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Garcia-Mouronte E, Berna-Rico E, de Nicolas-Ruanes B, Azcarraga-Llobet C, Alonso-Martinez de Salinas L, Bea-Ardebol S. Imiquimod as Local Immunotherapy in the Management of Premalignant Cutaneous Conditions and Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10835. [PMID: 37446011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous cancers are, by far, the most common malignant neoplasms of the human being. Due to the great array of clinical conditions, their worldwide increasing incidence and the steady ageing of the population, non-invasive treatments modalities that show a good clinical response, a proper benefit-risk ratio and cosmetic results are becoming increasingly important in the clinical setting. Imiquimod is a topically applied immunomodulator which is often used in the management of several premalignant and malignant cutaneous disorders. This article is a review of the current literature on its mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emilio Berna-Rico
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Sonia Bea-Ardebol
- Dermatology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramon y Cajal, 28034 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Gene Regulations upon Hydrogel-Mediated Drug Delivery Systems in Skin Cancers-An Overview. Gels 2022; 8:gels8090560. [PMID: 36135270 PMCID: PMC9498739 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer has increased dramatically in recent years, particularly in Caucasian populations. Specifically, the metastatic melanoma is one of the most aggressive cancers and is responsible for more than 80% of skin cancer deaths around the globe. Though there are many treatment techniques, and drugs have been used to cure this belligerent skin cancer, the side effects and reduced bioavailability of drug in the targeted area makes it difficult to eradicate. In addition, cellular metabolic pathways are controlled by the skin cancer driver genes, and mutations in these genes promote tumor progression. Consequently, the MAPK (RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway), WNT and PI3K signaling pathways are found to be important molecular regulators in melanoma development. Even though hydrogels have turned out to be a promising drug delivery system in skin cancer treatment, the regulations at the molecular level have not been reported. Thus, we aimed to decipher the molecular pathways of hydrogel drug delivery systems for skin cancer in this review. Special attention has been paid to the hydrogel systems that deliver drugs to regulate MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, JAK-STAT and cGAS-STING pathways. These signaling pathways can be molecular drivers of skin cancers and possible potential targets for the further research on treatment of skin cancers.
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Hanania HL, Lewis DJ. Combination regimens and immunologic mechanisms to enhance the efficacy of cemiplimab for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2021; 22:237-238. [PMID: 34918605 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2022.2020652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Hanania
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Lewis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Svitina H, Swanepoel R, Rossouw J, Netshimbupfe H, Gouws C, Hamman J. Treatment of Skin Disorders with Aloe Materials. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2208-2240. [PMID: 31269881 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190703154244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The skin is the largest organ and functions as a barrier to protect the underlying tissues against the elements and pathogens, while also fulfilling many physiological roles and biochemical functions such as preventing excessive water loss. Skin disorders vary greatly in terms of origin, severity, symptoms and affect persons of all ages. Many plants have been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times including the treatment of skin disorders and diseases. Aloe represents one of the earliest medicinal plant species mentioned in antique scriptures and even in rock art dating back thousands of years. Different Aloe species and materials have been used in the prevention and treatment of skin related disorders. Aloe vera is the most commonly used Aloe species for medicinal purposes. Some of the most prominent skin related applications and disorders that Aloe materials have been investigated for are discussed in this paper, which include cosmetic, radiation, cancer, wound and antimicrobial applications. Both in vitro and in vivo studies are included in the discussions of this paper and comprehensive summaries of all these studies are given in tables in each section. Although some contradictory results were obtained among studies, certain Aloe materials have shown excellent efficacy and exhibited potential for the treatment of skin related disorders and cosmetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Svitina
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Roan Swanepoel
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Jacques Rossouw
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Happiness Netshimbupfe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Josias Hamman
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen™), Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Taherian-Esfahani Z, Dashti S. Cancer-testis antigens: An update on their roles in cancer immunotherapy. Hum Antibodies 2020; 27:171-183. [PMID: 30909205 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several recent studies have assessed suitability of tumor antigens for immunotherapy. Based on the restricted expression pattern in somatic tissues, cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are possible candidates for cancer immunotherapy. These antigens are expressed in various tumors including gastrointestinal, breast, skin and hematologic malignancies. OBJECTIVES To find clinical trials utilizing CTAs in cancer patients. METHODS We searched PubMed, google scholar and specific websites that registers clinical trials. RESULTS A number of clinical trials have been designed to evaluate safety and efficacy of CTA-based treatments. The results of some of them have been promising. In the current literature search, we summarized the clinical trials of CTA-based therapies in cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS Based on the availability of different formulations of CTA-based vaccines, future researches should compare efficiency of these modalities.
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Dashti S, Taherian-Esfahani Z. Cellular immune responses against cancer-germline genes in cancers. Hum Antibodies 2019; 28:57-64. [PMID: 31356200 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-germline genes are a class of genes that are normally expressed in testis, trophoblast and few somatic tissues but abnormally expressed in tumor tissues. Their expression signature indicates that they can induce cellular immune responses, thus being applied as targets in cancer immunotherapy. OBJECTIVES To obtain the data of cellular immune responses against cancer-germline genes in cancer. METHODS We searched PubMed/Medline with the key words cancer-germline antigen, cancer-testis antigen, CD4+ T cell, CD8+ T cell and cancer. RESULTS About 40 cancer-germline genes have been shown to induce T cell specific responses in cancer patients. Melanoma, lung and breast cancer are among the mostly assessed cancer types. Several epitopes have been identified which can be used in immunotherapy of cancer. CONCLUSION Cellular immune responses against cancer-germline genes are indicative of appropriateness of these genes as therapeutic targets.
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Seifi-Alan M, Shamsi R, Ghafouri-Fard S. Application of cancer-testis antigens in immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma. Immunotherapy 2019; 10:411-421. [PMID: 29473472 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a worldwide common malignancy with poor prognosis. Several studies have aimed at identification of appropriate biomarkers for early detection of this cancer. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) as a novel group of tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated to be expressed in HCC samples as well as peripheral blood samples from these patients but not in the corresponding adjacent noncancerous samples. Such pattern of expression has provided them an opportunity to be used as immunotherapeutic targets. The detection of spontaneous immune responses against CTAs in HCC patients has prompted design of CTA-based immunotherapeutic protocols in these patients. The results of some clinical trials have been promising in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Seifi-Alan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roshanak Shamsi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Russo I, Sernicola A, Alaibac M. Recent advances in localized immunotherapy of skin cancers. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:443-456. [PMID: 30786845 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancer is the most frequent malignancy in humans. The immune system has long been known to have an important role in defeating cancer. Immunotherapy, which includes various strategies to enhance tumor immunity, currently represents an exciting option for the treatment of skin cancers. Local immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic approach and may improve response rates without inducing systemic toxicity. Here, we review the main localized immunotherapies for the management of skin cancer with a special focus on advanced melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer and primary cutaneous lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Russo
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Via Gallucci 4, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Alvise Sernicola
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Via Gallucci 4, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Mauro Alaibac
- Unit of Dermatology, University of Padua, Via Gallucci 4, Padova 35128, Italy
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Astaneh M, Dashti S, Esfahani ZT. Humoral immune responses against cancer-testis antigens in human malignancies. Hum Antibodies 2019; 27:237-240. [PMID: 31006681 DOI: 10.3233/hab-190377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are a class of cancer antigens with extensive expression in human cancers. Many researchers have detected antibody responses against these tumor antigens in serum of cancer patients. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relevance of humoral immune responses against CTAs in clinical outcome of cancer patientsMETHODS: We searched PubMed/Medline with the key words cancer-testis antigen, antibody, humoral response and cancer. RESULTS Humoral immune responses against CTAs have been detected in several human malignancies including skin, breast, brain and ovarian cancers. Some studies have shown associations between the presence of these responses in patients and patients' survival. CONCLUSION Humoral immune responses against CTAs are putative biomarkers for cancer detection and follow-up.
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Bridge JA, Lee JC, Daud A, Wells JW, Bluestone JA. Cytokines, Chemokines, and Other Biomarkers of Response for Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Skin Cancer. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:351. [PMID: 30631766 PMCID: PMC6315146 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for skin malignancies has ushered in a new era for cancer treatments by demonstrating unprecedented durable responses in the setting of metastatic Melanoma. Consequently, checkpoint inhibitors are now the first-line treatment of metastatic melanoma and widely used as adjuvant therapy for stage III disease. With the observation that higher tumor mutational burden correlates with a better response, checkpoint inhibitors are tested in other skin cancer types of known high tumor mutational burden with promising results and recently became the first-ever FDA-approved treatment for metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. The emerging new standards-of-care will necessitate more precise biomarkers and predictors for treatment response and immune-related adverse events. Measurable immune-related mediators are currently under investigation as factors that promote or block the response to cancer immunotherapy and may provide insights into the underlying immune response to the tumor. Cytokines and chemokines are such mediators and are crucial for facilitating the recruitment and activation of specific subsets of leukocytes within the microenvironment of skin cancers. The exact mechanisms of how these meditators, both immunological and non-immunological, operate in the tumor microenvironment is an area of active research, so to reliable biomarkers of responses to cancer immunotherapy. Here, we will review and summarize the expanding body of literature for immune-related biomarkers pertaining to Melanoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma, highlighting clinically relevant checkpoint inhibitor therapy biomarker advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Bridge
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James C Lee
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Adil Daud
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - James W Wells
- The Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Sean N. Parker Autoimmune Research Laboratory, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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11
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Yazarlou F, Mowla SJ, Oskooei VK, Motevaseli E, Tooli LF, Afsharpad M, Nekoohesh L, Sanikhani NS, Ghafouri-Fard S, Modarressi MH. Urine exosome gene expression of cancer-testis antigens for prediction of bladder carcinoma. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:5373-5381. [PMID: 30464633 PMCID: PMC6225912 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s180389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes have been regarded as emerging tools for cancer diagnosis. Tumor-derived exosomes contain molecules that enhance cancer progression and affect immune responses. Material and methods In the present study, we evaluated expression of seven cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) that are regarded as putative biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets along with NMP22 in urinary exosomes of bladder cancer patients, healthy subjects and patients affected with nonmalignant urinary disorders. Results Exosomal expression of MAGE-B4 was significantly higher in bladder cancer patients compared with normal samples (expression ratio=2.68, P=0.01). However, its expression was lower in bladder cancer patients compared with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) patients (expression ratio=0.17, P=0.01). Exosomal expression of NMP22 was significantly higher in bladder cancer patients compared with BPH patients (expression ratio=9.22, P=0.02). Expressions of other genes were not significantly different between bladder cancer patients and normal/nonmalignant samples. We found significant correlation between MAGE-A3 and MAGE-B4 expressions in exosomes obtained from controls. In addition, TSGA10 expression was correlated with expression of NMP22 in both cancer patients and controls. Conclusion The present study provides evidences for differential expression of CTAs in urinary exosomes of bladder cancer patients and urogenital disorders and warrants further studies for assessment of their significance in cancer diagnosis and immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Yazarlou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Department of Genetics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Kholghi Oskooei
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Farhady Tooli
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mandana Afsharpad
- Cancer Control Research Center, Cancer Control Foundation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nekoohesh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sadat Sanikhani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,
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12
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Faramarzi S, Ghafouri-Fard S. Melanoma: a prototype of cancer-testis antigen-expressing malignancies. Immunotherapy 2018; 9:1103-1113. [PMID: 29032737 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the first malignancy in which expression and immunogenicity of cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) have been documented. Several CTAs have been shown to be expressed in melanoma samples especially those with metastatic potential. Many of them have been shown to exert oncogenic effects through modulation of essential pathways involved in melanoma. The crucial role of CTAs in the pathogenesis of melanoma, the high prevalence of expression of CTA panels in melanoma and the presence of spontaneous as well as inducible immune responses against CTAs in melanoma patients potentiate CTAs as immunotherapeutic targets. Numerous clinical trials are now ongoing to evaluate CTA-based immunotherapeutic effects in melanoma patient's survival. NY-ESO-1 and MAGE antigens have the most promising results up to now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Faramarzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Faramarzi S, Ghafouri-Fard S. Expression analysis of cancer-testis genes in prostate cancer reveals candidates for immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2018; 9:1019-1034. [PMID: 28971747 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a prevalent disorder among men with a heterogeneous etiological background. Several molecular events and signaling perturbations have been found in this disorder. Among genes whose expressions have been altered during the prostate cancer development are cancer-testis antigens (CTAs). This group of antigens has limited expression in the normal adult tissues but aberrant expression in cancers. This property provides them the possibility to be used as cancer biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets. Several CTAs have been shown to be immunogenic in prostate cancer patients and some of the have entered clinical trials. Based on the preliminary data obtained from these trials, it is expected that CTA-based therapeutic options are beneficial for at least a subset of prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Faramarzi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhao H, Yang J, Yu Z, Shen H, Huang X, Zhang M, Long T, Cailing A, Wang W. Synthetic analysis of associations between IL-10 polymorphisms and skin cancer risk. Oncotarget 2018; 9:6728-6736. [PMID: 29467923 PMCID: PMC5805509 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to quantitatively summarize the evidence for the strength of the associations between common IL-10 functional polymorphisms and skin cancer risk. Relevant publications concerning the associations between common IL-10 functional polymorphisms(−1082G>A, −819C>T and −592C>A) and skin cancer were retrieved by a comprehensive electronic literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, Chinese Biomedical Database (CBM). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were utilized to assess the strength of the relationship. A total of 26 studies including 4090 cases and 4133 controls (−1082G>A, 10 studies with 1809 cases and 1830 controls; −819C>T, 7 studies with 862 cases and 957 controls; −592C>A, 9 studies with 1419 cases and 1346 controls) were enrolled in the meta-analysis. Overall, the results revealed a borderline decreased risk of skin cancer in heterozygote model (OR = 0.82, 95CI = 0.67–1.00, p = 0.05). The subgroup analysis also presented similar association for non-melanoma skin cancer in heterozygote model (OR = 0.67, 95CI = 0.50–0.91, p = 0.01). Moreover, the further analysis based on the histological type of non-melanoma skin cancer indicated a significantly decreased risk of BCC in allele model (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.50–0.91, p = 0.02) and dominant model (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.48–0.98, p = 0.04). However, neither overall analysis nor subgroup analysis based on cancer subtype revealed a significant association of −1082G>A or −592C>A polymorphisms with skin cancer. The present study suggested a potential association between IL-10 −819C>T polymorphism and decreased risk of skin cancer, but a lack of association for −1082G>A and −592C>A polymorphisms. Further invalidation is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Jiaoli Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Zhenzhen Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Xinlin Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Mi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Teng Long
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - A Cailing
- Department of Dermatology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Wenhui Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
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15
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Dianatpour A, Ghafouri-Fard S. Long Non Coding RNA Expression Intersecting Cancer and Spermatogenesis: A Systematic Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2601-2610. [PMID: 29072050 PMCID: PMC5747377 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.10.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous similarities have been noted between gametogenic and tumorigenic programs in features
such as global hypomethylation, immune evasion, immortalization, meiosis induction, and migration. In addition, aberrant
expression of testis specific genes has been detected in various cancers which has led to categorization of these genes
as “cancer-testis genes”. Most of the examples identified in this category are protein encoding. However, recent studies
have revealed that non-coding RNAs, including long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs), may have essential regulatory
roles in telomere biology, chromatin dynamics, modulation of gene expression and genome structural organization.
All of these functions are implicated in both gametogenic and tumorigenic programs. Methods: In the present study,
we conducted a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED and Embase databases with the key words lncRNA,
gametogenesis, testis and cancer. Results: We found a number of lncRNAs with essential roles and notable expression
in both gametogenic and cancer tissues. Conclusions: Comparison between cancer tissues and gametogenic tissues
has shown that numerous lncRNAs are expressed in both, playing similar roles in processes modulated by signaling
pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Evaluation of expression patterns and functions of these
genes should pave the way to discovery of biomarkers for early detection, prognostic assessment and evaluation of
therapeutic responses in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Bakshi A, Chaudhary SC, Rana M, Elmets CA, Athar M. Basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and therapy involving hedgehog signaling and beyond. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2543-2557. [PMID: 28574612 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the skin is driven by aberrant hedgehog signaling. Thus blocking this signaling pathway by small molecules such as vismodegib inhibits tumor growth. Primary cilium in the epidermal cells plays an integral role in the processing of hedgehog signaling-related proteins. Recent genomic studies point to the involvement of additional genetic mutations that might be associated with the development of BCCs, suggesting significance of other signaling pathways, such as WNT, NOTCH, mTOR, and Hippo, aside from hedgehog in the pathogenesis of this human neoplasm. Some of these pathways could be regulated by noncoding microRNA. Altered microRNA expression profile is recognized with the progression of these lesions. Stopping treatment with Smoothened (SMO) inhibitors often leads to tumor reoccurrence in the patients with basal cell nevus syndrome, who develop 10-100 of BCCs. In addition, the initial effectiveness of these SMO inhibitors is impaired due to the onset of mutations in the drug-binding domain of SMO. These data point to a need to develop strategies to overcome tumor recurrence and resistance and to enhance efficacy by developing novel single agent-based or multiple agents-based combinatorial approaches. Immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy could be additional successful approaches particularly if developed in combination with chemotherapy for inoperable and metastatic BCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Bakshi
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Sandeep C Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mehtab Rana
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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17
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Winkler JK, Schneiderbauer R, Bender C, Sedlaczek O, Fröhling S, Penzel R, Enk A, Hassel JC. Anti-programmed cell death-1 therapy in nonmelanoma skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2016; 176:498-502. [PMID: 27061826 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J K Winkler
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Schneiderbauer
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Bender
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - O Sedlaczek
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Fröhling
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Department of Translational Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany.,Section for Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Penzel
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Enk
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J C Hassel
- Department of Dermatology and National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Esfandiary A, Ghafouri-Fard S. New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma-1 and cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2016; 7:411-39. [PMID: 25917631 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New York esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 1 (NY-ESO-1) is a known cancer testis gene with exceptional immunogenicity and prevalent expression in many cancer types. These characteristics have made it an appropriate vaccine candidate with the potential application against various malignancies. This article reviews recent knowledge about the NY-ESO-1 biology, function, immunogenicity and expression in cancers as well as and the results of clinical trials with this antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
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19
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Ghafouri-Fard S. Expression of cancer-testis antigens in stem cells: is it a potential drawback or an advantage in cancer immunotherapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3079-81. [PMID: 25854409 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.7.3079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumor associated antigens with a restricted expression pattern in normal gametogenic tissues but expression in a broad range of malignancies. Their expression pattern has made them potential targets for immunotherapy. However, expression of some of these antigens has been demonstrated in normal stem cells as well as cancer stem cells (CSCs). As CSCs have been shown to be sources of metastasis and tumor recurrence, novel therapies are being focused on their eradication. On the other hand, CTA expression in normal stem cells raises the possibility that CTA based immunotherapies cause side effects in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran E-mail :
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20
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Abedin-Do A, Taherian-Esfahani Z, Ghafouri-Fard S, Ghafouri-Fard S, Motevaseli E. Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus strains: emphasis on their effects on cancer cells. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1307-29. [PMID: 26595390 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacilli are a group of normal microbiota whose immunomodulatory effects have been known for a long time. Recently, they have gained more attention for their direct and indirect effects on cancer cells. Several cell line experiments, animal model studies as well as clinical trials have indicated their inhibitory effects on cancer initiation and progression. Different lactobacilli strains could modulate innate and adoptive immune system. Such effects have been documented in modulation of function of T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages as well as cytokine production. In this review, the various immunomodulatory effects of lactobacilli on tumor cells as well as their direct cytotoxic effects on cancer cells are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Abedin-Do
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Zahra Taherian-Esfahani
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Esfandiary A, Ghafouri-Fard S. MAGE-A3: an immunogenic target used in clinical practice. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:683-704. [PMID: 26100270 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma antigen family A, 3 (MAGE-A3) is a cancer-testis antigen whose expression has been demonstrated in a wide array of malignancies including melanoma, brain, breast, lung and ovarian cancer. In addition, its ability to elicit spontaneous humoral and cellular immune responses has been shown in cancer patients. As antigen-specific immune responses can be stimulated by immunization with MAGE-A3, several clinical trials have used MAGE-A3 vaccines to observe clinical responses. The frequent expressions of this antigen in various tumors and its immunogenicity in cancer patients have led to application of this antigen in cancer immunotherapy. However, the results of recent clinical trials indicate that there is a need for research in the vaccine design, adjuvant selection as well as patient selection criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
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22
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Imani-Saber Z, Ghafouri-Fard S. Promyelocytic Leukemia Gene Functions and Roles in Tumorigenesis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.19.8019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Shamsi R, Seifi-Alan M, Javaheri M, Tabarestani S. Cancer-testis genes as candidates for immunotherapy in breast cancer. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:165-79. [PMID: 24491090 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-testis (CT) antigens are tumor-associated antigens attracting immunologists for their possible application in the immunotherapy of cancer. Several clinical trials have assessed their therapeutic potentials in cancer patients. Breast cancers, especially triple-negative cancers are among those with significant expression of CT genes. Identification of CT genes with high expression in cancer patients is the prerequisite for any immunotherapeutic approach. CT genes have gained attention not only for immunotherapy of cancer patients, but also for immunoprevention in high-risk individuals. Many CT genes have proved to be immunogenic in breast cancer patients suggesting the basis for the development of polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19857-17443, Iran
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24
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Nekoohesh L, Motevaseli E. Bladder Cancer Biomarkers: Review and Update. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:2395-403. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.6.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Abstract
Immunotherapeutic approaches have been gaining attention in the field of cancer treatment because of their possible ability to eradicate cancer cells as well as metastases by recruiting the host immune system. On the other hand, RNA-based therapeutics with the ability to silence expression of specific targets are currently under clinical investigation for various disorders including cancer. As the mechanisms of tumor evasion from the host immune system are versatile, different molecules have the capacity to be targeted by RNAi technology in order to enhance the immune response against tumors. This technology has been used to silence specific targets in tumor cells, as well as immune cells in cancer cell lines, animal models and clinical trials. siRNAs can also stimulate innate immune responses through activation of Toll-like receptors. Although currently clinical trials of the application of siRNA in cancer immunotherapy are few, it is predicted that in future this technology will be used broadly in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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