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Gaiani F, Marchesi F, Negri F, Greco L, Malesci A, de’Angelis GL, Laghi L. Heterogeneity of Colorectal Cancer Progression: Molecular Gas and Brakes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105246. [PMID: 34063506 PMCID: PMC8156342 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review begins with molecular genetics, which hit the field unveiling the involvement of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC) and uncovering genetic predispositions. Then the notion of molecular phenotypes with different clinical behaviors was introduced and translated in the clinical arena, paving the way to next-generation sequencing that captured previously unrecognized heterogeneity. Among other molecular regulators of CRC progression, the extent of host immune response within the tumor micro-environment has a critical position. Translational sciences deeply investigated the field, accelerating the pace toward clinical transition, due to its strong association with outcomes. While the perturbation of gut homeostasis occurring in inflammatory bowel diseases can fuel carcinogenesis, micronutrients like vitamin D and calcium can act as brakes, and we discuss underlying molecular mechanisms. Among the components of gut microbiota, Fusobacterium nucleatum is over-represented in CRC, and may worsen patient outcome. However, any translational knowledge tracing the multifaceted evolution of CRC should be interpreted according to the prognostic and predictive frame of the TNM-staging system in a perspective of clinical actionability. Eventually, we examine challenges and promises of pharmacological interventions aimed to restrain disease progression at different disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gaiani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.d.)
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Marchesi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Negri
- Medical Oncology Unit, University Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Luana Greco
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
| | - Alberto Malesci
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy; (F.M.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi de’Angelis
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.d.)
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, University-Hospital of Parma, via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (F.G.); (G.L.d.)
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Porta M, Pumarega J, Amaral AFS, Genkinger JM, Camargo J, Mucci L, Alguacil J, Gasull M, Zhang X, Morales E, Iglesias M, Ogino S, Engel LS. Influence of KRAS mutations, persistent organic pollutants, and trace elements on survival from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 190:109781. [PMID: 32791343 PMCID: PMC7689512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reasons why pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) continues to have poor survival are only partly known. No previous studies have analyzed the combined influence of KRAS mutations, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and trace elements upon survival in PDAC or in any other human cancer. OBJECTIVE To analyze the individual and combined influence of KRAS mutations, POPs, and trace elements upon survival from PDAC. METHODS Incident cases of PDAC (n = 185) were prospectively identified in five hospitals in Eastern Spain in 1992-1995 and interviewed face-to-face during hospital admission. KRAS mutational status was determined from tumour tissue through polymerase chain reaction and artificial restriction fragment length polymorphism. Blood and toenail samples were obtained before treatment. Serum concentrations of POPs were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with electron-capture detection. Concentrations of 12 trace elements were determined in toenail samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess prognostic associations. RESULTS Patients with a KRAS mutated tumor had a 70% higher risk of early death than patients with a KRAS wild-type PDAC (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.7, p = 0.026), adjusting for age, sex, and tumor stage. KRAS mutational status was only modestly and not statistically significantly associated with survival when further adjusting by treatment or by treatment intention. The beneficial effects of treatment remained unaltered when KRAS mutational status was taken into account, and treatment did not appear to be less effective in the subgroup of patients with a KRAS mutated tumor. POPs did not materially influence survival: the adjusted HR of the highest POP tertiles was near unity for all POPs. When considering the joint effect on survival of POPs and KRAS, patients with KRAS mutated tumors had modest and nonsignificant HRs (most HRs around 1.3 to 1.4). Higher concentrations of lead, cadmium, arsenic, vanadium, and aluminium were associated with better survival. When KRAS status, POPs, and trace elements were simultaneously considered along with treatment, only the latter was statistically significantly related to survival. CONCLUSIONS In this study based on molecular, clinical, and environmental epidemiology, KRAS mutational status, POPs, and trace elements were not adversely related to PDAC survival when treatment was simultaneously considered; only treatment was independently related to survival. The lack of adverse prognostic effects of POPs and metals measured at the time of diagnosis provide scientific and clinical reassurance on the effects of such exposures upon survival of patients with PDAC. The weak association with KRAS mutations contributes to the scant knowledge on the clinical implications of a genetic alteration highly frequent in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Porta
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Pumarega
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - André F S Amaral
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanine M Genkinger
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Judit Camargo
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorelei Mucci
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Juan Alguacil
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Magda Gasull
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Eva Morales
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; IMIB-Arrixaca, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Murcia
| | - Mar Iglesias
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
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Banda M, McKim KL, Myers MB, Inoue M, Parsons BL. Outgrowth of erlotinib-resistant subpopulations recapitulated in patient-derived lung tumor spheroids and organoids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238862. [PMID: 32898185 PMCID: PMC7478813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A model that recapitulates development of acquired therapeutic resistance is needed to improve oncology drug development and patient outcomes. To achieve this end, we established methods for the preparation and growth of spheroids from primary human lung adenocarcinomas, including methods to culture, passage, monitor growth, and evaluate changes in mutational profile over time. Primary lung tumor spheroids were cultured in Matrigel® with varying concentrations of erlotinib, a small molecule kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that is ineffective against KRAS mutant cells. Subtle changes in spheroid size and number were observed within the first two weeks of culture. Spheroids were cultured for up to 24 weeks, during which time interactions between different cell types, movement, and assembly into heterogeneous organoid structures were documented. Allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) was used to quantify low frequency BRAF V600E, KRAS G12D, KRAS G12V, and PIK3CA H1047R mutant subpopulations in tumor tissue residue (TR) samples and cultured spheroids. Mutant subpopulations, including multiple mutant subpopulations, were quite prevalent. Twelve examples of mutant enrichment were found in eight of the 14 tumors analyzed, based on the criteria that a statistically-significant increase in mutant fraction was observed relative to both the TR and the no-erlotinib control. Of the mutants quantified in erlotinib-treated cultures, PIK3CA H1047 mutant subpopulations increased most often (5/14 tumors), which is consistent with clinical observations. Thus, this ex vivo lung tumor spheroid model replicates the cellular and mutational tumor heterogeneity of human lung adenocarcinomas and can be used to assess the outgrowth of mutant subpopulations. Spheroid cultures with characterized mutant subpopulations could be used to investigate the efficacy of lung cancer combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Banda
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Karen L. McKim
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Meagan B. Myers
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Barbara L. Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, US Food & Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas, United States of America
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Lin MT, Zheng G, Tseng LH, Zhang P, Ling H, Azad N, Gocke CD, Montgomery E, Eshleman JR. Multiclonal colorectal cancers with divergent histomorphological features and RAS mutations: one cancer or separate cancers? Hum Pathol 2020; 98:120-128. [PMID: 32171651 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection of coexisting mutations within the same signal transduction pathway, which are expected to be mutually exclusive, raises a concern of laboratory errors. We have previously confirmed the presence of different RAS (KRAS and NRAS) mutations in the adenoma and/or adenocarcinoma subpopulations of colorectal cancers (CRCs). In this study, multiregional analyses by next-generation sequencing were conducted to elucidate the mechanisms underlying multiple RAS mutations seen in 5 CRC specimens. Multiregional analyses were initially conducted in a single tissue block originally submitted for mutational profiling. In 2 specimens, mutational status of the APC gene was not identical, indicating collisional adenoma and adenocarcinoma. In 3 specimens, the same APC mutation was present in different subpopulations with divergent RAS mutations, indicating a common clonal origin. Subsequent comprehensive multiregional analyses of additional adenoma and adenocarcinoma components revealed multiclonal CRCs with divergent histomorphological features and RAS mutations originating from a common APC-mutated founder lineage of adenoma, but from different RAS-mutated founder lineages of adenocarcinoma. These findings are consistent with the stepwise model of colorectal tumorigenesis along with parallel evolution, which affects RAS genes within the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and occurs during the progression from adenomas to adenocarcinomas. Evaluation of tumor subpopulations with divergent histomorphological features by pathologists may help identify multiclonal CRCs. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the incidence of multiclonality in CRCs and its impact on clinical outcomes. Perhaps, multiclonal CRCs originating from the same APC-mutated founder lineage of adenoma but from different RAS-mutated founder lineages of adenocarcinomas should be defined and managed as separate CRCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Tseh Lin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Li-Hui Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nilo Azad
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Christopher D Gocke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Elizabeth Montgomery
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Harris KL, Myers MB, McKim KL, Elespuru RK, Parsons BL. Rationale and Roadmap for Developing Panels of Hotspot Cancer Driver Gene Mutations as Biomarkers of Cancer Risk. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:152-175. [PMID: 31469467 PMCID: PMC6973253 DOI: 10.1002/em.22326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer driver mutations (CDMs) are necessary and causal for carcinogenesis and have advantages as reporters of carcinogenic risk. However, little progress has been made toward developing measurements of CDMs as biomarkers for use in cancer risk assessment. Impediments for using a CDM-based metric to inform cancer risk include the complexity and stochastic nature of carcinogenesis, technical difficulty in quantifying low-frequency CDMs, and lack of established relationships between cancer driver mutant fractions and tumor incidence. Through literature review and database analyses, this review identifies the most promising targets to investigate as biomarkers of cancer risk. Mutational hotspots were discerned within the 20 most mutated genes across the 10 deadliest cancers. Forty genes were identified that encompass 108 mutational hotspot codons overrepresented in the COSMIC database; 424 different mutations within these hotspot codons account for approximately 63,000 tumors and their prevalence across tumor types is described. The review summarizes literature on the prevalence of CDMs in normal tissues and suggests such mutations are direct and indirect substrates for chemical carcinogenesis, which occurs in a spatially stochastic manner. Evidence that hotspot CDMs (hCDMs) frequently occur as tumor subpopulations is presented, indicating COSMIC data may underestimate mutation prevalence. Analyses of online databases show that genes containing hCDMs are enriched in functions related to intercellular communication. In its totality, the review provides a roadmap for the development of tissue-specific, CDM-based biomarkers of carcinogenic potential, comprised of batteries of hCDMs and can be measured by error-correct next-generation sequencing. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:152-175, 2020. Published 2019. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Harris
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyNational Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansas
| | - Meagan B. Myers
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyNational Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansas
| | - Karen L. McKim
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyNational Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansas
| | - Rosalie K. Elespuru
- Division of Biology, Chemistry and Materials ScienceCDRH/OSEL, US Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Barbara L. Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyNational Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug AdministrationJeffersonArkansas
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Gómez-Tomás Á, Pumarega J, Alguacil J, Amaral AF, Malats N, Pallarès N, Gasull M, Porta M. Concentrations of trace elements and KRAS mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:693-703. [PMID: 31066938 PMCID: PMC6786909 DOI: 10.1002/em.22296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trace elements are a possible risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, their role in the occurrence and persistence of KRAS mutations remains unstudied. There appear to be no studies analyzing biomarkers of trace elements and KRAS mutations in any human cancer. We aimed to determine whether patients with KRAS mutated and nonmutated tumors exhibit differences in concentrations of trace elements. Incident cases of PDAC were prospectively identified in five hospitals in Spain. KRAS mutational status was determined through polymerase chain reaction from tumor tissue. Concentrations of 12 trace elements were determined in toenail samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Concentrations of trace elements were compared in 78 PDAC cases and 416 hospital-based controls (case-control analyses), and between 17 KRAS wild-type tumors and 61 KRAS mutated tumors (case-case analyses). Higher levels of iron, arsenic, and vanadium were associated with a statistically nonsignificant increased risk of a KRAS wild-type PDAC (OR for higher tertile of arsenic = 3.37, 95% CI 0.98-11.57). Lower levels of nickel and manganese were associated with a statistically significant higher risk of a KRAS mutated PDAC (OR for manganese = 0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.80). Higher levels of selenium appeared protective for both mutated and KRAS wild-type PDAC. Higher levels of cadmium and lead were clear risk factors for both KRAS mutated and wild-type cases. This is the first study analyzing biomarkers of trace elements and KRAS mutations in any human cancer. Concentrations of trace elements differed markedly between PDAC cases with and without mutations in codon 12 of the KRAS oncogene, thus suggesting a role for trace elements in pancreatic and perhaps other cancers with such mutations. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 60:693-703, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Gómez-Tomás
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Pumarega
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Alguacil
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - André F.S. Amaral
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Núria Malats
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natàlia Pallarès
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magda Gasull
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Porta
- School of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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Myers MB, McKim KL, Banda M, George NI, Parsons BL. Low-Frequency Mutational Heterogeneity of Invasive Ductal Carcinoma Subtypes: Information to Direct Precision Oncology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1011. [PMID: 30813596 PMCID: PMC6429455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Information regarding the role of low-frequency hotspot cancer-driver mutations (CDMs) in breast carcinogenesis and therapeutic response is limited. Using the sensitive and quantitative Allele-specific Competitor Blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) approach, mutant fractions (MFs) of six CDMs (PIK3CA H1047R and E545K, KRAS G12D and G12V, HRAS G12D, and BRAF V600E) were quantified in invasive ductal carcinomas (IDCs; including ~20 samples per subtype). Measurable levels (i.e., ≥ 1 × 10-5, the lowest ACB-PCR standard employed) of the PIK3CA H1047R, PIK3CA E545K, KRAS G12D, KRAS G12V, HRAS G12D, and BRAF V600E mutations were observed in 34/81 (42%), 29/81 (36%), 51/81 (63%), 9/81 (11%), 70/81 (86%), and 48/81 (59%) of IDCs, respectively. Correlation analysis using available clinicopathological information revealed that PIK3CA H1047R and BRAF V600E MFs correlate positively with maximum tumor dimension. Analysis of IDC subtypes revealed minor mutant subpopulations of critical genes in the MAP kinase pathway (KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF) were prevalent across IDC subtypes. Few triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) had appreciable levels of PIK3CA mutation, suggesting that individuals with TNBC may be less responsive to inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. These results suggest that low-frequency hotspot CDMs contribute significantly to the intertumoral and intratumoral genetic heterogeneity of IDCs, which has the potential to impact precision oncology approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Myers
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Karen L McKim
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Malathi Banda
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Nysia I George
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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Gazzaniga P, Raimondi C, Urbano F, Cortesi E. EGFR Inhibitor as Second-Line Therapy in a Patient With Mutant RAS Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Circulating Tumor DNA to Personalize Treatment. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2:1-6. [DOI: 10.1200/po.17.00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Meng Q, Valentini D, Rao M, Maeurer M. KRAS RENAISSANCE(S) in Tumor Infiltrating B Cells in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:384. [PMID: 30283732 PMCID: PMC6156365 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a driver mutation for malignant transformation. It is found in 30% of all cancers and in 90% of pancreatic cancers. The identification of small molecules selectively inhibiting KRAS mutants has been challenging, yet mutant KRAS has recently been shown to be targeted by tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-derived T cells that confer tumor regression upon adoptive transfer. Furthermore, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody interfering with mutant KRAS function inside the cell has been described to inhibit growth of KRAS-mutant xenografts in tumor-bearing mice. B cells have been described to infiltrate pancreatic cancer and may be associated with tertiary lymphoid structures associated with good prognosis, or, in contrast, promote tumor growth. However, their function, nor their antigen-specificity has been clearly defined. We discuss here the presence of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIB) in patients with pancreatic cancer that produce KRAS-mutant specific IgG, underlining that intratumoral T and B cells may exclusively target mutant KRAS. KRAS-specific IgG may, therefore, serve as a readout of the activation of both arms of the anti-tumor adaptive immune armament although some B-cell populations may promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Meng
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Parsons BL. Multiclonal tumor origin: Evidence and implications. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 777:1-18. [PMID: 30115427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An accurate understanding of the clonal origins of tumors is critical for designing effective strategies to treat or prevent cancer and for guiding the field of cancer risk assessment. The intent of this review is to summarize evidence of multiclonal tumor origin and, thereby, contest the commonly held assumption of monoclonal tumor origin. This review describes relevant studies of X chromosome inactivation, analyses of tumor heterogeneity using other markers, single cell sequencing, and lineage tracing studies in aggregation chimeras and engineered rodent models. Methods for investigating tumor clonality have an inherent bias against detecting multiclonality. Despite this, multiclonality has been observed within all tumor stages and within 53 different types of tumors. For myeloid tumors, monoclonal tumor origin may be the predominant path to cancer and a monoclonal tumor origin cannot be ruled out for a fraction of other cancer types. Nevertheless, a large body of evidence supports the conclusion that most cancers are multiclonal in origin. Cooperation between different cell types and between clones of cells carrying different genetic and/or epigenetic lesions is discussed, along with how polyclonal tumor origin can be integrated with current perspectives on the genesis of tumors. In order to develop biologically sound and useful approaches to cancer risk assessment and precision medicine, mathematical models of carcinogenesis are needed, which incorporate multiclonal tumor origin and the contributions of spontaneous mutations in conjunction with the selective advantages conferred by particular mutations and combinations of mutations. Adherence to the idea that a growth must develop from a single progenitor cell to be considered neoplastic has outlived its usefulness. Moving forward, explicit examination of tumor clonality, using advanced tools, like lineage tracing models, will provide a strong foundation for future advances in clinical oncology and better training for the next generation of oncologists and pathologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L Parsons
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, United States.
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Parsons BL, McKim KL, Myers MB. Variation in organ-specific PIK3CA and KRAS mutant levels in normal human tissues correlates with mutation prevalence in corresponding carcinomas. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2017; 58:466-476. [PMID: 28755461 PMCID: PMC5601221 DOI: 10.1002/em.22110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale sequencing efforts have described the mutational complexity of individual cancers and identified mutations prevalent in different cancers. As a complementary approach, allele-specific competitive blocker PCR (ACB-PCR) is being used to quantify levels of hotspot cancer driver mutations (CDMs) with high sensitivity, to elucidate the tissue-specific properties of CDMs, their occurrence as tumor cell subpopulations, and their occurrence in normal tissues. Here we report measurements of PIK3CA H1047R mutant fraction (MF) in normal colonic mucosa, normal lung, colonic adenomas, colonic adenocarcinomas, and lung adenocarcinomas. We report PIK3CA E545K MF measurements in those tissues, as well as in normal breast, normal thyroid, mammary ductal carcinomas, and papillary thyroid carcinomas. We report KRAS G12D and G12V MF measurements in normal colon. These MF measurements were integrated with previously published ACB-PCR data on KRAS G12D, KRAS G12V, and PIK3CA H1047R. Analysis of these data revealed a correlation between the degree of interindividual variability in these mutations (as log10 MF standard deviation) in normal tissues and the frequencies with which the mutations are detected in carcinomas of the corresponding organs in the COSMIC database. This novel observation has important implications. It suggests that interindividual variability in mutation levels of normal tissues may be used as a metric to identify mutations with critical early roles in tissue-specific carcinogenesis. Additionally, it raises the possibility that personalized cancer therapeutics, developed to target specifically activated oncogenic products, might be repurposed as prophylactic therapies to reduce the accumulation of cells carrying CDMs and, thereby, reduce future cancer risk. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:466-476, 2017. © 2017 This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyU.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas
| | - Karen L. McKim
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyU.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas
| | - Meagan B. Myers
- Division of Genetic and Molecular ToxicologyU.S. Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological ResearchJeffersonArkansas
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12
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Luderer U, Myers MB, Banda M, McKim KL, Ortiz L, Parsons BL. Ovarian effects of prenatal exposure to benzo[a]pyrene: Roles of embryonic and maternal glutathione status. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:187-195. [PMID: 28279692 PMCID: PMC5422106 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Females deficient in the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (Gclm) of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis are more sensitive to ovarian follicle depletion and tumorigenesisby prenatal benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) exposure than Gclm+/+ mice. We investigated effects of prenatal exposure to BaP on reproductive development and ovarian mutations in Kras, a commonly mutated gene in epithelial ovarian tumors. Pregnantmice were dosed from gestational day 6.5 through 15.5 with 2mg/kg/day BaP or vehicle. Puberty onset occurred 5 days earlier in F1 daughters of all Gclm genotypes exposed to BaP compared to controls. Gclm+/- F1 daughters of Gclm+/- mothers and wildtype F1 daughters of wildtype mothers had similar depletion of ovarian follicles following prenatal exposure to BaP, suggesting that maternal Gclm genotype does not modify ovarian effects of prenatal BaP. We observed no BaP treatment or Gclm genotype related differences in ovarian Kras codon 12 mutations in F1 offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Luderer
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States; Program in Public Health, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States.
| | - Meagan B Myers
- U.S. Food, Drug Administration, Division of Genetic, Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Malathi Banda
- U.S. Food, Drug Administration, Division of Genetic, Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States.
| | - Karen L McKim
- U.S. Food, Drug Administration, Division of Genetic, Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
| | - Laura Ortiz
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, United States
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- U.S. Food, Drug Administration, Division of Genetic, Reproductive Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR, United States
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Lunke S, Lee B, Kranz S, Gibbs P, Waring P, Christie M. Intratumorous heterogeneity for RAS mutations in a treatment-naïve colorectal tumour. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:720-723. [PMID: 28314739 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Activating mutations in KRAS and NRAS genes in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are associated with a lack of response to treatment with anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapies. Mutations in these genes are thought to be mutually exclusive, however reports have described CRCs with two activating rat sarcoma (RAS) mutations. This has fuelled discussion about whether these mutations are the result of intratumorous heterogeneity, or if they are co-occurring in the same cancer cell clone. We present a case of a colorectal tumour with three RAS mutations detected during routine diagnostic testing. Further detailed analysis with laser capture microdissection and next generation sequencing excluded the possibility of all three mutations being present in the same clone, presenting the highest resolution evidence of intratumorous heterogeneity of RAS mutations to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lunke
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Belinda Lee
- Colorectal Translational Oncology Group, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sevastjan Kranz
- Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Colorectal Translational Oncology Group, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Waring
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Christie
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Colorectal Translational Oncology Group, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Myers MB, Banda M, McKim KL, Wang Y, Powell MJ, Parsons BL. Breast Cancer Heterogeneity Examined by High-Sensitivity Quantification of PIK3CA, KRAS, HRAS, and BRAF Mutations in Normal Breast and Ductal Carcinomas. Neoplasia 2016; 18:253-63. [PMID: 27108388 PMCID: PMC4840288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutant cancer subpopulations have the potential to derail durable patient responses to molecularly targeted cancer therapeutics, yet the prevalence and size of such subpopulations are largely unexplored. We employed the sensitive and quantitative Allele-specific Competitive Blocker PCR approach to characterize mutant cancer subpopulations in ductal carcinomas (DCs), examining five specific hotspot point mutations (PIK3CA H1047R, KRAS G12D, KRAS G12V, HRAS G12D, and BRAF V600E). As an approach to aid interpretation of the DC results, the mutations were also quantified in normal breast tissue. Overall, the mutations were prevalent in normal breast and DCs, with 9/9 DCs having measureable levels of at least three of the five mutations. HRAS G12D was significantly increased in DCs as compared to normal breast. The most frequent point mutation reported in DC by DNA sequencing, PIK3CA H1047R, was detected in all normal breast tissue and DC samples and was present at remarkably high levels (mutant fractions of 1.1 × 10(-3) to 4.6 × 10(-2)) in 4/10 normal breast samples. In normal breast tissue samples, PIK3CA mutation levels were positively correlated with age. However, the PIK3CA H1047R mutant fraction distributions for normal breast tissues and DCs were similar. The results suggest PIK3CA H1047R mutant cells have a selective advantage in breast, contribute to breast cancer susceptibility, and drive tumor progression during breast carcinogenesis, even when present as only a subpopulation of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Myers
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Malathi Banda
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Karen L McKim
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Yiying Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079
| | - Michael J Powell
- DiaCarta, Inc., JOINN Innovation Park, 2600 Hilltop Drive, Richmond, CA 94806
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- US Food and Drug Administration, National Center for Toxicological Research, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079.
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Sameen S, Barbuti R, Milazzo P, Cerone A, Del Re M, Danesi R. Mathematical modeling of drug resistance due to KRAS mutation in colorectal cancer. J Theor Biol 2015; 389:263-73. [PMID: 26551156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The most challenging task in colorectal cancer research nowadays is to understand the development of acquired resistance to anti-EGFR drugs. The key reason for this problem is the KRAS mutations appearance after the treatment with monoclonal antibodies (moAb). Here we present a mathematical model for the analysis of KRAS mutations behavior in colorectal cancer with respect to moAb treatments. To evaluate the drug performance we have developed equations for two types of tumors cells, KRAS mutated and KRAS wild-type. Both tumor cell populations were treated with a combination of moAb and chemotherapy drugs. It was observed that even the minimal initial concentration of KRAS mutation before the treatment has the ability to make the tumor refractory to the treatment. Minor population of KRAS mutations has strong influence on large number of wild-type cells as well rendering them resistant to chemotherapy. Patient׳s immune responses are specifically taken into considerations and it is found that, in case of KRAS mutations, the immune strength does not affect medication efficacy. Finally, cetuximab (moAb) and irinotecan (chemotherapy) drugs are analyzed as first-line treatment of colorectal cancer with few KRAS mutated cells. Results show that this combined treatment could be only effective for patients with high immune strengths and it should not be recommended as first-line therapy for patients with moderate immune strengths or weak immune systems because of a potential risk of relapse, with KRAS mutant cells acquired resistance involved with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheema Sameen
- Department of Informatics, University of Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Paolo Milazzo
- Department of Informatics, University of Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Marzia Del Re
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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Yosef HK, Mavarani L, Maghnouj A, Hahn S, El-Mashtoly SF, Gerwert K. In vitro prediction of the efficacy of molecularly targeted cancer therapy by Raman spectral imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:8321-31. [PMID: 26168967 PMCID: PMC4604500 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutational acquired resistance is a major challenge in cancer therapy. Somatic tumours harbouring some oncogenic mutations are characterised by a high mortality rate. Surprisingly, preclinical evaluation methods do not show clearly resistance of mutated cancers to some drugs. Here, we implemented Raman spectral imaging to investigate the oncogenic mutation resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor targeting therapy. Colon cancer cells with and without oncogenic mutations such as KRAS and BRAF mutations were treated with erlotinib, an inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor, in order to detect the impact of these mutations on Raman spectra of the cells. Clinical studies suggested that oncogenic KRAS and BRAF mutations inhibit the response to erlotinib therapy in patients, but this effect is not observed in vitro. The Raman results indicate that erlotinib induces large spectral changes in SW-48 cells that harbour wild-type KRAS and BRAF. These spectral changes can be used as a marker of response to therapy. HT-29 cells (BRAF mutated) and SW-480 cells (KRAS mutated) display a smaller and no significant response, respectively. However, the erlotinib effect on these cells is not observed when phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and AKT is monitored by Western blot, where this phosphorylation is the conventional in vitro test. Lipid droplets show a large response to erlotinib only in the case of cells harbouring wild-type KRAS and BRAF, as indicated by Raman difference spectra. This study shows the great potential of Raman spectral imaging as an in vitro tool for detecting mutational drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham K Yosef
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Laven Mavarani
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Abdelouahid Maghnouj
- Department of Molecular GI-Oncology, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephan Hahn
- Department of Molecular GI-Oncology, Clinical Research Center, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Samir F El-Mashtoly
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Gerwert
- Department of Biophysics, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Myers MB, McKim KL, Meng F, Parsons BL. Low-frequency KRAS mutations are prevalent in lung adenocarcinomas. Per Med 2015; 12:83-98. [PMID: 27795727 PMCID: PMC5084916 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study quantified low-frequency KRAS mutations in normal lung and lung adenocarcinomas, to understand their potential significance in the development of acquired resistance to EGFR-targeted therapies. MATERIALS & METHODS Allele-specific Competitive Blocker-PCR was used to quantify KRAS codon 12 GAT (G12D) and GTT (G12V) mutation in 19 normal lung and 21 lung adenocarcinoma samples. RESULTS Lung adenocarcinomas had KRAS codon 12 GAT and GTT geometric mean mutant fractions of 1.94 × 10-4 and 1.16 × 10-3, respectively. For 76.2% of lung adenocarcinomas, the level of KRAS mutation was greater than the upper 95% confidence interval of that in normal lung. CONCLUSION KRAS mutant tumor subpopulations, not detectable by DNA sequencing, may drive resistance to EGFR blockade in lung adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan B Myers
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Karen L McKim
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Fanxue Meng
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- Division of Genetic & Molecular Toxicology, US FDA, National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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