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Sira L, Balogh Z, Vitális E, Kovács D, Győry F, Molnár C, Bodor M, Nagy EV. Case Report: Medullary Thyroid Cancer Workup Initiated by Unexpectedly High Procalcitonin Level-Endocrine Training Saves Life in the COVID-19 Unit. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:727320. [PMID: 34707568 PMCID: PMC8543013 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.727320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic. The majority of medullary thyroid cancers present as a thyroid nodule. At the time of diagnosis, cervical lymph nodes and distant metastases are frequently detected. CASE REPORT Here, we present a case of a 46-year-old man with coronavirus disease (COVID) pneumonia, who had persistently high serum procalcitonin levels despite normal C-reactive protein levels. The attending infectologist happened to be a colleague who spent some time, as part of her internal medicine rotation, in the Endocrine Ward and recalled that medullary thyroid cancer might be the cause. This led to the timely workup and treatment of the medullary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Sira
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Balogh
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Eszter Vitális
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kovács
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Győry
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Molnár
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Miklos Bodor
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Endre V. Nagy
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Endre V. Nagy,
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Pozo K, Zahler S, Ishimatsu K, Carter AM, Telange R, Tan C, Wang S, Pfragner R, Fujimoto J, Grubbs EG, Takahashi M, Oltmann SC, Bibb JA. Preclinical characterization of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-based targeted therapies for neuroendocrine thyroid cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:37662-37675. [PMID: 30701022 PMCID: PMC6340867 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a slow growing neuroendocrine (NE) tumor for which few treatment options are available. Its incidence is rising and mortality rates have remained unchanged for decades. Increasing the repertoire of available treatments is thus crucial to manage MTC progression. Scarcity of patient samples and of relevant animal models are two challenges that have limited the development of effective non-surgical treatments. Here we use a clinically accurate mouse model of MTC to assess the effects and mode of action of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) Vandetanib, one of only two drugs currently available to treat MTC. Effects on tumor progression, histopathology, and tumorigenic signaling were evaluated. Vandetanib blocked MTC growth through an anti-angiogenic mechanism. Furthermore, Vandetanib had an apparent anti-angiogenic effect in a patient MTC sample. Vandetanib displayed minimal anti-proliferative effects in vivo and in human and mouse MTC tumor-derived cells. Based on these results, we evaluated the second-generation TKI, Nintedanib, alone and in combination with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, Romidepsin, as potential alternative treatments to Vandetanib. Nintedanib showed an anti-angiogenic effect while Romidepsin decreased proliferation. Mechanistically, TKIs attenuated RET-, VEGFR2- and PI3K/AKT/FOXO signaling cascades. Nintedanib alone or in combination with Romidepsin, but not Vandetanib, inhibited mTOR signaling suggesting Nintedanib may have broader anti-cancer applicability. These findings validate the MTC mouse model as a clinically relevant platform for preclinical drug testing and reveal the modes of action and limitations of TKI therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Pozo
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Keisuke Ishimatsu
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Angela M Carter
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rahul Telange
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chunfeng Tan
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shuaijun Wang
- Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Roswitha Pfragner
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Junya Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth Gardner Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Masaya Takahashi
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C Oltmann
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - James A Bibb
- Department of Surgery, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Maciel LMZ, Magalhães PKR. Medullary thyroid carcinoma - Adverse events during systemic treatment: risk-benefit ratio. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2017; 61:398-402. [PMID: 28658345 PMCID: PMC10118930 DOI: 10.1590/2359-3997000000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor originating from parafollicular C cells of the thyroid and associated with mutations in the proto-oncogene REarranged during Transfection (RET). The prognosis of MTC depends on clinical stage, with a 95.6% 10-year survival rate among patients with localized disease and 40% among patients with advanced disease. Standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy have no significant impact on the overall survival of these patients and two tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors (TKIs), vandetanib and cabozantinib, have been recently approved for the systemic treatment of locally advanced or metastatic MTC. However, since patients with MTC and residual or recurrent disease may have an indolent course with no need for systemic treatment, and since these drugs are highly toxic, it is extremely important to select the patients who will receive these drugs in a correct manner. It is also essential to carefully monitor patients using TKI regarding possible adverse effects, which should be properly managed when occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Maria Zanini Maciel
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Künzle Ribeiro Magalhães
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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De Falco V, Carlomagno F, Li HY, Santoro M. The molecular basis for RET tyrosine-kinase inhibitors in thyroid cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2017; 31:307-318. [PMID: 28911727 PMCID: PMC5624797 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RET receptor tyrosine kinase acts as a mutated oncogenic driver in several human malignancies and it is over-expressed in other cancers. Small molecule compounds with RET tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity are being investigated for the targeted treatment of these malignancies. Multi-targeted compounds with RET inhibitory concentration in the nanomolar range have entered clinical practice. This review summarizes mechanisms of RET oncogenic activity and properties of new compounds that, at the preclinical stage, have demonstrated promising anti-RET activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina De Falco
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Francesca Carlomagno
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Science, 200 South Cedar, Little Rock AR 72202, USA.
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Istituto di Endocrinologia e Oncologia Sperimentale, CNR, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università Federico II, Via S Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Kumarasamy VM, Sun D. Demonstration of a potent RET transcriptional inhibitor for the treatment of medullary thyroid carcinoma based on an ellipticine derivative. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:145-157. [PMID: 28498409 PMCID: PMC5467785 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dominant-activating mutations in the RET (rearranged during transfection) proto-oncogene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase, is often associated with the development of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The proximal promoter region of the RET gene consists of a guanine-rich sequence containing five runs of three consecutive guanine residues that serve as the binding site for transcriptional factors. As we have recently shown, this stretch of nucleotides in the promoter region is highly dynamic in nature and tend to form non-B DNA secondary structures called G-quadruplexes, which suppress the transcription of the RET gene. In the present study, ellipticine and its derivatives were identified as excellent RET G-quadruplex stabilizing agents. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic studies revealed that the incorporation of a piperidine ring in an ellipticine derivative, NSC311153 improves its binding with the G-quadruplex structure and the stability induced by this compound is more potent than ellipticine. Furthermore, this compound also interfered with the transcriptional mechanism of the RET gene in an MTC derived cell line, TT cells and significantly decreased the endogenous RET protein expression. We demonstrated the specificity of NSC311153 by using papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) cells, the TPC1 cell line which lacks the G-quadruplex forming sequence in the promoter region due to chromosomal rearrangement. The RET downregulation selectively suppresses cell proliferation by inhibiting the intracellular Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways in the TT cells. In the present study, we also showed that the systemic administration of a water soluble NSC311153 analog in a mouse MTC xenograft model inhibited the tumor growth through RET downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daekyu Sun
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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Cox VL, Bhosale P, Varadhachary GR, Wagner-Bartak N, Glitza IC, Gold KA, Atkins JT, Soliman PT, Hong DS, Qayyum A. Cancer Genomics and Important Oncologic Mutations: A Contemporary Guide for Body Imagers. Radiology 2017; 283:314-340. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017152224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica L. Cox
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Priya Bhosale
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Gauri R. Varadhachary
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Nicolaus Wagner-Bartak
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Isabella C. Glitza
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Kathryn A. Gold
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Johnique T. Atkins
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Pamela T. Soliman
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - David S. Hong
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
| | - Aliya Qayyum
- From the Department of Radiology, Abdominal Imaging Section (V.L.C., P.B., N.W.B., A.Q.), Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology (G.R.V.), Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology (I.C.G.), Department of Thoracic and Head & Neck Medical Oncology (K.A.G.), Department of Gynecologic Oncology (P.T.S.), Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics (J.T.A., D.S.H.), University of Texas MD
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Grubbs EG, Williams MD, Scheet P, Vattathil S, Perrier ND, Lee JE, Gagel RF, Hai T, Feng L, Cabanillas ME, Cote GJ. Role of CDKN2C Copy Number in Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2016; 26:1553-1562. [PMID: 27610696 PMCID: PMC6453497 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitors (CDKN)/retinoblastoma (RB1) pathway has been implicated as having a role in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) tumorigenesis. CDKN2C loss has been associated with RET-mediated MTC in humans but with minimal phenotypic correlation provided. The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between tumor RET mutation status, CDKN2C loss, and aggressiveness of MTC in a cohort of patients with sporadic disease. METHODS Tumors from patients with sporadic MTC treated at a single institution were evaluated for somatic RETM918T mutation and CDKN2C copy number loss. These variables were compared to patient demographics, pathology detail, clinical course, and disease-specific and overall survival. RESULTS Sixty-two MTC cases with an initial surgery date ranging from 1983 to 2009 met the inclusion criteria, of whom 36 (58%) were male. The median age at initial surgery was 53 years (range 22-81 years). The median tumor size was 30 mm (range 6-145 mm) with 29 (57%) possessing extrathyroidal extension. Nodal and/or distant metastasis at presentation was found in 47/60 (78%) and 12/61 (20%) patients, respectively. Median follow-up time was 10.5 years (range 1.1-27.8 years) for the censored observations. The presence of CDKN2C loss was associated with worse M stage and overall AJCC stage. Median overall survival of patients with versus without CDKN2C loss was 4.14 [confidence interval (CI) 1.93-NA] versus 18.27 [CI 17.24-NA] years (p < 0.0001). Median overall survival of patients with a combined somatic RETM918T mutation and CDKN2C loss versus no somatic RETM918T mutation and CDKN2C loss versus somatic RETM918T mutation and CDKN2C 2N versus no somatic RETM918T mutation and CDKN2C 2N was 2.38 [CI 1.67-NA] years versus 10.81 [CI 2.46-NA] versus 17.24 [CI 9.82-NA] versus not reached [CI 13.46-NA] years (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS The detection of somatic CDKN2C loss is associated with the presence of distant metastasis at presentation as well decreased overall survival, a relationship enhanced by concomitant RETM918T mutation. Further defining the genes involved in the progression of metastatic MTC will be an important step toward identifying pathways of disease progression and new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G. Grubbs
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michelle D. Williams
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Selina Vattathil
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nancy D. Perrier
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey E. Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert F. Gagel
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Tao Hai
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria E. Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilbert J. Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Ernani V, Kumar M, Chen AY, Owonikoko TK. Systemic treatment and management approaches for medullary thyroid cancer. Cancer Treat Rev 2016; 50:89-98. [PMID: 27664392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although rare, medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) exemplifies the value that ever-expanding knowledge of molecular pathways and mechanisms brings to managing challenging cancers. Although surgery can be curative for MTC in many patients, a substantial proportion of patients present with locoregional or distant metastatic disease. Once distant disease occurs, treatment options are limited, and conventional cancer treatments such as cytotoxic chemotherapy are of minimal benefit. Biomarkers such as calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen are important correlates of disease burden as well as predictors of disease progress, including recurrence and survival. MTC is either sporadic (∼75%) or inherited (∼25%) as an autosomal dominant disease. Regardless, germline and somatic mutations, particularly in the rearranged during transfection (RET) proto-oncogene, are key factors in the neoplastic process. Gain-of-function RET mutations result in overactive proteins that lead to abnormal activation of downstream signal transduction pathways, resulting in ligand-independent growth and resistance to apoptotic stimuli. Specific RET mutation variants have been found to correlate with phenotype and natural history of MTC with some defects portending a more aggressive clinical course. Greater understanding of the consequence of the aberrant signaling pathway has fostered the development of targeted therapies. Two small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, vandetanib and cabozantinib, are currently available as approved agents for the treatment of advanced or progressive MTC and provide significant increases in progression-free survival. Since there have been no head-to-head comparisons, clinicians often select between these agents on the basis of familiarity, patient characteristics, comorbidities, and toxicity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Ernani
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Amy Y Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-A Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Weitzman SP, Cabanillas ME. The treatment landscape in thyroid cancer: a focus on cabozantinib. Cancer Manag Res 2015; 7:265-78. [PMID: 26316818 PMCID: PMC4547654 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s68373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although patients with thyroid cancer generally fare well, there is a subset for which this is not necessarily true. Progress in understanding the molecular aberrations in thyroid cancer has led to a change in the management of these cases. Since 2011, four multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for thyroid cancer – cabozantinib and vandetanib for medullary thyroid cancer and sorafenib and lenvatinib for differentiated thyroid cancer. This change in the treatment landscape has raised challenges for practitioners who may not be familiar with the use of MKIs or with the treatment and natural history of advanced thyroid cancer in general. This article reviews the epidemiology, molecular drivers, and initial treatment of patients with thyroid cancer and offers practical guidance to assist with the determination of when to appropriately start an MKI. As an example, cabozantinib and its efficacy are discussed in detail. Close monitoring is required for all patients on targeted agents to assess for adverse effects and response to therapy. An approach to managing drug-related adverse events is detailed. Since these drugs are not curative and have not yet proven to prolong overall survival, it is critical to weigh the risks and benefits of treatment at every visit. The potential value of changing to a different agent following failure of an MKI is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Weitzman
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria E Cabanillas
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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