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Costa A, Lucarini E. Treating chronic stress and chronic pain by manipulating gut microbiota with diet: can we kill two birds with one stone? Nutr Neurosci 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38889540 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2024.2365021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Background: Chronic stress and chronic pain are closely linked by the capacity to exacerbate each other, sharing common roots in the brain and in the gut. The strict intersection between these two neurological diseases makes important to have a therapeutic strategy aimed at preventing both to maintain mental health in patients. Diet is an modifiable lifestyle factor associated with gut-brain axis diseases and there is growing interest in its use as adjuvant to main therapies. Several evidence attest the impact of specific diets or nutrients on chronic stress-related disorders and pain with a good degree of certainty. A daily adequate intake of foods containing micronutrients such as amino acids, minerals and vitamins, as well as the reduction in the consumption of processed food products can have a positive impact on microbiota and gut health. Many nutrients are endowed of prebiotic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective potential which make them useful tools helping the management of chronic stress and pain in patients. Dietary regimes, as intermittent fasting or caloric restriction, are promising, although further studies are needed to optimize protocols according to patient's medical history, age and sex. Moreover, by supporting gut microbiota health with diet is possible to attenuate comorbidities such as obesity, gastrointestinal dysfunction and mood disorders, thus reducing healthcare costs related to chronic stress or pain.Objective: This review summarize the most recent evidence on the microbiota-mediated beneficial effects of macro- and micronutrients, dietary-related factors, specific nutritional regimens and dietary intervention on these pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Costa
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Area and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Smolensky I, Zajac-Bakri K, Odermatt TS, Brégère C, Cryan JF, Guzman R, Timper K, Inta D. Sex-specific differences in metabolic hormone and adipose tissue dynamics induced by moderate low-carbohydrate and ketogenic diet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16465. [PMID: 37777528 PMCID: PMC10542803 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-carbohydrates diets are increasingly used to treat obesity and metabolic disorders. A very low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet is hard to follow and, due to the very high fat content, linked to severe side effects, like hyperlipidemia and atherogenesis. Therefore, a less restrictive, unsaturated fat-based low-carbohydrate diet appears as a promising alternative. Since neither sex differences, nor their effect on specific metabolic hormones and adipose tissue compartments have been investigated thoroughly in these diets, we aimed to analyze their dynamics and metabolic factors in mice. We found a significant sexual dimorphism with decreased body weight and subcutaneous fat only in males on ketogenic diet, while diminished insulin, elevated ghrelin and FGF-21 were present with a differential time course in both sexes. The non-ketogenic moderate low-carbohydrate diet increased body weight and perigonadal fat in females, but induced leptin elevation in males. Both diets enhanced transiently TNFɑ only in males and had no impact on behavior. Altogether, these results reveal complex sex-dependent effect of dietary interventions, indicating unexpectedly females as more prone to unfavorable metabolic effects of low-carbohydrate diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Smolensky
- Department of Community Health, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Kilian Zajac-Bakri
- Department of Community Health, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Catherine Brégère
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, T12TP07, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, T12TP07, Ireland
| | - Raphael Guzman
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Timper
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Clinic, University Hospital Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Inta
- Department of Community Health, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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