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Gallo E, Rosa E, Diaferia C, Rossi F, Tesauro D, Accardo A. Systematic overview of soft materials as a novel frontier for MRI contrast agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27064-27080. [PMID: 35515779 PMCID: PMC9055484 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-known diagnostic technique used to obtain high quality images in a non-invasive manner. In order to increase the contrast between normal and pathological regions in the human body, positive (T1) or negative (T2) contrast agents (CAs) are commonly intravenously administered. The most efficient class of T1-CAs are based on kinetically stable and thermodynamically inert gadolinium complexes. In the last two decades many novel macro- and supramolecular CAs have been proposed. These approaches have been optimized to increase the performance of the CAs in terms of the relaxivity values and to reduce the administered dose, decreasing the toxicity and giving better safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. The improved performances may also allow further information to be gained on the pathological and physiological state of the human body. The goal of this review is to report a systematic overview of the nanostructurated CAs obtained and developed by manipulating soft materials at the nanometer scale. Specifically, our attention is centered on recent examples of fibers, hydrogels and nanogel formulations, that seem particularly promising for overcoming the problematic issues that have recently pushed the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to withdraw linear CAs from the market. Gd(iii)-nanostructurated Constrast Agents (CAs) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be designed and developed by manipulating soft material, including fibers, hydrogels and nanogels, in the nanometer scale.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SDN Via E. Gianturco 113 80143 Napoli Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Filomena Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
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2
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Chen D, Zhou Y, Yang D, Guan M, Zhen M, Lu W, Van Dort ME, Ross BD, Wang C, Shu C, Hong H. Positron Emission Tomography/Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Glioblastoma Using a Functionalized Gadofullerene Nanoparticle. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21343-21352. [PMID: 31140277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble gadofullerene nanomaterials have been extensively investigated as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, radical scavengers, sensitizers for photodynamic therapy, and inherent antineoplastic agents. Most recently, an alanine-modified gadofullerene nanoparticle (Gd@C82-Ala) with excellent anticancer activity has been reported; however, the absolute tumor uptake of Gd@C82-Ala is still far from being satisfactory, and its dynamic pharmacokinetics and long-term metabolic behaviors remain to be elucidated. Herein, Gd@C82-Ala was chemically modified with eight-arm polyethylene glycol amine to improve its biocompatibility and provide the active sites for the attachment of a tumor-homing ligand (cRGD) and positron emission tomography (PET) isotopes (i.e., 64Cu or 89Zr). The physical and chemical properties (e.g., size, surface functionalization condition, radiochemical stability, etc.) of functionalized Gd@C82-Ala were properly characterized. Also, its glioblastoma cell targeting capacity was evaluated in vitro by flow cytometry, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and dynamic cellular interaction assays. Because of the presence of gadolinium ions, the gadofullerene conjugates can act simultaneously as T1* MRI contrast agents and PET probes. Thus, the pharmacokinetic behavior of functionalized Gd@C82-Ala was investigated by PET/MRI, which combines the merits of high resolution and excellent sensitivity. The functionalized Gd@C82-Ala-PEG-cRGD-NOTA-64Cu (NOTA stands for 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-triacetic acid) demonstrated much higher accumulation in U87-MG tumor than its counterpart without cRGD attachment from in vivo PET observation, consistent with observation at the cellular level. In addition, Gd@C82-Ala-PEG-Df-89Zr (Df stands for desferrioxamine) was employed to investigate the metabolic behavior of gadofullerene conjugates in vivo for up to 30 days. It was estimated that nearly 70% of Gd@C82-Ala-PEG-Df-89Zr was excreted from the test subjects primarily through renal pathways within 24 h. With proper surface engineering, functionalized Gd@C82-Ala nanoparticles can show an improved accumulation in glioblastoma. Pharmacokinetic studies also confirmed the safety of this nanoplatform, which can be used as an image-guidable therapeutic agent for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqin Chen
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2200 , United States
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Dongzhi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2200 , United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy , Xuzhou Medical University , Xuzhou , Jiangsu 221004 , China
| | - Mirong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Mingming Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Weifei Lu
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2200 , United States
- College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine , Henan Agricultural University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450002 , China
| | - Marcian E Van Dort
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2200 , United States
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0944 , United States
| | - Brian D Ross
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2200 , United States
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0944 , United States
| | - Chunru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Chunying Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology , Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Radiology, Center for Molecular Imaging , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-2200 , United States
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109-0944 , United States
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3
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Diaferia C, Gianolio E, Accardo A. Peptide-based building blocks as structural elements for supramolecular Gd-containing MRI contrast agents. J Pept Sci 2019; 25:e3157. [PMID: 30767370 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is one of the most important clinic diagnostic tool used to obtain high-quality body images. The administration of low-molecular-weight Gd complex-based MRI contrast agents (CAs) permits to increase the 1 H relaxation rate of nearby water molecules, thus modulating signal intensity and contrast enhancement. Even if highly accurate, MRI modality suffers from its low sensitivity. Moreover, low-molecular-weight CAs rapidly equilibrate between the intravascular and extravascular spaces after their administration. In order to improve their sensitivity and limit the extravasation phenomenon, several macromolecular and supramolecular multimeric gadolinium complexes (dendrimers, polymers, carbon nanostructures, micelles, and liposomes) have been designed until now. Because of their biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, low cost, and easy synthetic modification, peptides are attractive building blocks for the fabbrication of novel materials for biomedical applications. We report on the state of the art of supramolecular CAs obtained by self-assembly of three different classes of building blocks containing a peptide sequence, a gadolinium complex, and, if necessary, a third functional portion achieving the organization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Eliana Gianolio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Science, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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4
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Thompson HR, Masri HC, Stevenson S. Aminopropanol–xylene to chemically purify Gd3N@C88 metallofullerene. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Wang Z, Omachi H, Shinohara H. Non-Chromatographic Purification of Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Molecules 2017; 22:E718. [PMID: 28468241 PMCID: PMC6154004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purification of endohedral metallofullerenes by high performance liquid chromatography is very time-consuming and expensive. A number of rapid and inexpensive non-chromatographic methods have thus been developed for large-scale purification of metallofullerenes. In this review, we summarize recent advances in non-chromatographic purification methods of metallofullerenes. Lewis acid-based complexation is one of the most efficient and powerful methods for separation of metallofullerenes from empty fullerenes. The first oxidation potential of metallofullerenes is a critical factor that affects the separation efficiency of the Lewis acid-based method. Supramolecular methods are effective for separation of fullerenes and metallofullerenes that are different in size and shape. Chemical/electrochemical reduction and exohedral functionalization are also utilized to separate and purify metallofullerenes on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Haruka Omachi
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Hisanori Shinohara
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan.
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6
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Li T, Dorn HC. Biomedical Applications of Metal-Encapsulated Fullerene Nanoparticles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603152. [PMID: 28026111 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The carbonaceous nanomaterials known as metallofullerenes have attracted considerable attention due to their attractive properties. The robust nature of the "Trojan Horse" fullerene cage provides an important structural component, which isolates the metal cluster from the bioenvironment. The large carbon surface area is ideally suited for multiple exo-functionalization approaches to modify the hydrophobic cage for a more hydrophilic bioenvironment. Additionally, peptides and other agents are readily covalently attached to this nanoprobe for targeting applications. The recent progress in developing metallofullerenes for next-generation biomedical applications is described. Of special interest are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Several recent studies reported cumulative gadolinium deposition in the brain and bones of individuals using commercial clinical MRI contrast agents. Gadolinium-based metallofullerenes provide 2-3 orders of magnitude improvement in MRI relaxivity and potentially lower clinical levels of toxic Gd3+ ions deposited. Other potential biomedical applications are also reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia, 24016, United States
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7
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Guan M, Li J, Jia Q, Ge J, Chen D, Zhou Y, Wang P, Zou T, Zhen M, Wang C, Shu C. A Versatile and Clearable Nanocarbon Theranostic Based on Carbon Dots and Gadolinium Metallofullerene Nanocrystals. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2283-94. [PMID: 27385651 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarbons such as carbon nanotubes, graphene derivatives, and carbon nanohorns have illustrated their potential uses as cancer theranostics owing to their intrinsic fluorescence or NIR absorbance as well as superior cargo loading capacity. However, some problems still need to be addressed, such as the fates and long-term toxicology of different nanocarbons in vivo and the improvement of their performance in various biomedical imaging-guided cancer therapy systems. Herein, a versatile and clearable nanocarbon theranostic based on carbon dots (CDs) and gadolinium metallofullerene nanocrystals (GFNCs) is first developed, in which GFNCs enhance the tumor accumulation of CDs, and CDs enhance the relaxivity of GFNCs, leading to an efficient multimodal imaging-guided photodynamic therapy in vivo without obvious long-term toxicity. Furthermore, biochemical analysis reveals that the novel nanotheranostic can harmlessly eliminate from the body in a reasonable period of time after exerting diagnostic and therapeutic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Qingyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiechao Ge
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Daiqin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials; Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry (TIPC); Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Toujun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Mingming Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chunru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Chunying Shu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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8
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Li C, Cui R, Feng L, Li J, Huang H, Yao H, Guo X, Dong J, Xing G, Liu Z, Sun B. Synthesis of a UCNPs@SiO2@gadofullerene nanocomposite and its application in UCL/MR bimodal imaging. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel bimodal imaging agent (GdF–UCNPs) has been designed through conjugating the water-soluble polyhydroxy Gd@C82-PCBM with silica coated UCNPs.
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9
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Dallas P, Meysami SS, Grobert N, Porfyrakis K. Classification of carbon nanostructure families occurring in a chemically activated arc discharge reaction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26325e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the generation of empty cages, endohedral metallofullerenes and carbon nanotubes is an important challenge for the tailored synthesis of functional materials and their scaled up production.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Dallas
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- UK
| | | | - N. Grobert
- Department of Materials
- University of Oxford
- UK
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10
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11
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Abstract
Nanoparticle imaging agents for vascular pathologies are in development, and some agents are already in clinical trials. Untargeted agents, with long circulation, are excellent blood-pool agents, but molecularly targeted agents have significant advantages due to the signal enhancement possible with nanoparticle presentation of the contrast agent molecules. Molecular targets that are accessible directly from the vasculature are optimal for such agents. Targets that are removed from the vasculature, such as those on tumor cell surfaces, have limited accessibility owing to the enhanced permeation and retention effect. Yet, efforts at molecular targeting have tested small molecules, peptides, antibodies, and most recently aptamers as possible targeting ligands. The future is bright for nanoparticle-based imaging of vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananth Annapragada
- The Singleton Department of Pediatric Radiology, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030;
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12
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Li T, Murphy S, Kiselev B, Bakshi KS, Zhang J, Eltahir A, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhu J, Davis RM, Madsen LA, Morris JR, Karolyi DR, LaConte SM, Sheng Z, Dorn HC. A New Interleukin-13 Amino-Coated Gadolinium Metallofullerene Nanoparticle for Targeted MRI Detection of Glioblastoma Tumor Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:7881-8. [PMID: 26022213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of new nanoparticles as next-generation diagnostic and therapeutic ("theranostic") drug platforms is an active area of both chemistry and cancer research. Although numerous gadolinium (Gd) containing metallofullerenes as diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents have been reported, the metallofullerene cage surface, in most cases, consists of negatively charged carboxyl or hydroxyl groups that limit attractive forces with the cellular surface. It has been reported that nanoparticles with a positive charge will bind more efficiently to negatively charged phospholipid bilayer cellular surfaces, and will more readily undergo endocytosis. In this paper, we report the preparation of a new functionalized trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerene (TNT EMF), Gd3N@C80(OH)x(NH2)y, with a cage surface bearing positively charged amino groups (-NH3(+)) and directly compare it with a similar carboxyl and hydroxyl functionalized derivative. This new nanoparticle was characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and infrared spectroscopy. It exhibits excellent (1)H MR relaxivity. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that the cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) effectively targets glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells, which are known to overexpress IL-13Rα2. We also report that this amino-coated Gd-nanoplatform, when subsequently conjugated with interleukin-13 peptide IL-13-Gd3N@C80(OH)x(NH2)y, exhibits enhanced targeting of U-251 GBM cell lines and can be effectively delivered intravenously in an orthotopic GBM mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghui Li
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Susan Murphy
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Boris Kiselev
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
- ∥Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Kanwarpal S Bakshi
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
- ∥Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Amnah Eltahir
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel R Karolyi
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
- ∥Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Stephen M LaConte
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Zhi Sheng
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
| | - Harry C Dorn
- †Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, Virginia 24016, United States
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13
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Chen D, Dougherty CA, Zhu K, Hong H. Theranostic applications of carbon nanomaterials in cancer: Focus on imaging and cargo delivery. J Control Release 2015; 210:230-45. [PMID: 25910580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbon based nanomaterials have attracted significant attention over the past decades due to their unique physical properties, versatile functionalization chemistry, and biological compatibility. In this review, we will summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of carbon nanomaterials in cancer imaging and drug delivery/therapy. The carbon nanomaterials will be categorized into fullerenes, nanotubes, nanohorns, nanodiamonds, nanodots and graphene derivatives based on their morphologies. The chemical conjugation/functionalization strategies of each category will be introduced before focusing on their applications in cancer imaging (fluorescence/bioluminescence, magnetic resonance (MR), positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), photoacoustic, Raman imaging, etc.) and cargo (chemo/gene/therapy) delivery. The advantages and limitations of each category and the potential clinical utilization of these carbon nanomaterials will be discussed. Multifunctional carbon nanoplatforms have the potential to serve as optimal candidates for image-guided delivery vectors for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiqin Chen
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Casey A Dougherty
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Kaicheng Zhu
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Hao Hong
- Center for Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Health Systems, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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14
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Voloshin YZ, Novikov VV, Nelyubina YV. Recent advances in biological applications of cage metal complexes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10949c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights advances in biochemical and medical applications of cage metal complexes (clathrochelates) and related polyhedral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Z. Voloshin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of the Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Valentin V. Novikov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of the Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Yulia V. Nelyubina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of the Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
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15
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Stevenson S, Rottinger KA, Fahim M, Field JS, Martin BR, Arvola KD. Tuning the Selectivity of Gd3N Cluster Endohedral Metallofullerene Reactions with Lewis Acids. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:12939-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Stevenson
- Chemistry Department, Indiana−Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Khristina A Rottinger
- Chemistry Department, Indiana−Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Muska Fahim
- Chemistry Department, Indiana−Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Jessica S Field
- Chemistry Department, Indiana−Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Benjamin R Martin
- Chemistry Department, Indiana−Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Kristine D Arvola
- Chemistry Department, Indiana−Purdue University at Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Boulevard, Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, United States
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16
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Zhang J, Ye Y, Chen Y, Pregot C, Li T, Balasubramaniam S, Hobart DB, Zhang Y, Wi S, Davis RM, Madsen LA, Morris JR, LaConte SM, Yee GT, Dorn HC. Gd3N@C84(OH)x: a new egg-shaped metallofullerene magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:2630-6. [PMID: 24432974 DOI: 10.1021/ja412254k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Water-soluble derivatives of gadolinium-containing metallofullerenes have been considered to be excellent candidates for new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents because of their high relaxivity and characteristic encapsulation of the lanthanide ions (Gd(3+)), preventing their release into the bioenvironment. The trimetallic nitride template endohedral metallofullerenes (TNT EMFs) have further advantages of high stability, high relative yield, and encapsulation of three Gd(3+) ions per molecule as illustrated by the previously reported nearly spherical, Gd3N@I(h)-C80. In this study, we report the preparation and functionalization of a lower-symmetry EMF, Gd3N@C(s)-C84, with a pentalene (fused pentagons) motif and an egg-shaped structure. The Gd3N@C84 derivative exhibits a higher (1)H MR relaxivity compared to that of the Gd3N@C80 derivative synthesized the same way, at low (0.47 T), medium (1.4 T), and high (9.4 T) magnetic fields. The Gd3N@C(s)-C84 derivative exhibits a higher hydroxyl content and aggregate size, as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments, which could be the main reasons for the higher relaxivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyuan Zhang
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute , Roanoke, VA, 24016, United States
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17
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Gilliland SE, Carpenter EE, Shultz MD. Modified Seed Growth of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in Benzyl Alcohol - Optimization for Heating and Broad Stability in Biomedical Applications. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2014; 1:9. [PMID: 30023020 PMCID: PMC6029237 DOI: 10.5772/60035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles have received sustained interest for biomedical applications as synthetic approaches are continually developed for control of nanoparticle properties. However, many approaches focus solely on the material, rather than the complete optimization of synthesis and functionalization together to enhance translation into biological systems. Presented herein is a modified seed growth method designed for obtaining optimal nanoparticle properties and ease of surface functionalization for long term stability. With a one or two addition process, iron oxide nanoparticles were produced in crystallite sizes ranging from 5–15 nm using only benzyl alcohol and an iron precursor. In the functionalization process, concentration variations were required for stabilizing different nanoparticle sizes. Radio frequency induction heating experiments of various crystallite and hydrodynamic sizes verified that the heating efficiency greatly increased while approaching the 15 nm crystallite, and suggested an important role of the overall particle size on heating efficiency. Initial in vitro experiments with the functionalized nanoparticles showed success in providing hyperthermia-induced tumour cell killing without an increase in the temperature of the cell suspension medium. This demonstrates the potential for nanoparticle-based hyperthermia to provide a therapeutic effect while limiting normal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley E Gilliland
- Research and Development, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Core Characterization Facility, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Everett E Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Nanomaterials Core Characterization Facility, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Michael D Shultz
- Research and Development, Hunter Holmes McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, USA
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18
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García G, Atilhan M, Aparicio S. A theoretical study on ionic liquid endohedral C540 fullerene. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the confinement of ionic liquid (choline benzoate) cluster inside C540 fullerene has been studied through both molecular dynamic and density functional theory simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio García
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Burgos
- 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Mert Atilhan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha, Qatar
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