancy among adults in the Western world and characterized by a clonal expansion of B cells. The patients suffer from severe immune defects resulting in increased susceptibility to infections and failure to generate an antitumor immune response. Defects in both, DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and crosstalk with the tissue microenvironment have been reported to play a crucial role for the survival of CLL cells, therapy resistance and impaired immune response. To this end, major advances over the past years have highlighted several T cell immune evasion mechanisms in CLL. Here, we discuss the consequences of an impaired DDR pathway for detection and elimination of CLL cells by natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells are considered to be a major component of the immunosurveillance in leukemia but NK cell activity is impaired in CLL. Restoration of NK cell activity using immunoligands and immunoconstructs in combination with the conventional chemotherapy may provide a future perspective for CLL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga M Shatnyeva
- Innate Immunity Group, Clinic 1 for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Hinrich P Hansen
- Innate Immunity Group, Clinic 1 for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Katrin S Reiners
- Innate Immunity Group, Clinic 1 for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Maike Sauer
- Innate Immunity Group, Clinic 1 for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
| | - Maulik Vyas
- Innate Immunity Group, Clinic 1 for Internal Medicine, University of Cologne , Cologne, Germany
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Molica S. Progress in the treatment of elderly/unfit chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: results of the German CLL-11 trial. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 15:9-15. [DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2015.990442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Robak T. Current and emerging monoclonal antibody treatments for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: state of the art. Expert Rev Hematol 2014; 7:841-57. [PMID: 25249370 DOI: 10.1586/17474086.2014.963048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), rituximab, ofatumumab and obinutuzumab, have a significant impact in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), particularly in combination with chemotherapy. Over the last few years, several new mAbs have been developed and investigated in CLL. The most promising newer mAbs are directed against CD20, CD19, CD37 and CD40. Combinations of antibodies with targeted drugs like ibrutinib, idelalisib or lenalidomide will probably replace chemotherapy-based combinations in the near future. This review gives a critical overview of established mAbs as well as new antibodies potentially useful in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Copernicus Memorial Hospital, 93-510 Lodz, Ul. Ciolkowskiego 2, Poland
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13
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Smolewski P, Robak P, Cebula-Obrzut B, Misiewicz M, Mędra A, Majchrzak A, Witkowska M, Stromatt S, Robak T. Pro-apoptotic effect of an anti-CD37 scFv-Fc fusion protein, in combination with the anti-CD20 antibody, ofatumumab, on tumour cells from B-cell malignancies. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2677-84. [PMID: 25154027 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
SMIP-016, a new anti-tumour agent, is a mouse/human chimeric fusion protein built on the ADAPTIR™ (modular protein therapeutic) platform targeting human CD37. In this study, for the first time, we examined pro-apoptotic activity of SMIP-016 in combination with monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody, ofatumumab (HuMax-CD20) in de novo chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells and in different B-cell neoplasm-derived lines. In CLL cells SMIP-016 exerted significant cytotoxicity (versus control - p=0.01). In the in vitro models, SMIP-016 was also distinctly active against Raji line (Burkitt lymphoma; BL) (versus control - p=0.007), Riva-1 line (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; DLBCL) (versus control - p=0.002) and RPMI 8226 line (multiple myeloma cells; MM) (versus control - p=0.03). In studies combining SMIP-016 and ofatumumab, the cytotoxicity against CLL cells was significantly higher than the agents used alone (p<0.03). Remarkably enhanced cytotoxic activity of SMIP-016 and ofatumumab in combination was also observed in Raji and Riva-1 cell lines (p<0.01 and p<0.003, respectively). Importantly, both agents induced cytotoxicity at very low concentrations which suggests that potential side-effects may be decreased in clinical practice. The mechanism responsible for cytotoxicity of SMIP-016 in all the examined models was connected with caspase-dependent apoptosis. In majority of cell types SMIP-016 induced overexpression of Bax protein, as well as downregulation of Bcl-2, cIAP1 (p<0.03) and Smac/DIABLO (p<0.003) apoptosis-regulating proteins. In conclusion, our study demonstrated high pro-apoptotic activity of SMIP-016, especially in combination with ofatumumab, against ex vivo CLL cells, and BL or DLBCL in vitro cell lines. Thus, further preclinical studies in in vivo models are warranted, as this combination may be a promising therapeutic concept for treatment of those malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Smolewski
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Pawel Robak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | | | - Aleksandra Mędra
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Agata Majchrzak
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Witkowska
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland; Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Robak
- Department of Hematology, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Abstract
We review the current state of knowledge of remyelination in multiple sclerosis (MS), concentrating on advances in the understanding of the pathology and the regenerative response, and we summarise progress on the development of new therapies to enhance remyelination aimed at reducing progressive accumulation of disability in MS. We discuss key target pathways identified in experimental models, as although most identified targets have not yet progressed to the stage of being tested in human clinical trials, they may provide treatment strategies for demyelinating diseases in the future. Finally, we discuss some of the problems associated with testing this class of drugs, where they might fit into the therapeutic arsenal and the gaps in our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Jolanda Münzel
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
| | - Anna Williams
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Bioquarter, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU UK
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15
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Robak T, Robak E. Current Phase II antibody-drug conjugates for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:911-24. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.908184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Departments of Hematology and Dermatology, Ciołkowskiego 2 93-510 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Robak
- Medical University of Lodz, Departments of Dermatology and Venereology, Lodz, Poland
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Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, Engelke A, Eichhorst B, Wendtner CM, Chagorova T, de la Serna J, Dilhuydy MS, Illmer T, Opat S, Owen CJ, Samoylova O, Kreuzer KA, Stilgenbauer S, Döhner H, Langerak AW, Ritgen M, Kneba M, Asikanius E, Humphrey K, Wenger M, Hallek M. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1101-10. [PMID: 24401022 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1313984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1090] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab, combined with chemotherapeutic agents, has been shown to prolong overall survival in physically fit patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) but not in those with coexisting conditions. We investigated the benefit of the type 2, glycoengineered antibody obinutuzumab (also known as GA101) as compared with that of rituximab, each combined with chlorambucil, in patients with previously untreated CLL and coexisting conditions. METHODS We randomly assigned 781 patients with previously untreated CLL and a score higher than 6 on the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale (CIRS) (range, 0 to 56, with higher scores indicating worse health status) or an estimated creatinine clearance of 30 to 69 ml per minute to receive chlorambucil, obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil, or rituximab plus chlorambucil. The primary end point was investigator-assessed progression-free survival. RESULTS The patients had a median age of 73 years, creatinine clearance of 62 ml per minute, and CIRS score of 8 at baseline. Treatment with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil or rituximab-chlorambucil, as compared with chlorambucil monotherapy, increased response rates and prolonged progression-free survival (median progression-free survival, 26.7 months with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil vs. 11.1 months with chlorambucil alone; hazard ratio for progression or death, 0.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13 to 0.24; P<0.001; and 16.3 months with rituximab-chlorambucil vs. 11.1 months with chlorambucil alone; hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.34 to 0.57; P<0.001). Treatment with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil, as compared with chlorambucil alone, prolonged overall survival (hazard ratio for death, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.74; P=0.002). Treatment with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil, as compared with rituximab-chlorambucil, resulted in prolongation of progression-free survival (hazard ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.31 to 0.49; P<0.001) and higher rates of complete response (20.7% vs. 7.0%) and molecular response. Infusion-related reactions and neutropenia were more common with obinutuzumab-chlorambucil than with rituximab-chlorambucil, but the risk of infection was not increased. CONCLUSIONS Combining an anti-CD20 antibody with chemotherapy improved outcomes in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. In this patient population, obinutuzumab was superior to rituximab when each was combined with chlorambucil. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01010061.).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Chlorambucil/administration & dosage
- Chlorambucil/adverse effects
- Comorbidity
- Disease-Free Survival
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Middle Aged
- Remission Induction
- Rituximab
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Goede
- From the German CLL Study Group, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne (V.G., K.F., A.E., B.E., C.M.W., K.-A.K., M.H.), the Department for Geriatric Medicine and Research, St. Marien Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne (V.G.), Institute of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Technical University Munich, Munich (R.B.), Klinikum Schwabing, Munich (C.M.W.), private oncology practice, Dresden (T.I.), Medical Department II, University of Schleswig-Holstein, City Hospital Kiel, Kiel (M.R., M.K.), the Department of Internal Medicine III, Ulm University, Ulm (S.S., H.D.), and Cluster of Excellence "Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases" (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne (M.H.) - all in Germany; Penza Regional Oncology Dispensary, Penza (T.C.), and Regional Clinical Hospital N.A. Semashko, Nizhny Novgorod (O.S.) - both in Russia; Servicio De Hematologia, Hospital Universitario 12 De Octubre, Madrid (J.S.); Hôpital Haut Lévêque, Bordeaux, Pessac, France (M.-S.D.); the Department of Haematology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia (S.O.); University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada (C.J.O.); the Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands (A.W.L.); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland (E.A.); F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Welwyn, United Kingdom (K.H.); and Genentech, South San Francisco, CA (M.W.)
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Abstract
Unconjugated monoclonal antibodies that target hematopoietic differentiation antigens have been developed to treat hematologic malignancies. Although some of these have activity against chronic lymphocytic leukemia and hairy cell leukemia, in general, monoclonal antibodies have limited efficacy as single agents in the treatment of leukemia. To increase their potency, the binding domains of monoclonal antibodies can be attached to protein toxins. Such compounds, termed immunotoxins, are delivered to the interior of leukemia cells based on antibody specificity for cell surface target antigens. Recombinant immunotoxins have been shown to be highly cytotoxic to leukemic blasts in vitro, in xenograft model systems, and in early-phase clinical trials in humans. These agents will likely play an increasing role in the treatment of leukemia.
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Abstract
A body of evidence suggests that a mixture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) may be better than a single antibody. Several strategies have been developed to achieve multiple targeting, including the administration of two or more mAbs to the patient, bispecific antibodies and antibody mixtures. Recently, new antibody technologies based on a diverse array of antibodies binding to several different epitopes on any given antigen or antigens have been developed. One of the most promising is the Sympress™ manufacturing technology, which allows the production of an antibody mixture in just one bioreactor as a single drug substance. Recombinant antibody mixtures may be applicable to therapy of neoplastic, autoimmune and infectious diseases.
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