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Nogi T, Uranishi K, Suzuki A, Hirasaki M, Nakamura T, Kazama T, Nagasaka H, Okuda A, Mieda T. Similarity and dissimilarity in alterations of the gene expression profile associated with inhalational anesthesia between sevoflurane and desflurane. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298264. [PMID: 38547201 PMCID: PMC10977671 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Although sevoflurane is one of the most commonly used inhalational anesthetic agents, the popularity of desflurane is increasing to a level similar to that of sevoflurane. Inhalational anesthesia generally activates and represses the expression of genes related to xenobiotic metabolism and immune response, respectively. However, there has been no comprehensive comparison of the effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on the expression of these genes. Thus, we used a next-generation sequencing method to compare alterations in the global gene expression profiles in the livers of rats subjected to inhalational anesthesia by sevoflurane or desflurane. Our bioinformatics analyses revealed that sevoflurane and, to a greater extent, desflurane significantly activated genes related to xenobiotic metabolism. Our analyses also revealed that both anesthetic agents, especially sevoflurane, downregulated many genes related to immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Nogi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kousuke Uranishi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane, Hidaka Saitama, Japan
| | - Ayumu Suzuki
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane, Hidaka Saitama, Japan
| | - Masataka Hirasaki
- Department of Clinical Cancer Genomics, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Yamane, Hidaka, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tina Nakamura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomiei Kazama
- Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagasaka
- Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akihiko Okuda
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Yamane, Hidaka Saitama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mieda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Saitama Medical University Hospital, Morohongo, Moroyama, Iruma-gun, Saitama, Japan
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2
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Mokini Z, Cama A, Forget P. Anesthetics and Long Term Cancer Outcomes: May Epigenetics Be the Key for Pancreatic Cancer? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:1102. [PMID: 36013569 PMCID: PMC9414834 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge shows a divergence of results between preclinical and clinical studies regarding anesthesia and postoperative progression of cancer. While laboratory and animal data from then 2000s onwards raised much enthusiasm in this field of research leading to several clinical investigations worldwide, data from randomized trials seem to have killed off hope for many scientists. However several aspects of the actual knowledge should be reevaluated and there is space for new strategies of investigation. In this paper, we perform a critical review of actual knowledge and propose new research strategies with a special focus on anesthetic management and repurposed anesthetic adjuvants for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirajr Mokini
- ESAIC Mentorship Program, BE-1000 Brussels, Belgium
- The European Platform for Research Outcomes after PerIoperative Interventions in Surgery for Cancer Research Group (Euro-Periscope): The Onco-Anaesthesiology Research Group (RG), BE-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alessandro Cama
- The European Platform for Research Outcomes after PerIoperative Interventions in Surgery for Cancer Research Group (Euro-Periscope): The Onco-Anaesthesiology Research Group (RG), BE-1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d’Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrice Forget
- The European Platform for Research Outcomes after PerIoperative Interventions in Surgery for Cancer Research Group (Euro-Periscope): The Onco-Anaesthesiology Research Group (RG), BE-1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Epidemiology Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Department of Anaesthesia, National Health Service (NHS) Grampian, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Chazarin B, Benhaim-Delarbre M, Brun C, Anzeraey A, Bertile F, Terrien J. Molecular Liver Fingerprint Reflects the Seasonal Physiology of the Grey Mouse Lemur ( Microcebus murinus) during Winter. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084254. [PMID: 35457071 PMCID: PMC9028843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Grey mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) are primates that respond to environmental energetic constraints through strong physiological seasonality. They notably fatten during early winter (EW), and mobilize their lipid reserves while developing glucose intolerance during late winter (LW), when food availability is low. To decipher how the hepatic mechanisms may support such metabolic flexibility, we analyzed the liver proteome of adult captive male mouse lemurs, whose seasonal regulations are comparable to their wild counterparts. We highlight profound hepatic changes that reflect fat accretion in EW at the whole-body level, without triggering an ectopic storage of fat in the liver, however. Moreover, molecular regulations are consistent with the decrease in liver glucose utilization in LW, and therefore with reduced tolerance to glucose. However, no major regulation was seen in insulin signaling/resistance pathways. Fat mobilization in LW appeared possibly linked to the reactivation of the reproductive system while enhanced liver detoxification may reflect an anticipation to return to summer levels of food intake. Overall, these results show that the physiology of mouse lemurs during winter relies on solid molecular foundations in liver processes to adapt fuel partitioning while opposing the development of a pathological state despite large lipid fluxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Chazarin
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Margaux Benhaim-Delarbre
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Brun
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Aude Anzeraey
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), UMR 7179, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France;
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7178, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France; (B.C.); (M.B.-D.); (C.B.)
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI—FR 2048, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (J.T.)
| | - Jérémy Terrien
- Unité Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (MECADEV), UMR 7179, CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 1 Avenue du Petit Château, 91800 Brunoy, France;
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (J.T.)
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Ishikawa M, Iwasaki M, Sakamoto A, Ma D. Anesthetics may modulate cancer surgical outcome: a possible role of miRNAs regulation. BMC Anesthesiol 2021; 21:71. [PMID: 33750303 PMCID: PMC7941705 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-021-01294-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background microRNAs (miRNAs) are single-stranded and noncoding RNA molecules that control post-transcriptional gene regulation. miRNAs can be tumor suppressors or oncogenes through various mechanism including cancer cell biology, cell-to-cell communication, and anti-cancer immunity. Main Body Anesthetics can affect cell biology through miRNA-mediated regulation of messenger RNA (mRNA). Indeed, sevoflurane was reported to upregulate miR-203 and suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation. Propofol reduces matrix metalloproteinase expression through its impact on miRNAs, leading to anti-cancer microenvironmental changes. Propofol also modifies miRNA expression profile in circulating extracellular vesicles with their subsequent anti-cancer effects via modulating cell-to-cell communication. Conclusion Inhalational and intravenous anesthetics can alter cancer cell biology through various cellular signaling pathways induced by miRNAs’ modification. However, this area of research is insufficient and further study is needed to figure out optimal anesthesia regimens for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Ishikawa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan. .,Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Rd, London, SW10 9NH, UK.
| | - Masae Iwasaki
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan.,Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Rd, London, SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5, Sendagi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8603, Japan
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine and Intensive Care, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 369 Fulham Rd, London, SW10 9NH, UK
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He GR, Lin XK, Wang YB, Chen CD. Dexmedetomidine impairs P‑glycoprotein‑mediated efflux function in L02 cells via the adenosine 5'‑monophosphate‑activated protein kinase/nuclear factor‑κB pathway. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5049-5056. [PMID: 29393492 PMCID: PMC5865967 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine (DEX) a type of the anaesthetic that has been widely used in anaesthesia and intensive care. However, whether DEX affects the pharmacokinetics of drugs remains elusive. As hepatic P-glycoprotein (P-gp) serves a critical role in the disposition of drugs, the present study aimed to address whether P-gp function could be affected by DEX in vitro. In the present study, L02 cells (a normal human liver cell line) were exposed to DEX for 24 h and P-gp function was evaluated by the intracellular accumulation of Rhodamine 123. The results indicated that P-gp function was significantly impaired by DEX treatment and that the mRNA levels and protein levels of P-gp were downregulated in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Importantly, DEX-induced downregulation of P-gp was associated with adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation, as it was significantly attenuated by AMPK inhibition using dorsomorphin. Furthermore, the results revealed that changes in the subcellular localisation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB following AMPK activation were involved in the P-gp regulation in response to DEX treatment. Collectively, these results suggested that DEX impairs P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux function in L02 cells via the AMPK/NF-κB pathway, which provided direct evidence that the hepatic disposition of drugs may be affected by DEX through the downregulation of P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Rong He
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Kun Lin
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Biao Wang
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
| | - Cong-De Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, P.R. China
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6
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Yamashita K, Matsumoto H, Saito F, Takeyoshi M. Differences in gene expression profiles in liver caused by different types of anesthesia: cases of CO2-O2 and isoflurane. J Toxicol Sci 2015; 40:829-36. [PMID: 26558464 DOI: 10.2131/jts.40.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Anesthesia is used for pain control and is necessary in toxicological studies. In this study, we examined the effects of anesthesia on gene expression profiles caused by different types of anesthesia. To elucidate the effects of anesthesia on gene expression profiles, DNA microarray analysis was performed with CO2-O2 anesthesia and isoflurane anesthesia, and gene expression profiles in the liver were analyzed. Consequently, a total of 209 probes out of 61,573 showed higher or lower expression levels in the isoflurane anesthesia group compared with CO2-O2 anesthesia. This is less than 0.34% of all probes, indicating that the effects of different types of anesthesia on gene expression profiles are limited. However, careful consideration should be taken in the cases of handling the disturbed genes using DNA microarray, especially in case of research on glutathione-related pathway under isoflurane anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Yamashita
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan (CERI)
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7
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Tajima T, Hirakawa K, Kawaguchi H, Sakamoto A. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance and pattern recognition analysis of liver extracts from rats under different anesthetics. BMC Med Imaging 2012; 12:28. [PMID: 22898647 PMCID: PMC3443671 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2342-12-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although general anesthesia is widely used in the surgical arena, the mechanisms by which general anesthetics act remain unclear. We previously described alterations in gene expression ratios in hepatic tissue taken from rats treated with anesthetics. Consequently, it is considered that anesthetics influence liver metabolism. Thus, the goal of this study was to use pattern recognition analysis of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra to visualize changes in liver metabolic phenotypes in response to widely used intravenous anesthetics (propofol and dexmedetomidine) and inhalational anesthetics (sevoflurane and isoflurane). Methods Rats were randomized into 13 groups (n = 6 in each group), and each group received one of following agents: propofol, dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane, isoflurane, or no anesthetic (control group). The liver was directly removed from rats immediately after or 24 h or 48 h after a 6-h period of anesthesia. Hydrophilic compounds were extracted from the liver and were analyzed with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. All spectral data were processed and analyzed by principal component analysis for comparison of metabolite profiles. Results Data were visualized by plotting principal component (PC) scores. In the plots, each point represents an individual sample. Each group was clustered separately on the plots, and the PC scores of the propofol group were clearly distinct from those of the control group and other anesthetic groups. The difference in PC scores was more pronounced immediately after completion of anesthesia when compared with 24 or 48 h after completion of anesthesia. Although the effect of intravenous anesthetics on the liver dissipated over time, the effect of inhalational anesthetics persisted. Conclusions Propofol, dexmedetomidine, sevoflurane and isoflurane exert different effects on liver metabolism. In particular, liver metabolism was markedly altered after exposure to propofol. The effect of anesthesia on the liver under propofol or dexmedetomidine resolved rapidly when compared with the effect under sevoflurane or isoflurane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Tajima
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nippon Medical School, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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8
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Schijndel JEV, Martens GJM. Gene expression profiling in rodent models for schizophrenia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 8:382-93. [PMID: 21629445 PMCID: PMC3080594 DOI: 10.2174/157015910793358132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex neurodevelopmental disorder schizophrenia is thought to be induced by an interaction between predisposing genes and environmental stressors. In order to get a better insight into the aetiology of this complex disorder, animal models have been developed. In this review, we summarize mRNA expression profiling studies on neurodevelopmental, pharmacological and genetic animal models for schizophrenia. We discuss parallels and contradictions among these studies, and propose strategies for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E Van Schijndel
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience & Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Tsuboko Y, Sakamoto A. Propofol anaesthesia alters the cerebral proteome differently from sevoflurane anaesthesia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 32:55-65. [PMID: 21383511 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.32.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that propofol and sevoflurane anaesthesia in rats may have variable effects on the proteome. Brains from untreated rats and rats anaesthetised with intravenous propofol infusion or inhaled sevoflurane were collected at various time points post-anaesthesia and subjected to global protein expression profiling using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Significant changes in protein spot intensity (i.e. expression) between the propofol and sevoflurane groups demonstrated clear similarities and differences in proteomic regulation by these anaesthetics. The proteins regulated were broadly classified into groups involved in cytoskeletal/neuronal growth, cellular metabolism, signalling, and cell stress/death responses. Proteins concerned with cell death and stress responses were down-regulated by both agents, but the anaesthetics had variable effects on proteins in the other groups. Importantly, proteins such as Ulip2 and dihydropyrimidinase-like-2 were regulated in opposite directions by propofol and sevoflurane. Moreover, the time-course of regulation of proteins varied depending on the agent used. These data suggest different underlying mechanisms of proteomic regulation. We found that sevoflurane anaesthesia had more pronounced effects, on a wider range of proteins, and over an apparently longer duration than propofol. Thus, sevoflurane could be considered a more disruptive anaesthetic agent. Our findings show that protein expression is regulated differentially according to the anaesthetic agent and the method of delivery support and extend our previous observations of differential genomic regulation by anaesthetics in the brain. This study highlights the power of proteomic studies in assessing the effects of certain anaesthetics on the integrity of neuronal structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tsuboko
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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Gu X, Manautou JE. Regulation of hepatic ABCC transporters by xenobiotics and in disease states. Drug Metab Rev 2010; 42:482-538. [PMID: 20233023 DOI: 10.3109/03602531003654915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The subfamily of ABCC transporters consists of 13 members in mammals, including the multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs), sulfonylurea receptors (SURs), and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). These proteins play roles in chemical detoxification, disposition, and normal cell physiology. ABCC transporters are expressed differentially in the liver and are regulated at the transcription and translation level. Their expression and function are also controlled by post-translational modification and membrane-trafficking events. These processes are tightly regulated. Information about alterations in the expression of hepatobiliary ABCC transporters could provide important insights into the pathogenesis of diseases and disposition of xenobiotics. In this review, we describe the regulation of hepatic ABCC transporters in humans and rodents by a variety of xenobiotics, under disease states and in genetically modified animal models deficient in transcription factors, transporters, and cell-signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269, USA
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Huitink JM, Heimerikxs M, Nieuwland M, Loer SA, Brugman W, Velds A, Sie D, Kerkhoven RM. Volatile anesthetics modulate gene expression in breast and brain tumor cells. Anesth Analg 2010; 111:1411-5. [PMID: 20889943 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e3181fa3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is increasingly used for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic purposes in clinical practice. We tested the hypothesis that volatile anesthetics (VA) affect gene expression of tumor cells. Cells from the neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y and from the breast cell line MCF-7 were exposed ex vivo to enflurane, isoflurane, desflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, or nitrous oxide. Microarray gene expression profiles were studied. We observed significant differences in gene expression levels of cell cultures and response in time when exposed to different VA. Some genes used for predictive genetic fingerprints for breast cancer were affected by VA. Our findings suggest that VA modulate gene expression in breast and brain tumor cell cultures in a unique and time-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Huitink
- Department of Anesthesiology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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