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Speelman T, Dale L, Louw A, Verhoog NJD. The Association of Acute Phase Proteins in Stress and Inflammation-Induced T2D. Cells 2022; 11:2163. [PMID: 35883605 PMCID: PMC9321356 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs), such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), serum amyloid A (SAA), and C-reactive protein (CRP), are elevated in type-2 diabetes (T2D) and are routinely used as biomarkers for this disease. These APPs are regulated by the peripheral mediators of stress (i.e., endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs)) and inflammation (i.e., pro-inflammatory cytokines), with both implicated in the development of insulin resistance, the main risk factor for the development of T2D. In this review we propose that APPs, PAI-1, SAA, and CRP, could be the causative rather than only a correlative link between the physiological elements of risk (stress and inflammation) and the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nicolette J. D. Verhoog
- Biochemistry Department, Stellenbosch University, Van der Byl Street, Stellenbosch 7200, South Africa; (T.S.); (L.D.); (A.L.)
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Ishikawa T, Nakajima Y, Omae T, Ogiwara K, Nogami K. Comprehensive coagulation and fibrinolytic potential in the acute phase of pediatric patients with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome evaluated by whole blood-based rotational thromboelastometry. Pediatr Nephrol 2022; 37:1605-1614. [PMID: 34997323 PMCID: PMC8741554 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-021-05366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venous thromboembolism is a rare, serious complication of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in childhood. The mechanisms responsible for the hypercoagulable state in the acute phase of INS are poorly understood, however. This study aimed to assess overall coagulation and fibrinolytic function in pediatric patients with INS. METHODS Global coagulation and fibrinolysis were examined in whole blood samples from 22 children with initial onset INS (initial-group), 22 children with relapsed INS (relapse-group), and 15 control pediatric patients using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM®). In the initial-group, blood samples were obtained before (week 0) and 1-4 weeks after initiation of corticosteroid therapy. EXTEM and FIBTEM were used to assess coagulation and fibrinolysis, respectively. Clot time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), maximum clot firmness (MCF), and α-angle were determined as coagulation parameters, and lysis index at 30 and 60 min (LI30 and LI60, respectively) were assessed as fibrinolytic parameters. RESULTS CT was significantly shortened, and MCF and α-angle were significantly greater than controls at week 0 and week 1 both in the initial-group and the relapse-group. MCF correlated with serum albumin (r = 0.70, p < 0.001) and fibrinogen level (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). The fibrinolytic parameters (LI30 and LI60) in the initial-group were stable and higher than those in controls at all time points (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We have shown that the hypofibrinolytic defect did not improve with effective NS treatment at the early 4-week time-point. Additionally, a likely pre-thrombotic state was evident in the period before initial onset and 1 week after corticosteroid therapy in pediatric INS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| | - Yuto Nakajima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan ,Advanced Medical Science of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara Japan
| | - Takashi Omae
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| | - Kenichi Ogiwara
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara 634-8522 Japan
| | - Keiji Nogami
- Department of Pediatrics, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
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3
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Al-Mahayri ZN, AlAhmad MM, Ali BR. Long-Term Effects of Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Chemotherapy: Can Recent Findings Inform Old Strategies? Front Oncol 2021; 11:710163. [PMID: 34722258 PMCID: PMC8554193 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.710163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cure rates have improved significantly with rates exceeding 90%. Parallel to this remarkable improvement, there has been mounting interest in the long-term health of the survivors. Consequently, modified treatment protocols have been developed and resulted in the reduction of many adverse long-term consequences. Nevertheless, these are still substantial concerns that warrant further mitigation efforts. In the current review, pediatric-ALL survivors’ late adverse events, including secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs), cardiac toxicity, neurotoxicity, bone toxicity, hepatic dysfunction, visual changes, obesity, impact on fertility, and neurocognitive effects have been evaluated. Throughout this review, we attempted to answer a fundamental question: can the recent molecular findings mitigate pediatric-ALL chemotherapy’s long-term sequelae on adult survivors? For SMNs, few genetic predisposition factors have been identified including TP53 and POT1 variants. Other treatment-related risk factors have been identified such as anthracyclines’ possible association with breast cancer in female survivors. Cardiotoxicity is another significant and common adverse event with some germline variants been found, albeit with conflicting evidence, to increase the risk of cardiac toxicity. For peripheral neurotoxicity, vincristine is the primary neurotoxic agent in ALL regimens. Some germline genetic variants were found to be associated with the vincristine neurotoxic effect’s vulnerability. However, these were mainly detected with acute neuropathy. Moreover, the high steroid doses and prolonged use increase bone toxicity and obesity risk with some pharmacogenetic biomarkers were associated with increased steroid sensitivity. Therefore, the role of these biomarkers in tailoring steroid choice and dose is a promising research area. Future directions in pediatric ALL treatment should consider the various opportunities provided by genomic medicine. Understanding the molecular bases underlying toxicities will classify patients into risk groups and implement a closer follow-up to those at higher risk. Pharmacogenetic-guided dosing and selecting between alternative agents have proven their efficacy in the short-term management of childhood ALL. It is the right time to think about a similar approach for the life-long consequences on survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina N Al-Mahayri
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad M AlAhmad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ain University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Luo L, Wang L, Luo Y, Romero E, Yang X, Liu M. Glucocorticoid/Adiponectin Axis Mediates Full Activation of Cold-Induced Beige Fat Thermogenesis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111573. [PMID: 34827571 PMCID: PMC8615797 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs), a class of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress, exert obesity-promoting effects. Although adaptive thermogenesis has been considered an effective approach to counteract obesity, whether GCs play a role in regulating cold stress-induced thermogenesis remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that the circulating levels of stress hormone corticosterone (GC in rodents) were significantly elevated, whereas the levels of adiponectin, an adipokine that was linked to cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis, were decreased 48 h post cold exposure. The administration of a glucocorticoid hydrocortisone downregulated adiponectin protein and mRNA levels in both WAT and white adipocytes, and upregulated thermogenic gene expression in inguinal fat. In contrast, mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, enhanced adiponectin expression and suppressed energy expenditure in vivo. Mechanistically, hydrocortisone suppressed adiponectin expression by antagonizing PPARγ in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ultimately, adiponectin deficiency restored mifepristone-decreased oxygen consumption and suppressed the expression of thermogenic genes in inguinal fat. Taken together, our study reveals that the GCs/adiponectin axis is a key regulator of beige fat thermogenesis in response to acute cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (L.L.); (L.W.); (Y.L.); (E.R.); (X.Y.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (L.L.); (L.W.); (Y.L.); (E.R.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yan Luo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (L.L.); (L.W.); (Y.L.); (E.R.); (X.Y.)
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Estevan Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (L.L.); (L.W.); (Y.L.); (E.R.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (L.L.); (L.W.); (Y.L.); (E.R.); (X.Y.)
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA; (L.L.); (L.W.); (Y.L.); (E.R.); (X.Y.)
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Correspondence:
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Tratwal J, Labella R, Bravenboer N, Kerckhofs G, Douni E, Scheller EL, Badr S, Karampinos DC, Beck-Cormier S, Palmisano B, Poloni A, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Fretz J, Rodeheffer MS, Boroumand P, Rosen CJ, Horowitz MC, van der Eerden BCJ, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Naveiras O. Reporting Guidelines, Review of Methodological Standards, and Challenges Toward Harmonization in Bone Marrow Adiposity Research. Report of the Methodologies Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32180758 PMCID: PMC7059536 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in bone marrow adiposity (BMA) has increased over the last decade due to its association with, and potential role, in a range of diseases (osteoporosis, diabetes, anorexia, cancer) as well as treatments (corticosteroid, radiation, chemotherapy, thiazolidinediones). However, to advance the field of BMA research, standardization of methods is desirable to increase comparability of study outcomes and foster collaboration. Therefore, at the 2017 annual BMA meeting, the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) founded a working group to evaluate methodologies in BMA research. All BMAS members could volunteer to participate. The working group members, who are all active preclinical or clinical BMA researchers, searched the literature for articles investigating BMA and discussed the results during personal and telephone conferences. According to the consensus opinion, both based on the review of the literature and on expert opinion, we describe existing methodologies and discuss the challenges and future directions for (1) histomorphometry of bone marrow adipocytes, (2) ex vivo BMA imaging, (3) in vivo BMA imaging, (4) cell isolation, culture, differentiation and in vitro modulation of primary bone marrow adipocytes and bone marrow stromal cell precursors, (5) lineage tracing and in vivo BMA modulation, and (6) BMA biobanking. We identify as accepted standards in BMA research: manual histomorphometry and osmium tetroxide 3D contrast-enhanced μCT for ex vivo quantification, specific MRI sequences (WFI and H-MRS) for in vivo studies, and RT-qPCR with a minimal four gene panel or lipid-based assays for in vitro quantification of bone marrow adipogenesis. Emerging techniques are described which may soon come to complement or substitute these gold standards. Known confounding factors and minimal reporting standards are presented, and their use is encouraged to facilitate comparison across studies. In conclusion, specific BMA methodologies have been developed. However, important challenges remain. In particular, we advocate for the harmonization of methodologies, the precise reporting of known confounding factors, and the identification of methods to modulate BMA independently from other tissues. Wider use of existing animal models with impaired BMA production (e.g., Pfrt-/-, KitW/W-v) and development of specific BMA deletion models would be highly desirable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Tratwal
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Labella
- Tissue and Tumour Microenvironments Lab, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Biomechanics Lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleni Douni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sammy Badr
- Univ. Lille, EA 4490 - PMOI - Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Radiologie et Imagerie Musculosquelettique, Lille, France
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Beck-Cormier
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Hematology, Department of Clinic and Molecular Science, Università Politecnica Marche-AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria J. Moreno-Aliaga
- Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jackie Fretz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Mark C. Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bram C. J. van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annegreet G. Veldhuis-Vlug
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Jan van Goyen Medical Center/OLVG Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Annegreet G. Veldhuis-Vlug
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Hematology Service, Departments of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Olaia Naveiras ;
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Miggitsch C, Meryk A, Naismith E, Pangrazzi L, Ejaz A, Jenewein B, Wagner S, Nägele F, Fenkart G, Trieb K, Zwerschke W, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. Human bone marrow adipocytes display distinct immune regulatory properties. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:387-398. [PMID: 31327694 PMCID: PMC6711052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The bone marrow (BM) is a major reservoir of resting memory T cells and long-lived plasma cells, capable of providing protection against recurrent infections. Whether the age-related accumulation of adipose tissue in the BM affects the functionality and maintenance of memory cells is not well understood. Methods For the first time, we compare human femur marrow adipose tissue (fMAT) and subcutaneous white adipose tissue of the thigh (tsWAT) obtained from the same donors. Therefore, we used microarrays for comparative global gene expression analysis, and employed assays to analyse parameters of adipocyte biology, inflammation and oxidative stress. Findings We show that fMAT adipocytes differ significantly from tsWAT adipocytes regarding specific gene expression profiles including inflammatory responses and adipogenesis/adipocyte phenotype. Concomitant with considerably lower levels of CD36, a membrane-associated protein important for long-chain fatty acid uptake that is used as maturation marker, fMAT adipocytes are smaller and contain less triglycerides. fMAT adipocytes secrete similar levels of adiponectin and leptin as tsWAT adipocytes, and express increased levels of pro-inflammatory molecules concomitant with an elevated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired function of plasma cells in the BM. Interpretation Our findings suggest that fMAT is a unique type of adipose tissue containing small adipocytes with lower CD36 protein and triglyceride levels than tsWAT but high adipokine secretion. Moreover, fMAT adipocytes secrete high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, contributing to inflammation and impairment of plasma cell function in the BM, suggesting that fMAT has more immune regulatory functions than tsWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Miggitsch
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Meryk
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria.
| | - Erin Naismith
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Luca Pangrazzi
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Asim Ejaz
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria; Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street 6B Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, United States
| | - Brigitte Jenewein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Sonja Wagner
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria; Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Fabiana Nägele
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Gabriella Fenkart
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria; Department for Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Klemens Trieb
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Klinikum Wels, Grieskirchner Str. 42, Wels, Upper Austria 4600, Austria; Computed Tomography Research Group, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstr. 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Werner Zwerschke
- Division of Cell Metabolism and Differentiation Research, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
| | - Beatrix Grubeck-Loebenstein
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, University of Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, Innsbruck, Tyrol 6020, Austria
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Li Y, Meng Y, Yu X. The Unique Metabolic Characteristics of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:69. [PMID: 30800100 PMCID: PMC6375842 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is distinct from white adipose tissue (WAT) or brown adipose tissue (BAT) for its location, feature and function. As a largely ignored adipose depot, it is situated in bone marrow space and resided with bone tissue side-by-side. MAT is considered not only as a regulator of bone metabolism through paracrine, but also as a functionally particular adipose tissue that may contribute to global metabolism. Adipokines, inflammatory factors and other molecules derived from bone marrow adipocytes may exert systematic effects. In this review, we summary the evidence from several aspects including development, distribution, histological features and phenotype to elaborate the basic characteristics of MAT. We discuss the association between bone metabolism and MAT, and highlight our current understanding of this special adipose tissue. We further demonstrate the probable relationship between MAT and energy metabolism, as well as glucose metabolism. On the basis of preliminary results from animal model and clinical studies, we propose that MAT has its unique secretory and metabolic function, although there is no in-depth study at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujue Li
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xijie Yu
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xijie Yu ;
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IOP lowering effect of topical trans-resveratrol involves adenosine receptors and TGF-β2 signaling pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 838:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Papargyri P, Zapanti E, Salakos N, Papargyris L, Bargiota A, Mastorakos G. Links between HPA axis and adipokines: clinical implications in paradigms of stress-related disorders. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2018; 13:317-332. [PMID: 30422016 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2018.1543585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In the human organism, a constant interplay exists between the stress system [which includes the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis] and the adipose tissue. This interplay is mediated by hormones of the HPA axis such as corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids (GCs) and adipokines secreted by the adipose tissue. AREAS COVERED In this critical review, the bi-directional interactions between HPA axis and the most studied adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin, as well as the pro-inflammatory adipocytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL) 6 are presented. Furthermore, these interactions are described in normalcy as well as in specific clinical paradigms of stress-related disorders such as eating disorders, hypothalamic amenorrhea, and stress-related endogenous hypercortisolism states. Wherever new therapeutic strategies emerge, they are presented accordingly. EXPERT COMMENTARY Additional research is needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the interplay between the HPA axis and the adipose tissue. Research should be focused, in particular, on the development of new therapeutic means targeting dysfunctional adipose tissue in stress-related situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Papargyri
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Evangelia Zapanti
- b Department of Endocrinology , Alexandra Hospital , Athens , Greece
| | - Nicolaos Salakos
- c Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Loukas Papargyris
- d CRCINA, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Université d'Angers , Angers , France
- e LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology," , Angers , France
| | - Alexandra Bargiota
- f Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, School of Medicine , University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | - George Mastorakos
- a Unit of Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolism, Aretaieion Hospital, School of Medicine , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens , Greece
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Sulston RJ, Cawthorn WP. Bone marrow adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: close to the bone? Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 28:21-38. [PMID: 27149203 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a major endocrine organ, secreting a diverse range of hormones, lipid species, cytokines and other factors to exert diverse local and systemic effects. These secreted products, known as 'adipokines', contribute extensively to WAT's impact on physiology and disease. Adipocytes also exist in the bone marrow (BM), but unlike WAT, study of this bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) has been relatively limited. We recently discovered that MAT contributes to circulating adiponectin, an adipokine that mediates cardiometabolic benefits. Moreover, we found that MAT expansion exerts systemic effects. Together, these observations identify MAT as an endocrine organ. Additional studies are revealing further secretory functions of MAT, including production of other adipokines, cytokines and lipids that exert local effects within bone. These observations suggest that, like WAT, MAT has secretory functions with diverse potential effects, both locally and systemically. A major limitation is that these findings are often based on in vitro approaches that may not faithfully recapitulate the characteristics and functions of BM adipocytes in vivo. This underscores the need to develop improved methods for in vivo analysis of MAT function, including more robust transgenic models for MAT targeting, and continued development of techniques for non-invasive analysis of MAT quantity and quality in humans. Although many aspects of MAT formation and function remain poorly understood, MAT is now attracting increasing research focus; hence, there is much promise for further advances in our understanding of MAT as an endocrine organ, and how MAT impacts human health and disease.
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Fukushima T, Hozumi A, Tomita M, Yonekura A, Miyata N, Miyamoto T, Taguchi K, Goto H, Tsuda K, Osaki M. Steroid changes adipokine concentration in the blood and bone marrow fluid. Biomed Res 2017; 37:215-20. [PMID: 27356609 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.37.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study has shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) gene expression and secretion from bone marrow adipocytes increased markedly with dexamethasone administration. The purpose of the present study was to measure the secretion of various adipokines from human bone marrow and blood, and investigate how adipokine secretion changes in a steroid environment. Human blood and bone marrow fluid were collected from a steroid treatment group and a control group during hip replacement surgery, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the adiponectin, leptin, and PAI-1 levels. Adiponectin and leptin showed no significant differences between bone marrow and blood levels, but PAI-1 was significantly higher in bone marrow. The steroid treatment group had higher levels of leptin and PAI-1 in both the blood and bone marrow than the control group. PAI-1 was present at high concentrations in the bone marrow and increased by steroid treatment. High levels of PAI-1 in bone marrow may influence intraosseous hemodynamics and may induce necrotic bone disorders.
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Xia YC, Radwan A, Keenan CR, Langenbach SY, Li M, Radojicic D, Londrigan SL, Gualano RC, Stewart AG. Glucocorticoid Insensitivity in Virally Infected Airway Epithelial Cells Is Dependent on Transforming Growth Factor-β Activity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006138. [PMID: 28046097 PMCID: PMC5234851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations are commonly associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinovirus (RV) and influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The ensuing airway inflammation is resistant to the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids (GCs). Viral infection elicits transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) activity, a growth factor we have previously shown to impair GC action in human airway epithelial cells through the activation of activin-like kinase 5 (ALK5), the type 1 receptor of TGF-β. In the current study, we examine the contribution of TGF-β activity to the GC-resistance caused by viral infection. We demonstrate that viral infection of human bronchial epithelial cells with RSV, RV or IAV impairs GC anti-inflammatory action. Poly(I:C), a synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA, also impairs GC activity. Both viral infection and poly(I:C) increase TGF-β expression and activity. Importantly, the GC impairment was attenuated by the selective ALK5 (TGFβRI) inhibitor, SB431542 and prevented by the therapeutic agent, tranilast, which reduced TGF-β activity associated with viral infection. This study shows for the first time that viral-induced glucocorticoid-insensitivity is partially mediated by activation of endogenous TGF-β. In this study, we investigate how respiratory viral infection interferes with the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoid (GC) drugs, which are a highly effective group of anti-inflammatory agents widely used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Exacerbations of both asthma (“asthma attacks”) and COPD are often caused by viral infection, which does not respond well to GC therapy. Patients are often hospitalized placing a large burden on healthcare systems around the world, with the young, elderly, and those with a poor immune system particularly at risk. We show that viral infection of airway epithelial cells causes increased expression and activity of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), which interferes with GC drug action. Importantly, we have shown for the first time that inhibiting TGF-β activity in the airways could serve as a new strategy to prevent and/or treat viral exacerbations of chronic airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu C. Xia
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Asmaa Radwan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine R. Keenan
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shenna Y. Langenbach
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meina Li
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danica Radojicic
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L. Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosa C. Gualano
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alastair G. Stewart
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Scheller EL, Burr AA, MacDougald OA, Cawthorn WP. Inside out: Bone marrow adipose tissue as a source of circulating adiponectin. Adipocyte 2016; 5:251-69. [PMID: 27617171 PMCID: PMC5014002 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1149269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin mediates beneficial cardiometabolic effects, and hypoadiponectinemia is a biomarker for increased metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Indeed, circulating adiponectin decreases in obesity and insulin-resistance, likely because of impaired production from white adipose tissue (WAT). Conversely, lean states such as caloric restriction (CR) are characterized by hyperadiponectinemia, even without increased adiponectin production from WAT. The reasons underlying this paradox have remained elusive, but our recent research suggests that CR-associated hyperadiponectinemia derives from an unexpected source: bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT). Herein, we elaborate on this surprising discovery, including further discussion of potential mechanisms influencing adiponectin production from MAT; additional evidence both for and against our conclusions; and observations suggesting that the relationship between MAT and adiponectin might extend beyond CR. While many questions remain, the burgeoning study of MAT promises to reveal further key insights into MAT biology, both as a source of adiponectin and beyond.
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Lee BP, Lloyd-Laney HO, Locke JM, McCulloch LJ, Knight B, Yaghootkar H, Cory G, Kos K, Frayling TM, Harries LW. Functional characterisation of ADIPOQ variants using individuals recruited by genotype. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 428:49-57. [PMID: 26996131 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Four non-coding GWAS variants in or near the ADIPOQ gene (rs17300539, rs17366653, rs3821799 and rs56354395) together explain 4% of the variation in circulating adiponectin. The functional basis for this is unknown. We tested the effect of these variants on ADIPOQ transcription, splicing and stability respectively in adipose tissue samples from participants recruited by rs17366653 genotype. Transcripts carrying rs17300539 demonstrated a 17% increase in expression (p = 0.001). Variant rs17366653 was associated with disruption of ADIPOQ splicing leading to a 7 fold increase in levels of a non-functional transcript (p = 0.002). Transcripts carrying rs56354395 demonstrated a 59% decrease in expression (p = <0.0001). No effects of rs3821799 genotype on expression was observed. Association between variation in the ADIPOQ gene and serum adiponectin may arise from effects on mRNA transcription, splicing or stability. These studies illustrate the utility of recruit-by-genotype studies in relevant human tissues in functional interpretation of GWAS signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Lee
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Henry O Lloyd-Laney
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Jonathan M Locke
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Laura J McCulloch
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Bridget Knight
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Giles Cory
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Katarina Kos
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Lorna W Harries
- Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, Devon, EX2 5DW, UK.
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Mont MA, Cherian JJ, Sierra RJ, Jones LC, Lieberman JR. Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Where Do We Stand Today? A Ten-Year Update. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015; 97:1604-27. [PMID: 26446969 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.o.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
➤ Although multiple theories have been proposed, no one pathophysiologic mechanism has been identified as the etiology for the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. However, the basic mechanism involves impaired circulation to a specific area that ultimately becomes necrotic.➤ A variety of nonoperative treatment regimens have been evaluated for the treatment of precollapse disease, with varying success. Prospective, multicenter, randomized trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy of these regimens in altering the natural history of the disease.➤ Joint-preserving procedures are indicated in the treatment of precollapse disease, with several studies showing successful outcomes at mid-term and long-term follow-up.➤ Studies of total joint arthroplasty, once femoral head collapse is present, have described excellent outcomes at greater than ten years of follow-up, which is a major advance and has led to a paradigm shift in treating these patients.➤ The results of hemiresurfacing and total resurfacing arthroplasty have been suboptimal, and these procedures have restricted indications in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Mont
- Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, 2401 West Belvedere Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21215. E-mail address for M.A. Mont:
| | - Jeffrey J Cherian
- Rubin Institute for Advanced Orthopedics, Center for Joint Preservation and Replacement, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, 2401 West Belvedere Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21215. E-mail address for M.A. Mont:
| | - Rafael J Sierra
- Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street S.W., Gonda 14 South, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Lynne C Jones
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, 601 North Caroline Street, JHOC 5245, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Jay R Lieberman
- Keck Medical Center of University of Southern California, 1520 San Pablo Street, Suite 2000, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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Johnston JC, Haile A, Wang D, Ronnett G, Jones LC. Dexamethasone treatment alters function of adipocytes from a mesenchymal stromal cell line. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 451:473-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang Y, Wang R, Li S, Kong X, Wang Z, Chen W, Lin N. Genetic polymorphisms in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 predict susceptibility to steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese population. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:169. [PMID: 24135164 PMCID: PMC4016530 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Steroid usage has been considered as a leading cause of non-traumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), which is involved in hypo-fibrinolysis and blood supply interruption. Genetic polymorphisms in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) have been demonstrated to be associated with ONFH risk in several populations. However, this relationship has not been established in Chinese population. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of PAI-1 gene polymorphisms with steroid-induced ONFH in a large cohort of Chinese population. Methods A case–control study was conducted, which included 94 and 106 unrelated patients after steroid administration recruited from 14 provinces in China, respectively. Two SNPs (rs11178 and rs2227631) within PAI-1 were genotyped using Sequenom MassARRAY system. Results rs2227631 SNP was significantly associated with steroid-induced ONFH group in codominant (P = 0.04) and recessive (P = 0.02) models. However, there were no differences found in genotype frequencies of rs11178 SNP between controls and patients with steroid-induced ONFH (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Our data offer the convincing evidence for the first time that rs2227631 SNP of PAI-1 may be associated with the risk of steroid-induced ONFH, suggesting that the genetic variations of this gene may play an important role in the disease development. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:
http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1569909986109783.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Weiheng Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No, 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing 100700, China.
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Abstract
Maintenance of energy metabolism and glucose homeostasis is achieved by the regulatory effects of many hormones and their interactions. Glucocorticoids produced from adrenal cortex and adiponectin produced by adipose tissue play important roles in the production, distribution, storage, and utilization of energy substrates. Glucocorticoids are involved in the activation of a number of catabolic processes by affecting the expression of a plethora of genes, while adiponectin acts primarily as an insulin sensitizer. Both are regulated by a number of physiological and pharmacological factors. Although the effects of glucocorticoids on adiponectin expression have been extensively studied in different in vitro, animal and clinical study settings, no consensus has been reached. This report reviews the primary literature concerning the effects of glucocorticoids on adiponectin expression and identifies potential reasons for the contradictory results between different studies. In addition, methods to gain better insights pertaining to the regulation of adiponectin expression are discussed.
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Sakamoto K, Osaki M, Hozumi A, Goto H, Fukushima T, Baba H, Shindo H. Simvastatin suppresses dexamethasone-induced secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human bone marrow adipocytes. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:82. [PMID: 21524281 PMCID: PMC3114799 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a common complication of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment. Intravascular thrombosis is thought to be associated with the ischemic state of the femoral head. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an adipokine, which are physiologically active substances secreted from visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes. PAI-1 suppresses fibrinolysis by binding tissue-type plasminogen activator. Several reports have described the relationship between PAI-1 and steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head, and the preventive effects of lipid-lowering agents (statins) against steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. We previously reported that adipokines and dexamethasone induced PAI-1 secretion from bone marrow adipocytes. The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of simvastatin on PAI-1 secretion from human bone marrow adipocytes in vitro. Methods Primary bone marrow adipocytes were extracted from collagenase-treated bone marrow fluid obtained from the femoral necks of 40 patients (6 men, 34 women; age range, 52-81 years) undergoing hip joint replacement surgery. After suspended culture with or without dexamethasone or simvastatin, PAI-1 mRNA expression was assessed by real-time RT-PCR. Total PAI-1 protein secretion in culture medium was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results PAI-1 mRNA expression was up-regulated by 388% (P = 0.002) with dexamethasone, and down-regulated by 45% (P = 0.002) with simvastatin, as compared to control levels. Dexamethasone increased total PAI-1 secretion by 166% (P = 0.001) and simvastatin decreased total PAI-1 secretion by 64% (P = 0.002). No significant changes were observed in adiponectin mRNA expression and secretion by dexamethasone and simvastatin, while pre-treatment with simvastatin reversed dexamethasone induced PAI-1 secretion by 89%, as compared to control levels. Conclusion The present study confirmed the suppressive effects of simvastatin on PAI-1 expression and secretion from bone marrow adipocytes. Furthermore, pre-treatment with simvastatin reversed dexamethasone induced PAI-1 secretion. Simvastatin may thus exhibit preventive effects against steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head by suppressing PAI-1 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Sakamoto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan.
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