Quinapyramine sulfate-loaded sodium alginate nanoparticles show enhanced trypanocidal activity

Long-term antitrypanosomal effect of quinapyramine sulphate-loaded oil-based nanosuspension in T. evansi-infected mouse model

The goal of the present work consisted of the formulation development and evaluation of quinapyramine sulphate (QS)-loaded long-acting oil-based nanosuspension for improved antitrypanosomal effect. QS was transformed into a hydrophobic ionic complex using anionic sodium cholate (Na.C). The complex was characterized by FTIR, DSC, and XRD. Oil-based nanosuspension was prepared by dispersing the QS-Na.C complex in thixotropically thickened olive oil. The nanoformulation was found to be cytocompatible (82.5 ± 5.87% cell viability at the minimum effective concentration [MEC]) in THP-1 cell lines and selectively trypanotoxic (p < 0.0001). The pharmacokinetic studies of QS-Na.C complex-loaded oily nanosuspension showed 13.54-fold, 7.09-fold, 1.78-fold, and 17.35-fold increases in t1/2, AUC0-∞, Vz/F, and MRT0-ꝏ, respectively, as compared to free QS. Moreover, a 7.08-fold reduction in plasma clearance was observed after the treatment with the optimized formulation in Wistar rats. Furthermore, treatment with QS-Na.C complex-loaded oily nanosuspension (7.5 mg/kg) in T. evansi-infected mice model showed the absence of parasitaemia for more than 75 days after the treatment during in vivo efficacy studies. The efficacy of the treatment was assessed by observation of blood smear and PCR assay for DNA amplification. To conclude, our findings suggest that the efficient delivery of QS from the developed QS-Na.C complex-loaded oily nanosuspension could be a promising treatment option for veterinary infections against trypanosomiasis.

QbD-Assisted Development and Optimization of Doxycycline Hyclate- and Hydroxyapatite-Loaded Nanoparticles for Periodontal Delivery

The current research aims to develop a carrier system for the delivery of a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor along with a bioceramic agent to the periodontal pocket. It is proposed that the present system, if given along with a systemic antibiotic, would be a fruitful approach for periodontitis amelioration. To fulfill the aforementioned objective, a doxycycline hyclate- and hydroxyapatite-adsorbed composite was prepared by a physical adsorption method and successfully loaded inside sodium alginate-chitosan nanoparticles and optimized based on particle size and drug content. Optimized formulation was then subjected to different evaluation parameters like encapsulation efficiency, hydroxyapatite content, ζ potential, surface morphology, in vitro drug release, cell line studies, and stability studies. For the optimized formulation, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency, ζ potential, and drug content were found to be 336.50 nm, 0.23, 41.77%, -13.85 mV, and 14.00%, respectively. The surface morphology of the placebo and adsorbed composite-loaded nanoparticles as observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the spherical shape and rough surface of the particles. In gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) 7.6, a sustained drug release profile was obtained up to 36 h. In vitro % viability studies performed on murine fibroblast cells (NIH3T3) and human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cell lines confirmed the proliferative nature of the formulation. Also, when subjected to stability studies for 4 weeks, particle size, PDI, and drug content did not vary considerably, thereby ensuring the stable nature of nanoparticles. Henceforth, sodium alginate-chitosan nanoparticles appeared to be a good carrier system for doxycycline hyclate and hydroxyapatite for periodontal therapy. If given along with a system antibiotic, the system will serve as a fruitful tool for infection-mediated periodontal regeneration and healing.

Chitosan-Grafted-Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-Decorated Fe3O4@SiO2 Core-Shell Nanoformulation as an Efficient Drug Delivery System for Poorly Soluble Drugs

Hydrocortisone, a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug, has limited aqueous solubility and several side effects. To address this challenge, as a proof-of-concept, this article demonstrates the development of a controlled-release drug delivery system (DDS) for hydrocortisone using chitosan-grafted poly(N-vinylcaprolactam) (CS-g-PNVCL)-coated core-shell Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoformulations (NFs). Reported magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and modified with silica, PNVCL, and CS precursors to enhance the biocompatibility of DDS and drug-loading efficiency. The release rate of hydrocortisone from Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs was observed to be higher at lower pH values, and the smart polymer coating demonstrated temperature responsiveness, facilitating drug release at higher temperatures. Fe3O4@SiO2@CS-g-PNVCL NFs exhibited a cell viability of around 97.2 to 87.3% (5-100 μg/mL) after 24-48 h, while the hydrocortisone-NFs had a cell viability of around 93.2 to 82.3%. Our findings suggest that CS-g-PNVCL-coated Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs effectively enhance the solubility, loading capacity, and targeted delivery of poorly soluble drugs, thereby improving their therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability.

Capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles embedded polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofibers as a controlled drug delivery nanoplatform for anticancer activity

Nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have been designed into various structures that can effectively prevent cancer progression and improve the therapeutic cancer index. However, most of these delivery systems are designed to be simple nanostructures with several limitations, including low stability and burst drug release features. A nano-in-nano delivery technique is explored to address the aforementioned concerns. Accordingly, this study investigated the release behavior of a novel nanoparticles-in-nanofibers delivery system composed of capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles embedded in polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofiber mats. First, alginate nanoparticles were prepared with different concentrations of cationic gemini surfactant and using nanoemulsion templates. The optimized formulation of alginate nanoparticles was utilized for loading capsaicin and exhibited a diameter of 19.42 ± 1.8 nm and encapsulation efficiency of 98.7 % ± 0.6 %. Likewise, blend polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofibers were prepared with different blend ratios of their solutions (i.e., 100:0, 80:20, 60:40) by electrospinning method. After the characterization of electrospun mats, the optimal nanofibers were employed for embedding capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles. Our findings revealed that embedding capsaicin-loaded alginate nanoparticles in polycaprolactone-chitosan nanofibers, prolonged capsaicin release from 120 h to more than 500 h. Furthermore, the results of in vitro analysis demonstrated that the designed nanoplatform could effectively inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 human breast cells while being nontoxic to human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). Collectively, the prepared nanocomposite drug delivery platform might be promising for the long-term and controlled release of capsaicin for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Fenton degradation of ofloxacin antibiotic using calcium alginate beads impregnated with Fe3O4-montmorillonite composite

The primary aim of this study is to develop an economical, stable, and effective heterogeneous catalyst for wastewater remediation via the Fenton oxidation process. For this purpose, Fe₃O₄-montmorillonite alginate (FeMA) composite beads were synthesized by entrapping Fe₃O₄-montmorillonite in calcium alginate beads. The performance of the catalysts was evaluated via the Fenton degradation of ofloxacin (OFL), an antibiotic that is frequently detected in water bodies. The physiochemical properties of the FeMA composite beads were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM/EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). FeMA composite beads were found to have a higher surface area, higher porosity, and better thermal stability compared to pristine alginate beads. The composite beads were subsequently used for Fenton degradation of ofloxacin (OFL) in an aqueous solution. The effects of Fe₃O₄-montmorillonite loading on alginate, FeMA composite beads dosage, initial solution pH, initial OFL concentration, different oxidants, H₂O₂ dosage, reaction temperature, and inorganic salts on Fenton degradation of OFL in aqueous solution was investigated. The results revealed that the percentage of OFL degradation reached about 80 % under optimized conditions, while the total organic carbon (TOC) removal reached about 53 %. The entrapment of Fe₃O₄-montmorillonite in alginate beads results in less iron ions leaching compared to previous observation, and the efficiency remains constant over the five cycles investigated. The kinetics of the Fenton degradation process are best fitted to the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. It is therefore believed that FeMA composite beads can be a promising material for wastewater remediation via the Fenton oxidation process.

Investigation into Biosorption of Pharmaceuticals from Aqueous Solutions by Biocomposite Material Based on Microbial Biomass and Natural Polymer: Process Variables Optimization and Kinetic Studies

Biosorbtive removal of the antibacterial drug, ethacridine lactate (EL), from aqueous solutions was investigated using as biosorbent Saccharomyces pastorianus residual biomass immobilized in calcium alginate. The aim of this work was to optimize the biosorption process and to evaluate the biosorption capacity in the batch system. Response surface methodology, based on a Box–Behnken design, was used to optimize the EL biosorption parameters. Two response functions (removal efficiency and biosorption capacity) were maximized dependent on three factors: initial concentration of EL solution, contact time, and agitation speed. The highest values for the studied functions (89.49%, 26.04 mg/g) were obtained in the following operational conditions: EL initial concentration: 59.73 mg/L; contact time: 94.26 min; agitation speed: 297.57 rpm. A number of nonlinear kinetic models, including pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and Avrami, were utilized to validate the biosorption kinetic behavior of EL in the optimized conditions. The kinetic data fitted the pseudo-first-order and Avrami models. The experimental results demonstrated that the optimized parameters (especially the agitation speed) significantly affect biosorption and should be considered important in such studies.

Biosorption Potential of Microbial and Residual Biomass of Saccharomyces pastorianus Immobilized in Calcium Alginate Matrix for Pharmaceuticals Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Two types of biosorbents, based on Saccharomyces pastorianus immobilized in calcium alginate, were studied for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions. Synthetized biocomposite materials were characterized chemically and morphologically, both before and after simulated biosorption. Ethacridine lactate (EL) was chosen as a target molecule. The process performance was interpreted as a function of initial solution pH, biosorbent dose, and initial pharmaceutical concentration. The results exhibited that the removal efficiencies were superior to 90% for both biosorbents, at the initial pH value of 4.0 and biosorbent dose of 2 g/L for all EL initial concentrations tested. Freundlich, Temkin, Hill, Redlich-Peterson, Sips, and Toth isotherms were used to describe the experimental results. The kinetic data were analyzed using kinetic models, such as pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, and Avrami, to determine the kinetic parameters and describe the transport mechanisms of EL from aqueous solution onto biosorbents. Among the tested equations, the best fit is ensured by the pseudo-second-order kinetics model for both biosorbents, with the correlation coefficient having values higher than 0.996. The many potential advantages and good biosorptive capacity of Saccharomyces pastorianus biomass immobilized in calcium alginate recommend these types of biocomposite materials for the removal of pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions.

Biosorptive Removal of Ethacridine Lactate from Aqueous Solutions by Saccharomyces pastorianus Residual Biomass/Calcium Alginate Composite Beads: Fixed-Bed Column Study

In this study, ethacridine lactate removal from aqueous solution using a biosorbent material based on residual microbial biomass and natural polymers in fixed-bed continuous column was investigated. Composite beads of Saccharomyces pastorianus residual biomass and calcium alginate were obtained by immobilization technique. The prepared biosorbent was characterized by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and analysis of point of zero charge value. Then, laboratory-scale experiments by fixed-bed column biosorption were conducted in continuous system. To this purpose, the column bed high (5 cm; 7.5 cm), initial pollutant concentration (20 mg/L; 40 mg/L), and solution flow through the column (0.6 mL/min; 1.5 mL/min) were considered the main parameters. Recorded breakthrough curves suggest that lower flow rates, greater bed heights, and a lower concentration of ethacridine lactate led to an increased biosorption of the target compound. The biosorption dynamic was investigated by nonlinear regression analysis using the Adams–Bohart, Yoon–Nelson, Clark, and Yan mathematical models. Conclusively, our research highlights, firstly, that the obtained biosorbent material has the required properties for retaining the ethacridine lactate from aqueous solution in continuous system. Secondly, it emphasizes that the modeling approach reveals an acceptable fitting with the experimental data for the Yoon–Nelson, Clark, and Yan models.

Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase on Magnetite-Alginate Beads to Enable Effective Strong Binding and Enzyme Recycling during Anthraquinone Dyes’ Degradation

The aim of this study was to investigate covalent immobilization of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) on magnetic nanoparticles (Mag) encapsulated in calcium alginate beads (MABs) for color degradation, combining easy and fast removal of biocatalyst from the reaction mixture due to its magnetic properties and strong binding due to surface alginate functional groups. MABs obtained by extrusion techniques were analyzed by optical microscopy, FEG-SEM and characterized regarding mechanical properties, magnetization and HRP binding. HRP with initial concentration of 10 mg/g_carrier was successfully covalently bonded on MABs (diameter ~1 mm, magnetite/alginate ratio 1:4), with protein loading of 8.9 mg/g_carrier, immobilization yield 96.9% and activity 32.8 U/g. Immobilized HRP on MABs (HRP-MABs) was then used to catalyze degradation of two anthraquinonic dyes, Acid Blue 225 (AB225) and Acid Violet 109 (AV109), as models for wastewater pollutants. HRP-MABs decolorized 77.3% and 76.1% of AV109 and AB225, respectively after 15 min under optimal conditions (0.097 mM H₂O₂, 200 mg of HRP-MABs (8.9 mg/g_carrier), 0.08 and 0.1 g/mg beads/dye ratio for AV109 and AB225, respectively). Biocatalyst was used for 7 repeated cycles retaining 75% and 51% of initial activity for AB225 and AV109, respectively, showing potential for use in large scale applications for colored wastewater treatment.

Toxicity Assessment and Control of Early Blight and Stem Rot of Solanum tuberosum L. by Mancozeb-Loaded Chitosan–Gum Acacia Nanocomposites

Biopolymers such as chitosan and gum acacia are used for nanotechnological applications due to their biosafety and ecofriendly nature. The commercial fungicide mancozeb (M) was loaded into chitosan–gum acacia (CSGA) polymers to form nanocomposite (NC) CSGA-M (mancozeb-loaded) measuring 363.6 nm via the ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexation method. The physico-chemical study of nano CSGA-M was accomplished using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Nano CSGA-M-1.0 (containing 1.0 mg/mL mancozeb) at 1.5 ppm demonstrated a maximum inhibition (83.8 ± 0.7%) against Alternaria solani, while Sclerotinia sclerotiorum exhibited a 100% inhibition at 1.0 and 1.5 ppm through the mycelium inhibition method. Commercial mancozeb showed an inhibition of 84.6 ± 0% and 100%, respectively, for both fungi. In pot house conditions, NCs were found to exhibit good antimicrobial activity. Disease control efficiency (DCE, in %) in pathogen-treated plants for CSGA-M-1.0 was 64.6 ± 5.0 and 60.2 ± 1.4% against early blight and stem rot diseases, respectively. NCs showed lower cytotoxicity than commercial mancozeb at the given concentration. In conclusion, both in vitro and in vivo antifungal efficacy for nano CSGA-M was found to be quite comparable but less toxic than mancozeb to Vero cell lines; thus, in the future, this formulation may be used for sustainable agriculture.

Nanotechnological interventions for treatment of trypanosomiasis in humans and animals

Trypanosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma. It is one of the major causes of deaths in underprivileged, rural areas of Africa, America and Asia. Depending on the parasite species responsible for the disease, it can take two forms namely African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). The complete life-cycle stages of trypanosomes span between insect vector (tsetse fly, triatomine bug) and mammalian host (humans, animals). Only few drugs have been approved for the treatment of trypanosomiasis. Moreover, current trypanocidal therapy has major limitations of poor efficacy, serious side effects and drug resistance. Due to the lack of economic gains from tropical parasitic infection, it has always been neglected by the researchers and drug manufacturers. There is an immense need of more effective innovative strategies to decrease the deaths associated with this diseases. Nanotechnological approaches for delivery of existing drugs have shown significant improvement in efficacy with many-fold decrease in their dose. The review emphasizes on nanotechnological interventions in the treatment of trypanosomiasis in both humans and animals. Current trypanocidal therapy and their limitations have also been discussed briefly. Graphical abstract.

Preparation and Evaluation of Quinapyramine Sulphate-Docusate Sodium Ionic Complex Loaded Lipidic Nanoparticles and Its Scale Up Using Geometric Similarity Principle

The objective of the present work is to prepare and evaluate ionically complexed Quinapyramine sulphate (QS) loaded lipid nanoparticles and its scale up using geometric similarity principle. Docusate sodium (DS), at a molar ratio of 1:2 of QS to DS, was used to prepare hydrophobic Quinapyramine sulphate-Docusate sodium (QS-DS) ionic complex. Based on the difference in total solubility parameter and polarity of QS-DS complex and different lipids, precirol was selected as a lipid for the preparation of lipidic nanoparticles. The particle size, zeta potential, and % entrapment efficiency (%EE) of QS-DS ionic complex loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (QS-DS-SLN) was found to be 250.10 ± 26.04 nm, -27.41 ± 4.18 mV and 81.26 ± 4.67% respectively. FTIR studies confirmed the formation of QS-DS ionic complex. DSC and XRD studies revealed the amorphous nature of QS in QS-DS-SLN. The spherical shape of nanoparticles was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. QS-DS-SLN showed sustained release of QS for up to 60 h. No significant difference was observed in particle size, zeta potential, and % entrapment efficiency of pilot-scale batch prepared by using rotational speed of 700 rpm. In conclusion, ionic complexation approach can be used to increase % EE of charged drugs into lipid nanoparticles.

Microwave assisted fast fabrication of zinc/iron oxides based polymeric nanocomposites and evaluation on equine fibroblasts

We aimed to provide a tissue repair material, which can be synthesized rapidly, using polymers mimicking the natural environment in the extra-cellular matrix and metals/minerals. The components should have the potential to be used in tissue repair and simultaneously, reducing the side-effects of the incorporated molecules. It is challenging to manage the dispersibility of ZnO NPs in common solutions like water. Here, we report a novel method for preparing highly dispersible suspensions of ZnO NPs. In contrast to those synthesized by conventional methods, microwave assisted method allowed synthesis of dispersible ZnO NPs and the incorporation of zinc/Iron oxides NPs within alginate and gum matrix (AG) in a short span of time providing high yield of the product. The nanoformulations were characterized for size, morphology, interaction of various chemicals used during their synthesis by transmissible electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X ray Spectrum. It was also evaluated for cytotoxicity and their effect on equine fibroblast cells. Microwave-assisted fabrication of zinc/iron oxides nanoparticles provided flowerlike morphology with good dispersibility and high yield in a short span of time. Our results revealed that ZnO NPs were more cytotoxic than AG ZnO NPs and doped AG Fe₃O₄ doped ZnO NPs at higher concentrations. Further metal nanoparticles capped with alginate/acacia with size range less than 100 nm demonstrated high stability, good biocompatibility, re-epithelization and enhanced mineralization in horse fibroblast cells.

Phytochemical screening, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities of the leaf extracts from Lawsonia inermis of Indian origin to explore its potential for medicinal uses

Background:

Lawsonia inermis Linn popularly known as the Henna has played an important role in ayurvedic or natural herbal medicines. The presence of phyto-constituents in henna, that may affect the animal or human health adversely, need to be elucidated for L. inermis Linn species grown in India.

Introduction:

Introduction: The aim of this research was to perform phytochemical, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory studies to understand the potential of leaves of Lawsonia inermis of Indian origin to provide a way forward for therapeutic use in medicine.

Methods:

We assessed the phytochemical profile for presence of phyto-constituents (alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, proteins/amino acids and gums/mucilage) from various extracts of the plant leaves’. The extracts were further purified by column chromatography for the isolation of plant constituents and monitored by TLC, analyzed by Fourier transform infrared FT-IR spectroscopy, H1NMR, and GC-MS analysis. Fractions were assessed for cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory properties at various concentrations. We assessed the anti-inflammatory activity by nitric oxide production in various leaf extracts determined by Griess assay.

Results:

All the spectral results suggest that the compounds from the extract contain aromatic nucleus and OH group along with methoxy group, allyl as well as vinyl group. Fractions of chloroform/methanolic (7:3) leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis confirmed the presence of the two constituents i.e. fraxetin and 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone. We observed significant difference in cytotoxicity at higher concentrations in methanol and chloroform:methanol (8:2) leaf extracts (p>0.05), we could not find any significant differences amongst other leaf extracts at different concentrations. Some leaf extracts have potential cytotoxic activity on vero cells. Reducing the chloroform concentration during extraction decreases the cytotoxic effect on the cells. The nitric oxide levels decreased from 1000 µg/ml concentration to lower concentrations with varying degree. Overall the highest nitric oxide production by CHCl3 (70%)/ MeOH (30%) was observed amongst various fractions at different concentrations.

Conclusion:

The phytochemical, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory studies indicating the potential of leaves of the plant to provide a way further for their use in medicine. Fraxetin 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone structures were confirmed in fractions of CHCl3 (70%)/ MeOH (30%) extract as observed as a potent constituents. Some leaf extracts have potential cytotoxic activity on vero cells. Reducing the chloroform concentration during extraction decreases the cytotoxic effect on the cells.The cytotoxicity studies indicates the presence of cytotoxic compounds in some of these extracts, warranting research for fabrication of suitable formulations comprising these constituents to reduce its dose/toxicity for the use of beneficial effects of the plant components.

Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems for the treatment of neglected tropical protozoan diseases

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) comprise of a group of seventeen infectious conditions endemic in many developing countries. Among these diseases are three of protozoan origin, namely leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African trypanosomiasis, caused by the parasites Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei respectively. These diseases have their own unique challenges which are associated with the development of effective prevention and treatment methods. Collectively, these parasitic diseases cause more deaths worldwide than all other NTDs combined. Moreover, many current therapies for these diseases are limited in their efficacy, possessing harmful or potentially fatal side effects at therapeutic doses. It is therefore imperative that new treatment strategies for these parasitic diseases are developed. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising area of research in the therapy and prevention of NTDs. These delivery systems provide novel mechanisms for targeted drug delivery within the host, maximizing therapeutic effects while minimizing systemic side effects. Currently approved drugs may also be repackaged using these delivery systems, allowing for their potential use in NTDs of protozoan origin. Current research on these novel delivery systems has provided insight into possible indications, with evidence demonstrating their improved ability to specifically target pathogens, penetrate barriers within the host, and reduce toxicity with lower dose regimens. In this review, we will examine current research on these delivery systems, focusing on applications in the treatment of leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African trypanosomiasis. Nanoparticulate systems present a unique therapeutic alternative through the repositioning of existing medications and directed drug delivery.

Alginate Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Targeting

Nanotechnology refers to the control, manipulation, study and manufacture of structures and devices at the nanometer size range. The small size, customized surface, improved solubility and multi-functionality of nanoparticles will continue to create new biomedical applications, as nanoparticles allow to dominate stability, solubility and bioavailability, as well controlled release of drugs. The type of a nanoparticle, and its related chemical, physical and morphological properties influence its interaction with living cells, as well as determine the route of clearance and possible toxic effects. This field requires cross-disciplinary research and gives opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices, which allow the diagnosis and treatment of devastating diseases. Over the past few decades, biodegradable polymers have been studied for the fabrication of drug delivery systems. There was extensive development of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery and tissue engineering, in view of their applications in controlling the release of drugs, stabilizing labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting. The primary aim is to reduce dosing frequency and prolong the therapeutic outcomes. For this purpose, inert excipients should be selected, being biopolymers, e.g. sodium alginate, commonly used in controlled drug delivery. Nanoparticles composed of alginate (known as anionic polysaccharide widely distributed in the cell walls of brown algae which, when in contact with water, forms a viscous gum) have emerged as one of the most extensively characterized biomaterials used for drug delivery and targeting a set of administration routes. Their advantages include not only the versatile physicochemical properties, which allow chemical modifications for site-specific targeting but also their biocompatibility and biodegradation profiles, as well as mucoadhesiveness. Furthermore, mechanical strength, gelation, and cell affinity can be modulated by combining alginate nanoparticles with other polymers, surface tailoring using specific targeting moieties and by chemical or physical cross-linking. However, for every physicochemical modification in the macromolecule/ nanoparticles, a new toxicological profile may be obtained. In this paper, the different aspects related to the use of alginate nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting have been revised, as well as how their toxicological profile will determine the therapeutic outcome of the drug delivery system.

Biocompatibility and Targeting Efficiency of Encapsulated Quinapyramine Sulfate-Loaded Chitosan-Mannitol Nanoparticles in a Rabbit Model of Surra

Quinapyramine sulfate (QS) produces trypanocidal effects against the parasite Trypanosoma evansi but is often poorly tolerated and causes serious reactions in animals. The encapsulation of QS in chitosan-mannitol to provide sustained release would improve both the therapeutic effect of QS and the quality of life of animals treated with this formulation. QS was encapsulated into a nanoformulation prepared from chitosan, tripolyphosphate, and mannitol nanomatrix (ChQS-NPs). ChQS-NPs were well ordered in shape, with nanoparticle size, as determined by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Our research revealed dose-dependent effects on biosafety and DNA damage in mammalian cells treated with ChQS-NPs. ChQS-NPs were absolutely risk-free at effective as well as many times higher doses against T. evansi ChQS-NPs were effective in rabbits, as they killed the parasites, relieving the animals from the clinical symptoms of the disease. The extent of this protection was similar to that observed with the conventional drug at higher dosages (5 mg QS/kg of body weight). ChQS-NPs are safe, nontoxic, and more effective than QS and offer a promising alternative to drug delivery against surra in animal models. ChQS-NPs may be useful for the treatment of surra due to reduced dosages and frequency of administration.

Nanoencapsulation of benznidazole in calcium carbonate increases its selectivity to Trypanosoma cruzi

Chagas disease is a public health problem, affecting about 7 million people worldwide. Benznidazole (BZN) is the main treatment option, but it has limited effectiveness and can cause severe adverse effects. Drug delivery through nanoparticles has attracted the interest of the scientific community aiming to improve therapeutic options. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of benznidazole-loaded calcium carbonate nanoparticles (BZN@CaCO3) on Trypanosoma cruzi strain Y. It was observed that BZN@CaCO3 was able to reduce the viability of epimastigote, trypomastigote and amastigote forms of T. cruzi with greater potency when compared with BZN. The amount of BZN necessary to obtain the same effect was up to 25 times smaller when loaded with CaCO3 nanoparticles. Also, it was observed that BZN@CaCO3 enhanced the selectivity index. Furthermore, the cell-death mechanism induced by both BZN and BZN@CaCO3 was evaluated, indicating that both substances caused necrosis and changed mitochondrial membrane potential.

Development of nanoformulation approaches for the control of weeds

The nanoformulation of pesticides has the potential to increase food productivity, while resolving the drawbacks of conventional agrochemicals, which have negative environmental impacts. In this study, herbicide (metsulfuron methyl)-loaded pectin (polysaccharide) nanoparticles were synthesized and evaluated for herbicidal activity and cytotoxicity. The optimum formulation of nanoparticles was obtained using the Central Composite Design. The basic properties (mean particle size, stability, morphology, and interaction between polymer and herbicide) were characterized using a particle size analyzer (PSA), zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The nanoparticles were found to be in size range of 50-90nm with zeta potential value of -35.9mV. The herbicide loading and herbicide encapsulation efficiency of the nanoparticles were determined to be 6.30% and 63±2%, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the herbicide-loaded nanoparticles was evaluated using healthy cell lines (Vero cell lines) and compared with that of commercial herbicide. In addition, an in-field evaluation of our nanoformulation's effects on the Chenopodium album plant was performed using a pectin nanocarrier. The results showed that application of herbicide-loaded nanoparticles could be used to reduce the use of herbicides with improved efficacy and environmental safety.

Metformin-loaded alginate nanoparticles as an effective antidiabetic agent for controlled drug release

Objectives

Present modalities for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes still suffer from certain limitations such as erratic absorption, need of high dose, poor sensitivity or specificity, resistance, substantial morbidity and mortality, long-term complications, and patient-to-patient variability with lifetime treatment.

Methods

This study focused on the development of a water-in-oil-in-water metformin nanoemulsion as an effective method in diabetes treatment. As a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class III drug, metformin is hydrophilic in nature with high solubility and poor absorption characteristics. To simultaneously facilitate gastrointestinal absorption and intestinal permeability, metformin was loaded into alginate nanocapsules prepared by an emulsion cross-linking technology.

Key findings

These prepared metformin-loaded alginate nanoparticles (MLANs) were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS)-based particle size analysis.

Conclusions

The drug loading and encapsulation efficiency in MLANs were 3.12 mg (the amount of metformin added in 100 mg of nanoparticles) and 78%, respectively. The results of in-vitro drug release studies and in-vivo efficacy tests (using animal models) demonstrated enhanced efficiency and response of MLANs relative to pure metformin. The efficacy of MLANs (46.8 mg/kg) was overall about three times higher than that of pure metformin150 mg/kg.

Synthesis and optimization of ceftriaxone-loaded solid lipid nanocarriers

The use of nanocarriers to enhance drug delivery efficacy has been increasing in the healthcare field due to their tunable surface properties. In this study, ceftriaxone-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (CL-SLNPs) were synthesized using a water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) type double emulsification method. The formulation was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) and was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and UV-vis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The CL-SLNPs were of spherical shape, 15-20nm in size, and retained the properties of the drug or other constituents/ingredients after loading. The prepared nanoformulation offered sustained drug release after 24h, while ceftriaxone sodium followed a burst release. Antibacterial activity of the nanoformulation was evaluated against different gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains. The minimum inhibitory concentration of CL-SLNPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined as 31μg/mL.

Seaweed Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles: Preparation and Applications for Drug Delivery

In recent years, there have been major advances and increasing amounts of research on the utilization of natural polymeric materials as drug delivery vehicles due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Seaweed polysaccharides are abundant resources and have been extensively studied for several biological, biomedical, and functional food applications. The exploration of seaweed polysaccharides for drug delivery applications is still in its infancy. Alginate, carrageenan, fucoidan, ulvan, and laminarin are polysaccharides commonly isolated from seaweed. These natural polymers can be converted into nanoparticles (NPs) by different types of methods, such as ionic gelation, emulsion, and polyelectrolyte complexing. Ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complexing are commonly employed by adding cationic molecules to these anionic polymers to produce NPs of a desired shape, size, and charge. In the present review, we have discussed the preparation of seaweed polysaccharide-based NPs using different types of methods as well as their usage as carriers for the delivery of various therapeutic molecules (e.g., proteins, peptides, anti-cancer drugs, and antibiotics). Seaweed polysaccharide-based NPs exhibit suitable particle size, high drug encapsulation, and sustained drug release with high biocompatibility, thereby demonstrating their high potential for safe and efficient drug delivery.

CpG-ODN Class C Mediated Immunostimulation in Rabbit Model of Trypanosoma evansi Infection

CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate immune cells from a wide spectrum of mammalian species. Class C CpG-ODN is relatively stable and has the combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. Trypanosoma evansi produces the state of immuno-suppression in the infected hosts. The current chemotherapeutic agents against this parasite are limited in number and usually associated with severe side effects. The present work aimed to determine the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODN class C in T. evansi infected rabbits. Rabbits inoculated with CpG C and challenged with T. evansi resulted in delayed onset of clinical signs with reduced severity in comparison to that of T. evansi infected rabbits. The treatment also enhanced humoral immune responses. Histopathological findings in liver and spleen revealed enhancement of mononuclear cell infiltration and secondary B cell follicles. These results demonstrate that CpG-ODN class C, has immunostimulatory properties in rabbit model of trypanosomosis. The use of booster doses or sustained delivery of CpG-ODN will further elucidate the prolonged CpG-ODN generated immune responses.

CpG-ODN class C-mediated immunostimulation and its potential against Trypanosoma evansi in equines

Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of surra, which is the most common and widespread trypansomal disease. The infection is mainly restricted to animals, but it has also been documented in human. Trypanosomes possess the thick immunogenic surface coat known as variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The parasite modifies the VSG constantly resulting in continuous antigenic variations and thus evades the host immune response. Due to antigenic variations, vaccination against trypanosomosis is not useful. Therefore, alternate strategies to augment the immune response are required. CpG-ODN class-C has combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. In this study, we observed that CpG-ODN class-C stimulated horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induce the expression of interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) indicating enhanced innate immune response. We have for the first time demonstrated that co-culture of CpG-ODN with T. evansi antigen induces lymphocyte proliferative responses and result in a synergistic effect in eliciting the immune response.