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Antoniou M, Melagraki G, Lynch I, Afantitis A. In Vitro Toxicological Insights from the Biomedical Applications of Iron Carbide Nanoparticles in Tumor Theranostics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:734. [PMID: 38727328 PMCID: PMC11085367 DOI: 10.3390/nano14090734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
(1) Background: Despite the encouraging indications regarding the suitability (biocompatibility) of iron carbide nanoparticles (ICNPs) in various biomedical applications, the published evidence of their biosafety is dispersed and relatively sparse. The present review synthesizes the existing nanotoxicological data from in vitro studies relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. (2) Methods: A systematic review was performed in electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Wiley Online Library) on December 2023, searching for toxicity assessments of ICNPs of different sizes, coatings, and surface modifications investigated in immortalized human and murine cell lines. The risk of bias in the studies was assessed using the ToxRTool for in vitro studies. (3) Results: Among the selected studies (n = 22), cell viability emerged as the most frequently assessed cellular-level toxicity endpoint. The results of the meta-analysis showed that cell models treated with ICNPs had a reduced cell viability (SMD = -2.531; 95% CI: -2.959 to -2.109) compared to untreated samples. A subgroup analysis was performed due to the high magnitude of heterogeneity (I2 = 77.1%), revealing that ICNP concentration and conjugated ligands are the factors that largely influence toxicity (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: A dose-dependent cytotoxicity of ICNP exposure was observed, regardless of the health status of the cell, tested organism, and NP size. Inconsistent reporting of ICNP physicochemical properties was noted, which hinders comparability among the studies. A comprehensive exploration of the available in vivo studies is required in future research to assess the safety of ICNPs' use in bioimaging and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antoniou
- Department of Nanoinformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1046, Cyprus;
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus;
- The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
| | - Georgia Melagraki
- Division of Physical Sciences & Applications, Hellenic Military Academy, 16672 Vari, Greece;
| | - Iseult Lynch
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus;
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Department of Nanoinformatics, NovaMechanics Ltd., Nicosia 1046, Cyprus;
- Entelos Institute, Larnaca 6059, Cyprus;
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2
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Cao Y. Nutrient molecule corona: An update for nanomaterial-food component interactions. Toxicology 2022; 476:153253. [PMID: 35811011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of biological molecules to nanomaterials (NMs) will significantly impact NMs' behavior in complex microenvironments. Previously we proposed the need to consider the interactions between food components and NMs for the evaluation of oral toxicity of NMs. This review updated this concept as nutrient molecule corona, that the adsorption of nutrient molecules alters the uptake of nutrient molecules and/or NMs, as well as the signaling pathways to induce a combined toxicity due to the biologically active nature of nutrient molecules. Even with the presence of protein corona, nutrient molecules may still bind to NMs to change the identities of NMs in vivo. Furthermore, this review proposed the binding of excessive nutrient molecules to NMs to induce a combined toxicity under pathological conditions such as metabolic diseases. The structures of nutrient molecules and physicochemical properties of NMs determine nutrient molecule corona formation, and these aspects should be considered to limit the unwanted effects brought by nutrient molecule corona. In conclusion, similar to other biological molecule corona, the formation of nutrient molecule corona due to the presence of food components or excessive nutrient molecules in pathophysiological microenvironments will alter the behaviors of NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cao
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards, School of Public Health, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wu J, Liu J, Kang Y, Hu C, Feng X, Liu W, Luo H, Chen A, Chen L, Shao L. Effects of carbon-based nanomaterials on vascular endothelia under physiological and pathological conditions: interactions, mechanisms and potential therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2021; 330:945-962. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li X, Tang Y, Chen C, Qiu D, Cao Y. PEGylated gold nanorods are not cytotoxic to human endothelial cells but affect kruppel-like factor signaling pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 382:114758. [PMID: 31521728 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gold (Au) nanomaterials (NMs), particularly those with PEG surface functionalization, are generally considered to be biocompatible for biomedical applications due to relatively low cytotoxicity. Herein, we investigated the toxicity of PEGylated Au nanorods (NRs) to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), a commonly used in vitro model for human endothelium. We found a previously unknown effect that up to 10 μg/mL Au NRs, albeit not cytotoxic, decreased the mRNA and protein levels of kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2), a transcription factor with well-documented vasoprotective effects. The results from PCR array showed that a number of genes associated with risk of cardiovascular diseases were altered by Au NRs, and several genes are downstream genes of KLF2 according to ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA). These effects could be observed with or without the presence of inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which suggests a pre-existing inflammatory state is not required for Au NRs to alter KLF2 signaling pathway. We further identified that Au NRs significantly decreased eNOS mRNA/p-eNOS proteins as well as increased MCP-1 mRNA/sMCP-1 release, which are targets of KLF2. Combined, our data revealed a novel pathway that PEGylated Au NPs at non-cytotoxic concentrations might alter KLF leading to the increase of risk of cardiovascular diseases in human endothelial cells. Given the importance of KLF in vascular homeostasis, our data indicate that it is necessary to evaluate the influence of engineered NPs to KLF signaling pathways, especially for NPs with biomedical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Li
- College of Animal Science, Key Laboratory of Tarim Animal Husbandry Science and Technology of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, Tarim University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yuanfang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dexin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shizishan Street 1, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Environment-Friendly Chemistry and Application of Ministry of Education, Laboratory of Biochemistry, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China.
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Starsich FH, Herrmann IK, Pratsinis SE. Nanoparticles for Biomedicine: Coagulation During Synthesis and Applications. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2019; 10:155-174. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060718-030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based systems offer fascinating possibilities for biomedicine, but their translation into clinics is slow. Missing sterile, reproducible, and scalable methods for their synthesis along with challenges in characterization and poor colloidal stability of nanoparticles in body fluids are key obstacles. Flame aerosol technology gives proven access to scalable synthesis of nanoparticles with diverse compositions and architectures. Although highly promising in terms of product reproducibility and sterility, this technology is frequently overlooked, as its products are of fractal-like aggregated and/or agglomerated morphology. However, coagulation is a widely occurring phenomenon in all kinds of particle-based systems. In particular, protein-rich body fluids encountered in biomedical settings often lead to destabilization of colloidal nanoparticle suspensions in vivo. We aim to provide insights into how particle–particle interactions can be measured and controlled. Moreover, we show how particle coupling effects driven by coagulation may even be beneficial for certain sensing, therapeutic, and bioimaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian H.L. Starsich
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland;,
| | - Inge K. Herrmann
- Particles-Biology Interactions, Department of Materials Meet Life, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sotiris E. Pratsinis
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland;,
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Gomez-Garcia MJ, Doiron AL, Steele RRM, Labouta HI, Vafadar B, Shepherd RD, Gates ID, Cramb DT, Childs SJ, Rinker KD. Nanoparticle localization in blood vessels: dependence on fluid shear stress, flow disturbances, and flow-induced changes in endothelial physiology. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15249-15261. [PMID: 30066709 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03440k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles in the bloodstream are subjected to complex fluid forces as they move through the curves and branches of healthy or tumor vasculature. While nanoparticles are known to preferentially accumulate in angiogenic vessels, little is known about the flow conditions in these vessels and how these conditions may influence localization. Here, we report a methodology which combines confocal imaging of nanoparticle-injected transgenic zebrafish embryos, 3D modeling of the vasculature, particle mapping, and computational fluid dynamics, to quantitatively assess the effects of fluid forces on nanoparticle distribution in vivo. Six-fold lower accumulation was found in zebrafish arteries compared to the lower velocity veins. Nanoparticle localization varied inversely with shear stress. Highest accumulation was present in regions of disturbed flow found at branch points and curvatures in the vasculature. To further investigate cell-particle association under flow, human endothelial cells were exposed to nanoparticles under hemodynamic conditions typically found in human vessels. Physiological adaptations of endothelial cells to 20 hours of flow enhanced nanoparticle accumulation in regions of disturbed flow. Overall our results suggest that fluid shear stress magnitude, flow disturbances, and flow-induced changes in endothelial physiology modulate nanoparticle localization in angiogenic vessels.
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Bougas L, Langenegger LD, Mora CA, Zeltner M, Stark WJ, Wickenbrock A, Blanchard JW, Budker D. Nondestructive in-line sub-picomolar detection of magnetic nanoparticles in flowing complex fluids. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3491. [PMID: 29472727 PMCID: PMC5823888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the use of magnetic nanoparticles in research and commercial applications has increased dramatically. However, direct detection of trace quantities remains a challenge in terms of equipment cost, operating conditions and data acquisition times, especially in flowing conditions within complex media. Here we present the in-line, non-destructive detection of magnetic nanoparticles using high performance atomic magnetometers at ambient conditions in flowing media. We achieve sub-picomolar sensitivities measuring ~30 nm ferromagnetic iron and cobalt nanoparticles that are suitable for biomedical and industrial applications, under flowing conditions in water and whole blood. Additionally, we demonstrate real-time surveillance of the magnetic separation of nanoparticles from water and whole blood. Overall our system has the merit of in-line direct measurement of trace quantities of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with so far unreached sensitivities and could be applied in the biomedical field (diagnostics and therapeutics) but also in the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas D Langenegger
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Mora
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zeltner
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J Stark
- Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720-7300, USA
- Nuclear Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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