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Hallak M, Inal A, Baktir MA, Atasever A. Comparison of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and hyperbaric oxygen therapy in the experimental model of rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2024; 51:e13906. [PMID: 38965677 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we wanted to investigate the effectiveness of combining disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARD) with hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in reducing inflammation in a rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model using rats. We divided 56 male Sprague-Dawley rats into seven groups and induced RA using complete Freund's adjuvant. Some groups received HBOT, whereas others were given etanercept or leflunomide. We started the treatment on the 10th day after inducing RA and continued it for 18 days. To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatments, we measured paw swelling and used X-rays to examine the joints before and after the treatment. We also analysed the levels of two inflammatory markers, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Additionally, we conducted histological analysis and assessed the expressions of anti-IL-1β and anti-TNF-α antibodies. All the treatment groups showed a significant decrease in arthritis scores, paw swelling and levels of TNF-α and IL-1β. The X-ray images revealed improvements in joint structure, and the histopathological analysis showed reduced inflammation and collagen abnormalities. Combining DMARD with HBOT had similar effects to individual therapies, suggesting a cost-effective and potentially safer approach for improving outcomes in rats with RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Hyperbaric Oxygenation/methods
- Male
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antirheumatic Agents/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Rats
- Interleukin-1beta/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Etanercept/therapeutic use
- Etanercept/pharmacology
- Arthritis, Experimental/therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Leflunomide/therapeutic use
- Leflunomide/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hallak
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Inal
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Akif Baktir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Atasever
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Meng X, Wang WD, Li SR, Sun ZJ, Zhang L. Harnessing cerium-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone diseases. Acta Biomater 2024; 183:30-49. [PMID: 38849022 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Bone, an actively metabolic organ, undergoes constant remodeling throughout life. Disturbances in the bone microenvironment can be responsible for pathologically bone diseases such as periodontitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Conventional bone tissue biomaterials are not adequately adapted to complex bone microenvironment. Therefore, there is an urgent clinical need to find an effective strategy to improve the status quo. In recent years, nanotechnology has caused a revolution in biomedicine. Cerium(III, IV) oxide, as an important member of metal oxide nanomaterials, has dual redox properties through reversible binding with oxygen atoms, which continuously cycle between Ce(III) and Ce(IV). Due to its special physicochemical properties, cerium(III, IV) oxide has received widespread attention as a versatile nanomaterial, especially in bone diseases. This review describes the characteristics of bone microenvironment. The enzyme-like properties and biosafety of cerium(III, IV) oxide are also emphasized. Meanwhile, we summarizes controllable synthesis of cerium(III, IV) oxide with different nanostructural morphologies. Following resolution of synthetic principles of cerium(III, IV) oxide, a variety of tailored cerium-based biomaterials have been widely developed, including bioactive glasses, scaffolds, nanomembranes, coatings, and nanocomposites. Furthermore, we highlight the latest advances in cerium-based biomaterials for inflammatory and metabolic bone diseases and bone-related tumors. Tailored cerium-based biomaterials have already demonstrated their value in disease prevention, diagnosis (imaging and biosensors) and treatment. Therefore, it is important to assist in bone disease management by clarifying tailored properties of cerium(III, IV) oxide in order to promote the use of cerium-based biomaterials in the future clinical setting. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: In this review, we focused on the promising of cerium-based biomaterials for bone diseases. We reviewed the key role of bone microenvironment in bone diseases and the main biological activities of cerium(III, IV) oxide. By setting different synthesis conditions, cerium(III, IV) oxide nanostructures with different morphologies can be controlled. Meanwhile, tailored cerium-based biomaterials can serve as a versatile toolbox (e.g., bioactive glasses, scaffolds, nanofibrous membranes, coatings, and nanocomposites). Then, the latest research advances based on cerium-based biomaterials for the treatment of bone diseases were also highlighted. Most importantly, we analyzed the perspectives and challenges of cerium-based biomaterials. In future perspectives, this insight has given rise to a cascade of cerium-based biomaterial strategies, including disease prevention, diagnosis (imaging and biosensors) and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Wen-Da Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Su-Ran Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, PR China; Department of Endodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, HongShan District, LuoYu Road No. 237, Wuhan, 430079, PR China.
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3
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Walvekar P, Lulinski P, Kumar P, Aminabhavi TM, Choonara YE. A review of hyaluronic acid-based therapeutics for the treatment and management of arthritis. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130645. [PMID: 38460633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Hyaluronic acid (HA), a biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic therapeutic polymer is a key component of the cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) and has been widely used to manage two major types of arthritis, osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OA joints are characterized by lower concentrations of depolymerized (low molecular weight) HA, resulting in reduced physiological viscoelasticity, while in RA, the associated immune cells are over-expressed with various cell surface receptors such as CD44. Due to HA's inherent viscoelastic property and its ability to target CD44, there has been a surge of interest in developing HA-based systems to deliver various bioactives (drugs and biologics) and manage arthritis. Considering therapeutic benefits of HA in arthritis management and potential advantages of novel delivery systems, bioactive delivery through HA-based systems is beginning to display improved outcomes over bioactive only treatment. The benefits include enhanced bioactive uptake due to receptor-mediated targeting, prolonged retention of bioactives in the synovium, reduced expressions of proinflammatory mediators, enhanced cartilage regeneration, reduced drug toxicity due to sustained release, and improved and cost-effective treatment. This review provides an underlying rationale to prepare and use HA-based bioactive delivery systems for arthritis applications. With special emphasis given to preclinical/clinical results, this article reviews various bioactive-loaded HA-based particulate carriers (organic and inorganic), gels, scaffolds and polymer-drug conjugates that have been reported to treat and manage OA and RA. Furthermore, the review identifies several key challenges and provides valuable suggestions to address them. Various developments, strategies and suggestions described in this review may guide the formulation scientists to optimize HA-based bioactive delivery systems as an effective approach to manage and treat arthritis effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Walvekar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutics, SET's College of Pharmacy, Dharwad 580 002, Karnataka, India
| | - Piotr Lulinski
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580031, Karnataka, India.
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 7 York Road, Parktown 2193, South Africa.
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Sharma A, Goel A, Lin Z. Analysis of anti-rheumatic activity of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis via in vivo and pharmacovigilance approaches. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1307799. [PMID: 38116080 PMCID: PMC10728290 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1307799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an immune-mediated disease associated with chronic inflammation of numerous joints. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis (NAT) is a traditional remedy for RA, a chronic inflammatory disorder. Aim: The current project aims to demonstrate the role of the NAT extracts in sub-acute toxicity, pharmacovigilance, and anti-rheumatic biomarkers. Method: Hydroethanolic extract (1:1) of plant leaves was prepared by using the reflux method. The safety of the dose was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats, and the anti-inflammatory effects of NAT on RA symptoms, including paw volumes, body weight, arthritic index, withdrawal latency, hematology and serological test, radiology, and histopathology, were evaluated in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis Sprague-Dawley rat models. The inflammatory (TNF-α and COX-2) and anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10) were analyzed in control and experimental groups. Result: The study showed that 500 mg/kg BW NAT leaf extract was found to be least toxic without showing any subacute toxicity symptoms. The pharmacovigilance study highlighted the potential side effects of NAT, such as drowsiness, sedation, and lethargy, at high dosages. Treatment with the plant extract mitigated paw edema, restored the immune organ and body weights, and ameliorated the level of blood parameters such as hemoglobin, red blood cells, platelets, white blood cells, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), C-reactive proteins, and rheumatoid factor. Treatment with the plant extracts also reduced the level of cyclooxygenase 2 and TNF-α and increased the level of IL-10 in the serum of arthritic rats dose-dependently. Radiographic analysis of the ankle joint showed an improvement in the hind legs. Histological examination of the ankle joints revealed that the plant extract treatment decreased pannus formation, inflammation, and synovial hyperplasia in arthritic animals. Conclusion: NAT 500 mg/kg could serve as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjana Goel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Applied Sciences and Humanities, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Zhijian Lin
- Department of Clinical Chinese Pharmacy, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Kargozar S, Hooshmand S, Hosseini SA, Gorgani S, Kermani F, Baino F. Antioxidant Effects of Bioactive Glasses (BGs) and Their Significance in Tissue Engineering Strategies. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196642. [PMID: 36235178 PMCID: PMC9573515 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of oxidative stress are usually observed following injuries, leading to impaired tissue repair due to oxidation-related chronic inflammation. Several attempts have been made to manage this unfavorable situation, and the use of biomaterials with antioxidant activity is showing great promise in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine approaches. Bioactive glasses (BGs) are a versatile group of inorganic substances that exhibit an outstanding regenerative capacity for both hard and soft damaged tissues. The chemical composition of BGs provides a great opportunity for imparting specific biological activities to them. On this point, BGs may easily become antioxidant substances through simple physicochemical modifications. For example, particular antioxidant elements (mostly cerium (Ce)) can be added to the basic composition of the glasses. On the other hand, grafting natural antioxidant substances (e.g., polyphenols) on the BG surface is feasible for making antioxidant substitutes with promising results in vitro. Mesoporous BGs (MBGs) were demonstrated to have unique merits compared with melt-derived BGs since they make it possible to load antioxidants and deliver them to the desired locations. However, there are actually limited in vivo experimental studies on the capability of modified BGs for scavenging free radicals (e.g., reactive oxygen species (ROS)). Therefore, more research is required to determine the actual potential of BGs in decreasing oxidative stress and subsequently improving tissue repair and regeneration. The present work aims to highlight the potential of different types of BGs in modulating oxidative stress and subsequently improving tissue healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Kargozar
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Correspondence: S.K: (S.K.); (F.B.)
| | - Sara Hooshmand
- Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Seyede Atefe Hosseini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Sara Gorgani
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Farzad Kermani
- Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG), Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Francesco Baino
- Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Science and Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: S.K: (S.K.); (F.B.)
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Chelpuri Y, Pabbathi S, Alla GR, Yadala RK, Kamishetti M, Banothu AK, Boinepally R, Bharani KK, Khurana A. Tropolone derivative hinokitiol ameliorates cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108915. [PMID: 35679663 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural bio-active tropolone derivative with promising antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study was conducted to evaluate the ameliorative effects of hinokitiol against acute pancreatitis induced by cerulein. Mice were pre-treated with hinokitiol intraperitoneally for 7 days (50 and 100 mg/kg), and on the final day of study, cerulein (6 × 50 μg/kg) was injected every hour for six times. Six hours after the last dose of cerulein, blood was collected from the mice through retro-orbital plexus for biochemical analysis. After blood collection, mice were euthanized and the pancreas was harvested for studying effects on oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, immunohistochemistry and histopathology of tissue sections. Hinokitiol treatment significantly reduced edema of the pancreas and reduced the plasma levels of lipase and amylase in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. It also attenuated the oxidative and nitrosative stress related damage as evident from the reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite levels, which were significantly increased in the mice with acute pancreatitis. Furthermore, hinokitiol administration significantly reduced the pancreatitis-evoked decrease in the activity of catalase, glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the pancreatic tissue. Pre-treatment with hinokitiol significantly reduced the elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) as well as increased the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pancreatic tissue of mice with acute pancreatitis. The immunohistochemical expression of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase (COX-2) and TNF-α were significantly decreased by hinokitiol in mice with cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrate that hinokitiol has significant potential to prevent cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Chelpuri
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Shivakumar Pabbathi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Gopala Reddy Alla
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Yadala
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Mounika Kamishetti
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Banothu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India.
| | - Ramya Boinepally
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Warangal 506166, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Warangal 506166, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500030, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), Warangal 506166, PVNRTVU, Telangana, India; Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Chetla VS, Khurana A, Bommu S, Laxmi NA, Putty K, Banothu AK, Reddy KK, Bharani KK. Comparative evaluation of the effect of L-Arginine and L-Homoarginine supplementation on reproductive physiology in ewes. Res Vet Sci 2022; 149:159-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Patangrao Renushe A, Kumar Banothu A, Kumar Bharani K, Mekala L, Mahesh Kumar J, Neeradi D, Durga Veera Hanuman D, Gadige A, Khurana A. Vincamine, an active constituent of Vinca rosea ameliorates experimentally induced acute lung injury in Swiss albino mice through modulation of Nrf-2/NF-κB signaling cascade. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108773. [PMID: 35453074 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is one of the leading pulmonary inflammatory disorders causing significant morbidity and mortality. Vincamine is a novel phytochemical with promising anti-inflammatory properties. In the current work, the protective effect of vincamine was studied in vitro (Raw 264.7 macrophages) and in vivo against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ALI in Swiss albino mice. Vincamine significantly reduced nitrite and TNF-α release from the LPS stimulated macrophages and increased the levels of IL-10, indicating potent anti-inflammatory effects. It was observed that vincamine at the dose of 40 mg/kg, significantly reduced LPS induced inflammatory cell count in blood and in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Further, vincamine exerted potent suppression of inflammation by reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, while significantly increased (p < 0.001) the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10 and IL-22). Interestingly, histological changes were reversed in vincamine treated groups in a dose-dependent manner. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly enhanced expression of NF-κB, TNF-α and COX-2 while reduced expression of Nrf-2 in disease control group, which were significantly (p < 0.001) ameliorated by vincamine. We, to the best of our knowledge, report for the first time that vincamine possesses protective potential against LPS induced inflammation and oxidative stress, possibly by inhibiting the NF-κB cascade, while positively regulating the Nrf-2 pathway. These findings are of potential relevance for COVID-19 management concerning the fact that lung injury and ARDS are its critical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshata Patangrao Renushe
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Banothu
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India.
| | - Kala Kumar Bharani
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Warangal - 506166, Telangana, India
| | - Lakshman Mekala
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Jerald Mahesh Kumar
- Animal House, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Hyderabad - 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Neeradi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Donga Durga Veera Hanuman
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Ambica Gadige
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India
| | - Amit Khurana
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad - 500030, Telangana, India; Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science (CVSc), PVNRTVU, Warangal - 506166, Telangana, India; Centre for Biomedical Engineering (CBME), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India.
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Abstract
Apoptosis is an evolutionarily conserved sequential process of cell death to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell formation and cell death. It is a vital process for normal eukaryotic development as it contributes to the renewal of cells and tissues. Further, it plays a crucial role in the elimination of unnecessary cells through phagocytosis and prevents undesirable immune responses. Apoptosis is regulated by a complex signaling mechanism, which is driven by interactions among several protein families such as caspases, inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family proteins, and several other proteases such as perforins and granzyme. The signaling pathway consists of both pro-apoptotic and pro-survival members, which stabilize the selection of cellular survival or death. However, any aberration in this pathway can lead to abnormal cell proliferation, ultimately leading to the development of cancer, autoimmune disorders, etc. This review aims to elaborate on apoptotic signaling pathways and mechanisms, interacting members involved in signaling, and how apoptosis is associated with carcinogenesis, along with insights into targeting apoptosis for disease resolution.
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