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Heindel JJ, Alvarez JA, Atlas E, Cave MC, Chatzi VL, Collier D, Corkey B, Fischer D, Goran MI, Howard S, Kahan S, Kayhoe M, Koliwad S, Kotz CM, La Merrill M, Lobstein T, Lumeng C, Ludwig DS, Lustig RH, Myers P, Nadal A, Trasande L, Redman LM, Rodeheffer MS, Sargis RM, Stephens JM, Ziegler TR, Blumberg B. Obesogens and Obesity: State-of-the-Science and Future Directions Summary from a Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptors Strategies Workshop. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:329-337. [PMID: 37230178 PMCID: PMC10731763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
On September 7 and 8, 2022, Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptors Strategies, an Environmental Health Sciences program, convened a scientific workshop of relevant stakeholders involved in obesity, toxicology, or obesogen research to review the state of the science regarding the role of obesogenic chemicals that might be contributing to the obesity pandemic. The workshop's objectives were to examine the evidence supporting the hypothesis that obesogens contribute to the etiology of human obesity; to discuss opportunities for improved understanding, acceptance, and dissemination of obesogens as contributors to the obesity pandemic; and to consider the need for future research and potential mitigation strategies. This report details the discussions, key areas of agreement, and future opportunities to prevent obesity. The attendees agreed that environmental obesogens are real, significant, and a contributor at some degree to weight gain at the individual level and to the global obesity and metabolic disease pandemic at a societal level; moreover, it is at least, in theory, remediable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Boseman, Montana, United States.
| | - Jessica A Alvarez
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | | | - Matthew C Cave
- Department of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Lousiville, KY, United States
| | - Vaia Lida Chatzi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - David Collier
- Department of Pediatrics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Barbara Corkey
- Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Michael I Goran
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Boseman, Montana, United States
| | - Scott Kahan
- National Center for Weight and Wellness, Johns Hopkins Blumberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Suneil Koliwad
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Michele La Merrill
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tim Lobstein
- World Obesity Federation, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carey Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Robert H Lustig
- Department of Physiology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Pete Myers
- Environmental Health Sciences, Boseman, MT, United States
| | - Angel Nadal
- Department of Physiology, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Leonardo Trasande
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States; Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Leanne M Redman
- Department of Reproductive Endocrinology & Women's Health, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robert M Sargis
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas R Ziegler
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell BiologyUniversity of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Saavedra-Peña RDM, Taylor N, Flannery C, Rodeheffer MS. Estradiol cycling drives female obesogenic adipocyte hyperplasia. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112390. [PMID: 37053070 PMCID: PMC10567995 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) distribution is sex dependent. Adipocyte hyperplasia contributes to WAT distribution in mice driven by cues in the tissue microenvironment, with females displaying hyperplasia in subcutaneous and visceral WAT, while males and ovariectomized females have visceral WAT (VWAT)-specific hyperplasia. However, the mechanism underlying sex-specific hyperplasia remains elusive. Here, transcriptome analysis in female mice shows that high-fat diet (HFD) induces estrogen signaling in adipocyte precursor cells (APCs). Analysis of APCs throughout the estrous cycle demonstrates increased proliferation only when proestrus (high estrogen) coincides with the onset of HFD feeding. We further show that estrogen receptor α (ERα) is required for this proliferation and that estradiol treatment at the onset of HFD feeding is sufficient to drive it. This estrous influence on APC proliferation leads to increased obesity driven by adipocyte hyperplasia. These data indicate that estrogen drives ERα-dependent obesogenic adipocyte hyperplasia in females, exacerbating obesity and contributing to the differential fat distribution between the sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Del M Saavedra-Peña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Natalia Taylor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Clare Flannery
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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3
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Speakman JR, de Jong JMA, Sinha S, Westerterp KR, Yamada Y, Sagayama H, Ainslie PN, Anderson LJ, Arab L, Bedu-Addo K, Blanc S, Bonomi AG, Bovet P, Brage S, Buchowski MS, Butte NF, Camps SGJA, Cooper JA, Cooper R, Das SK, Davies PSW, Dugas LR, Ekelund U, Entringer S, Forrester T, Fudge BW, Gillingham M, Ghosh S, Goris AH, Gurven M, Halsey LG, Hambly C, Haisma HH, Hoffman D, Hu S, Joosen AM, Kaplan JL, Katzmarzyk P, Kraus WE, Kushner RF, Leonard WR, Löf M, Martin CK, Matsiko E, Medin AC, Meijer EP, Neuhouser ML, Nicklas TA, Ojiambo RM, Pietiläinen KH, Plange-Rhule J, Plasqui G, Prentice RL, Racette SB, Raichlen DA, Ravussin E, Redman LM, Roberts SB, Rudolph MC, Sardinha LB, Schuit AJ, Silva AM, Stice E, Urlacher SS, Valenti G, Van Etten LM, Van Mil EA, Wood BM, Yanovski JA, Yoshida T, Zhang X, Murphy-Alford AJ, Loechl CU, Kurpad A, Luke AH, Pontzer H, Rodeheffer MS, Rood J, Schoeller DA, Wong WW. Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure. Nat Metab 2023; 5:579-588. [PMID: 37100994 PMCID: PMC10445668 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.
| | - Jasper M A de Jong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Srishti Sinha
- St Johns Medical college, Bengaluru, India
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaas R Westerterp
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Philip N Ainslie
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liam J Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lenore Arab
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kweku Bedu-Addo
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Stephane Blanc
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, CNRS Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Pascal Bovet
- University Center for Primary care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ministry of Health, Victoria, Seychelles
| | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maciej S Buchowski
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutritiion, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nancy F Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan G J A Camps
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie A Cooper
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Richard Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Sai Krupa Das
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter S W Davies
- Child Health Research Centre, Centre for Children's Health Research, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lara R Dugas
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany
- University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Terrence Forrester
- Solutions for Developing Countries, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | - Melanie Gillingham
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Annelies H Goris
- IMEC within OnePlanet Research Center, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Lewis G Halsey
- School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, UK
| | - Catherine Hambly
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Hinke H Haisma
- Population Research Centre, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel Hoffman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Program in International Nutrition, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Sumei Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Annemiek M Joosen
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer L Kaplan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | - William R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Marie Löf
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Corby K Martin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eric Matsiko
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Anine C Medin
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erwin P Meijer
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marian L Neuhouser
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theresa A Nicklas
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert M Ojiambo
- Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Jacob Plange-Rhule
- Department of Physiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ross L Prentice
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan B Racette
- Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David A Raichlen
- Biological Sciences and Anthropology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | | | - Susan B Roberts
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Department of Physiology and Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, Oklahoma University Health Sciences, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Analiza M Silva
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
- Child and Brain Development program, CIFAR, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulio Valenti
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ludo M Van Etten
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Edgar A Van Mil
- Maastricht University, Campus Venlo and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Brian M Wood
- University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tsukasa Yoshida
- National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alexia J Murphy-Alford
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cornelia U Loechl
- Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Amy H Luke
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Center of Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Jennifer Rood
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
| | - Dale A Schoeller
- Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - William W Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Sebo ZL, Rodeheffer MS. Prepubertal androgen signaling is required to establish male fat distribution. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1081-1088. [PMID: 35487210 PMCID: PMC9133643 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fat distribution is sexually dimorphic and is associated with metabolic disease risk. It is unknown if prepubertal sex-hormone signaling influences adult fat distribution. Here, we show that karyotypically male androgen-insensitive mice exhibit pronounced subcutaneous adiposity compared with wild-type males and females. This subcutaneous adipose bias emerges prior to puberty and is not due to differences in adipocyte size or rates of adipogenesis between visceral and subcutaneous fat. Instead, we find that androgen-insensitive mice lack an adequate progenitor pool for normal visceral-fat expansion during development, thus increasing the subcutaneous-to-visceral-fat ratio. Obesogenic visceral-fat expansion is likewise inhibited in these mice, yet their metabolic health is similar to wild-type animals with comparable total fat mass. Taken together, these data show that adult fat distribution can be determined prior to the onset of puberty by the relative number of progenitors that seed nascent adipose depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 375 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 375 Congress Ave, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA; Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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5
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Saavedra-Peña RDM, Taylor N, Rodeheffer MS. Insights of the role of estrogen in obesity from two models of ERα deletion. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 68:179-194. [PMID: 35244608 PMCID: PMC10173145 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones play a pivotal role in physiology and disease. Estrogen, the female sex hormone, has been long implicated in having protective roles against obesity. However, the direct impact of estrogens in white adipose tissue (WAT) function and growth is not understood. Here, we show that the deletion of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα; Esr1) from adipocytes using Adipoq-credoes not affect adipose mass in male or female mice under normal or high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. However, loss of ERα in adipocyte precursor cells (APs) via Pdgfra-cre leads to exacerbated obesity upon HFD feeding in both male and female mice, with s.c. adipose (SWAT)-specific expansion in male mice. Further characterization of these mice revealed infertility and increased plasma levels of sex hormones, including estradiol in female mice and androgens in male mice. These findings compromise the study of estrogen signaling within the adipocyte lineage using the Pdgfra-crestrain. However, AP transplant studies demonstrate that the increased AP hyperplasia in male SWAT upon Pdgfra-cre-mediated ablation of ERα is not driven by AP-intrinsic mechanisms but is rather mediated by off-target effects. These data highlight the inherent difficulties in studying models that disrupt the intricate balance of sex hormones. Thus, better approaches are needed to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sex hormones in obesity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Taylor
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University
| | - Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University
- Yale Center for Molecular and Systems Metabolism, Yale University
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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6
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low testosterone in men (hypogonadism) is associated with obesity and type II diabetes. Testosterone replacement therapy has been shown to reverse these effects. However, the mechanisms by which testosterone regulates total fat mass, fat distribution, and metabolic health are unclear. In this study, we clarify the impact of hypogonadism on these parameters, as well as parse the role of testosterone from its downstream metabolites, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol, in the regulation of depot-specific adipose tissue mass. METHODS To achieve this objective, we utilized mouse models of male hypogonadism coupled with hormone replacement therapy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), glucose tolerance tests, flow cytometry, and immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS We observed that castrated mice develop increased fat mass, reduced muscle mass, and impaired glucose metabolism compared with gonadally intact males. Interestingly, obesity is further accelerated in castrated mice fed a high-fat diet, suggesting hypogonadism increases susceptibility to obesogenesis when dietary consumption of fat is elevated. By performing hormone replacement therapy in castrated mice, we show that testosterone impedes visceral and subcutaneous fat mass expansion. Testosterone-derived estradiol selectively blocks visceral fat growth, and DHT selectively blocks the growth of subcutaneous fat. These effects are mediated by depot-specific alterations in adipocyte size. We also show that high-fat diet-induced adipogenesis is elevated in castrated mice and that this can be rescued by androgen treatment. Obesogenic adipogenesis is also elevated in mice where androgen receptor activity is inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that hypogonadism impairs glucose metabolism and increases obesogenic fat mass expansion through adipocyte hypertrophy and adipogenesis. In addition, our findings highlight distinct roles for testosterone, DHT, and estradiol in the regulation of total fat mass and fat distribution and reveal that androgen signaling blocks obesogenic adipogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Yale University, Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, USA; Department of Physiology, Yale University, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, USA; Yale Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, USA.
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7
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Raajendiran A, Ooi G, Bayliss J, O'Brien PE, Schittenhelm RB, Clark AK, Taylor RA, Rodeheffer MS, Burton PR, Watt MJ. Identification of Metabolically Distinct Adipocyte Progenitor Cells in Human Adipose Tissues. Cell Rep 2020; 27:1528-1540.e7. [PMID: 31042478 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte progenitor cells (APCs) provide the reservoir of regenerative cells to produce new adipocytes, although their identity in humans remains elusive. Using FACS analysis, gene expression profiling, and metabolic and proteomic analyses, we identified three APC subtypes in human white adipose tissues. The APC subtypes are molecularly distinct but possess similar proliferative and adipogenic capacities. Adipocytes derived from APCs with high CD34 expression exhibit exceedingly high rates of lipid flux compared with APCs with low or no CD34 expression, while adipocytes produced from CD34- APCs display beige-like adipocyte properties and a unique endocrine profile. APCs were more abundant in gluteofemoral compared with abdominal subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues, and the distribution of APC subtypes varies between depots and in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the heterogeneity of human white adipose tissue and a potential basis for dysregulated adipocyte function in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthe Raajendiran
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Geraldine Ooi
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Jackie Bayliss
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul E O'Brien
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Biomedical Proteomics Facility and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wellington Road, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ashlee K Clark
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Renea A Taylor
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology; Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine; and Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Paul R Burton
- Centre for Obesity Research and Education, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Matthew J Watt
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Metabolism, Diabetes and Obesity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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8
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Tratwal J, Labella R, Bravenboer N, Kerckhofs G, Douni E, Scheller EL, Badr S, Karampinos DC, Beck-Cormier S, Palmisano B, Poloni A, Moreno-Aliaga MJ, Fretz J, Rodeheffer MS, Boroumand P, Rosen CJ, Horowitz MC, van der Eerden BCJ, Veldhuis-Vlug AG, Naveiras O. Reporting Guidelines, Review of Methodological Standards, and Challenges Toward Harmonization in Bone Marrow Adiposity Research. Report of the Methodologies Working Group of the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:65. [PMID: 32180758 PMCID: PMC7059536 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The interest in bone marrow adiposity (BMA) has increased over the last decade due to its association with, and potential role, in a range of diseases (osteoporosis, diabetes, anorexia, cancer) as well as treatments (corticosteroid, radiation, chemotherapy, thiazolidinediones). However, to advance the field of BMA research, standardization of methods is desirable to increase comparability of study outcomes and foster collaboration. Therefore, at the 2017 annual BMA meeting, the International Bone Marrow Adiposity Society (BMAS) founded a working group to evaluate methodologies in BMA research. All BMAS members could volunteer to participate. The working group members, who are all active preclinical or clinical BMA researchers, searched the literature for articles investigating BMA and discussed the results during personal and telephone conferences. According to the consensus opinion, both based on the review of the literature and on expert opinion, we describe existing methodologies and discuss the challenges and future directions for (1) histomorphometry of bone marrow adipocytes, (2) ex vivo BMA imaging, (3) in vivo BMA imaging, (4) cell isolation, culture, differentiation and in vitro modulation of primary bone marrow adipocytes and bone marrow stromal cell precursors, (5) lineage tracing and in vivo BMA modulation, and (6) BMA biobanking. We identify as accepted standards in BMA research: manual histomorphometry and osmium tetroxide 3D contrast-enhanced μCT for ex vivo quantification, specific MRI sequences (WFI and H-MRS) for in vivo studies, and RT-qPCR with a minimal four gene panel or lipid-based assays for in vitro quantification of bone marrow adipogenesis. Emerging techniques are described which may soon come to complement or substitute these gold standards. Known confounding factors and minimal reporting standards are presented, and their use is encouraged to facilitate comparison across studies. In conclusion, specific BMA methodologies have been developed. However, important challenges remain. In particular, we advocate for the harmonization of methodologies, the precise reporting of known confounding factors, and the identification of methods to modulate BMA independently from other tissues. Wider use of existing animal models with impaired BMA production (e.g., Pfrt-/-, KitW/W-v) and development of specific BMA deletion models would be highly desirable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Tratwal
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Labella
- Tissue and Tumour Microenvironments Lab, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Biomechanics Lab, Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Department Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eleni Douni
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Erica L. Scheller
- Division of Bone and Mineral Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sammy Badr
- Univ. Lille, EA 4490 - PMOI - Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses Inflammatoires, Lille, France
- CHU Lille, Service de Radiologie et Imagerie Musculosquelettique, Lille, France
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Beck-Cormier
- Inserm, UMR 1229, RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, Université de Nantes, ONIRIS, Nantes, France
- Université de Nantes, UFR Odontologie, Nantes, France
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Hematology, Department of Clinic and Molecular Science, Università Politecnica Marche-AOU Ospedali Riuniti, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria J. Moreno-Aliaga
- Centre for Nutrition Research and Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra's Health Research Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Centre of Biomedical Research Network, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jackie Fretz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Parastoo Boroumand
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
| | - Mark C. Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bram C. J. van der Eerden
- Laboratory for Calcium and Bone Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annegreet G. Veldhuis-Vlug
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Scarborough, ME, United States
- Jan van Goyen Medical Center/OLVG Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Annegreet G. Veldhuis-Vlug
| | - Olaia Naveiras
- Laboratory of Regenerative Hematopoiesis, Institute of Bioengineering and Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Hematology Service, Departments of Oncology and Laboratory Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Olaia Naveiras ;
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9
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Sebo ZL, Rendina-Ruedy E, Ables GP, Lindskog DM, Rodeheffer MS, Fazeli PK, Horowitz MC. Bone Marrow Adiposity: Basic and Clinical Implications. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1187-1206. [PMID: 31127816 PMCID: PMC6686755 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The presence of adipocytes in mammalian bone marrow (BM) has been recognized histologically for decades, yet, until recently, these cells have received little attention from the research community. Advancements in mouse transgenics and imaging methods, particularly in the last 10 years, have permitted more detailed examinations of marrow adipocytes than ever before and yielded data that show these cells are critical regulators of the BM microenvironment and whole-body metabolism. Indeed, marrow adipocytes are anatomically and functionally separate from brown, beige, and classic white adipocytes. Thus, areas of BM space populated by adipocytes can be considered distinct fat depots and are collectively referred to as marrow adipose tissue (MAT) in this review. In the proceeding text, we focus on the developmental origin and physiologic functions of MAT. We also discuss the signals that cause the accumulation and loss of marrow adipocytes and the ability of these cells to regulate other cell lineages in the BM. Last, we consider roles for MAT in human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Gene P Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring, New York
| | - Dieter M Lindskog
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pouneh K Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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10
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Abstract
Adipose tissue is composed of anatomically distinct depots that mediate several important aspects of energy homeostasis. The past two decades have witnessed increased research effort to elucidate the ontogenetic basis of adipose form and function. In this Review, we discuss advances in our understanding of adipose tissue development with particular emphasis on the embryonic patterning of depot-specific adipocyte lineages and adipocyte differentiation in vivo Micro-environmental cues and other factors that influence cell identity and cell behavior at various junctures in the adipocyte lineage hierarchy are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA .,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8073, USA.,Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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11
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Beddow SA, Gattu AK, Vatner DF, Paolella L, Alqarzaee A, Tashkandi N, Popov VB, Church CD, Rodeheffer MS, Cline GW, Geisler JG, Bhanot S, Samuel VT. PEPCK1 Antisense Oligonucleotide Prevents Adiposity and Impairs Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis in High-Fat Male Fed Rats. Endocrinology 2019; 160:205-219. [PMID: 30445425 PMCID: PMC6307100 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The increased hepatic gluconeogenesis in type 2 diabetes mellitus has often been ascribed to increased transcription of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1, cystolic form (PEPCK1), although recent evidence has questioned this attribution. To assess the metabolic role of PEPCK1, we treated regular chow fed and high-fat fed (HFF) male Sprague-Dawley rats with a 2'-O-methoxyethyl chimeric antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against PEPCK1 and compared them with control ASO-treated rats. PEPCK1 ASO effectively decreased PEPCK1 expression in the liver and white adipose tissue. In chow fed rats, PEPCK1 ASO did not alter adiposity, plasma glucose, or insulin. In contrast, PEPCK1 ASO decreased the white adipose tissue mass in HFF rats but without altering basal rates of lipolysis, de novo lipogenesis, or glyceroneogenesis in vivo. Despite the protection from adiposity, hepatic insulin sensitivity was impaired in HFF PEPCK1 ASO-treated rats. PEPCK1 ASO worsened hepatic steatosis, although without additional impairments in hepatic insulin signaling or activation of inflammatory signals in the liver. Instead, the development of hepatic insulin resistance and the decrease in hepatic glycogen synthesis during a hyperglycemic clamp was attributed to a decrease in hepatic glucokinase (GCK) expression and decreased synthesis of glycogen via the direct pathway. The decrease in GCK expression was associated with increased expression of activating transcription factor 3, a negative regulator of GCK transcription. These studies have demonstrated that PEPCK1 is integral to coordinating cellular metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, although it does not directly effect hepatic glucose production or adipose glyceroneogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Beddow
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Arijeet K Gattu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Daniel F Vatner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Lauren Paolella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Nedda Tashkandi
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Violeta B Popov
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Christopher D Church
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gary W Cline
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | | | - Varman T Samuel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- West Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, Connecticut
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12
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Zwick RK, Rudolph MC, Shook BA, Holtrup B, Roth E, Lei V, Van Keymeulen A, Seewaldt V, Kwei S, Wysolmerski J, Rodeheffer MS, Horsley V. Adipocyte hypertrophy and lipid dynamics underlie mammary gland remodeling after lactation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3592. [PMID: 30181538 PMCID: PMC6123393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05911-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes undergo pronounced changes in size and behavior to support diverse tissue functions, but the mechanisms that control these changes are not well understood. Mammary gland-associated white adipose tissue (mgWAT) regresses in support of milk fat production during lactation and expands during the subsequent involution of milk-producing epithelial cells, providing one of the most marked physiological examples of adipose growth. We examined cellular mechanisms and functional implications of adipocyte and lipid dynamics in the mouse mammary gland (MG). Using in vivo analysis of adipocyte precursors and genetic tracing of mature adipocytes, we find mature adipocyte hypertrophy to be a primary mechanism of mgWAT expansion during involution. Lipid tracking and lipidomics demonstrate that adipocytes fill with epithelial-derived milk lipid. Furthermore, ablation of mgWAT during involution reveals an essential role for adipocytes in milk trafficking from, and proper restructuring of, the mammary epithelium. This work advances our understanding of MG remodeling and tissue-specific roles for adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Michael C Rudolph
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Mail Stop F-8305; RC1 North, 12800 E. 19th Avenue P18-5107, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Eve Roth
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Vivian Lei
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Alexandra Van Keymeulen
- WELBIO, Interdisciplinary Research Institute (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 808, route de Lennik, BatC, C6-130, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Victoria Seewaldt
- Department of Population Sciences and Bekman Institute, City of Hope, 1500 East Duarte Rd., Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Stephanie Kwei
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - John Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 219 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Ceder St., New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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13
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Abstract
The embryonic origin of distinct fat depots and the role for ontogeny in specifying the functional differences among adipocyte lineages between and within depots is unclear. Using a Cre/Lox-based strategy to track the fate of major mesodermal subcompartments in mice we present evidence that <50% of interscapular brown adipocytes are derived from progenitors of the central dermomyotome. Furthermore, we demonstrate that depot-specific adipocyte lineages spatially diverge as early as gastrulation, and that perigonadal adipocytes arise from separate mesodermal subcompartments in males and females. Last, we show adipocyte precursors (APs) of distinct lineages within the same depot exhibit indistinguishable responses to a high fat diet, indicating that ontogenetic differences between APs do not necessarily correspond to functional differences in this context. Altogether, these findings shed light on adipose tissue patterning and suggest that the behavior of adipocyte lineage cells is not strictly determined by developmental history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8002, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8103, USA .,Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8016, USA.,Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8073, USA.,Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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14
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Camell CD, Sander J, Spadaro O, Lee A, Nguyen KY, Wing A, Goldberg EL, Youm YH, Brown CW, Elsworth J, Rodeheffer MS, Schultze JL, Dixit VD. Inflammasome-driven catecholamine catabolism in macrophages blunts lipolysis during ageing. Nature 2017; 550:119-123. [PMID: 28953873 PMCID: PMC5718149 DOI: 10.1038/nature24022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Catecholamine-induced lipolysis, the first step in generation of energy substrates through hydrolysis of triglycerides (TGs) 1, declines with age 2,3. The defect in mobilization of free fatty acids (FFA) in elderly is accompanied with increased visceral adiposity, lower exercise capacity, failure to maintain core body temperature during cold stress, and reduced ability to survive starvation. While catecholamine signaling in adipocytes is normal in elderly, how lipolysis is impaired in aging remains unknown 2,4. Here we uncover that the adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) regulate age-related reduction in adipocyte lipolysis by lowering the bioavailability of norepinephrine (NE). Unexpectedly, unbiased whole transcriptome analyses of adipose macrophages revealed that aging upregulates genes controlling catecholamine degradation in an NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent manner. Deletion of NLRP3 in aging restored catecholamine-induced lipolysis through downregulation of growth differentiation factor-3 (GDF3) and monoamine oxidase-a (MAOA) that is known to degrade NE. Consistent with this, deletion of GDF3 in inflammasome-activated macrophages improved lipolysis by decreasing MAOA and caspase-1. Furthermore, inhibition of MAOA reversed age-related reduction in adipose tissue NE concentration and restored lipolysis with increased levels of key lipolytic enzymes, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone sensitive lipase (HSL). Our study reveals that targeting neuro-innate signaling between sympathetic nervous system and macrophages may offer new approaches to mitigate chronic inflammation-induced metabolic impairment and functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Camell
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Jil Sander
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Olga Spadaro
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Aileen Lee
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Kim Y Nguyen
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Allison Wing
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Emily L Goldberg
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Youm
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Chester W Brown
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
| | - John Elsworth
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany.,Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics Unit at the University of Bonn and the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.,Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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15
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Abstract
Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone involved in energy sensing. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Yue et al. (2016) show that leptin is a physiologic signal that acts directly on Leptin-Receptor-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells in adult bone marrow to influence their lineage allocation in vivo, inhibiting bone formation and inducing marrow adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University and the Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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16
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Holtrup B, Church CD, Berry R, Colman L, Jeffery E, Bober J, Rodeheffer MS. Puberty is an important developmental period for the establishment of adipose tissue mass and metabolic homeostasis. Adipocyte 2017; 6:224-233. [PMID: 28792785 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1349042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 2 decades, the incidence of childhood obesity has risen dramatically. This recent rise in childhood obesity is particularly concerning as adults who were obese during childhood develop type II diabetes that is intractable to current forms of treatment compared with individuals who develop obesity in adulthood. While the mechanisms responsible for the exacerbated diabetic phenotype associated with childhood obesity is not clear, it is well known that childhood is an important time period for the establishment of normal white adipose tissue in humans. This association suggests that exposure to obesogenic stimuli during adipose development may have detrimental effects on adipose function and metabolic homeostasis. In this study, we identify the period of development associated with puberty, postnatal days 18-34, as critical for the establishment of normal adipose mass in mice. Exposure of mice to high fat diet only during this time period results in metabolic dysfunction, increased leptin expression, and increased adipocyte size in adulthood in the absence of sustained increased fat mass or body weight. These findings indicate that exposure to obesogenic stimuli during critical developmental periods have prolonged effects on adipose tissue function that may contribute to the exacerbated metabolic dysfunctions associated with childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christopher D. Church
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Laura Colman
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeremy Bober
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Horowitz MC, Berry R, Holtrup B, Sebo Z, Nelson T, Fretz JA, Lindskog D, Kaplan JL, Ables G, Rodeheffer MS, Rosen CJ. Bone marrow adipocytes. Adipocyte 2017; 6:193-204. [PMID: 28872979 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2017.1367881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytes were identified in human bone marrow more than a century ago, yet until recently little has been known about their origin, development, function or interactions with other cells in the bone marrow. Little functional significance has been attributed to these cells, a paradigm that still persists today. However, we now know that marrow adipose tissue increases with age and in response to a variety of physiologic induction signals. Bone marrow adipocytes have recently been shown to influence other cell populations within the marrow and can affect whole body metabolism by the secretion of a defined set of adipokines. Recent research shows that marrow adipocytes are distinct from white, brown and beige adipocytes, indicating that the bone marrow is a distinct adipose depot. This review will highlight recent data regarding these areas and the interactions of marrow adipose tissue (MAT) with cells within and outside of the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C. Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zachary Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tracy Nelson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jackie A. Fretz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dieter Lindskog
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Kaplan
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gene Ables
- Orentreich Foundation for the Advancement of Science, Cold Spring, NY, USA
| | - Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Comparative Medicine and Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Clifford J. Rosen
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA
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18
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Camell C, Sander J, Spadaro O, Lee A, Nguyen KY, Wing A, Goldberg EL, Youm YH, Rodeheffer MS, Schultze JL, Dixit VD. NLRP3 Inflammasome controls adipose tissue macrophage activation during aging. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.154.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Aging is associated with chronic inflammation and increased risk for degenerative disorders and diseases. In the elderly there is a development of insulin resistance, increased visceral adiposity and dysfunctional adipose tissue (AT) homeostasis; however the mechanisms of age-induced immune defects in AT is unclear. AT contains numerous immune populations, which play well-known roles in regulating both inflammatory responses and metabolic homeostasis. Our prior studies have identified that the canonical inflammasome, NLRP3, is required for diet-induced AT inflammation and age-related inflammation in multiple organs. We hypothesized that NLRP3 is required for age-induced changes in AT immune cells and that deficiency in Nlrp3 will improve AT function during aging. Here we show that unlike obesity, aging is associated with reduction in specific AT macrophages subsets. Whole transcriptome sequencing of AT macrophages from aged mice revealed increased caspase-1 activation and distinct signatures that were regulated in part by Nlrp3. Linear support vector regression and bioinformatics analyses revealed that AT macrophages do not display classical M1–M2 like transcriptome and display AT-specific signatures that are distinct from other tissue macrophages in gut, brain, liver and spleen. We identified that as compared to 24-month old WT, the aged Nlrp3−/− animals were protected from alterations in AT macrophage activation. Furthermore, Nlrp3-mediated reduction in AT inflammation and macrophage activation led to protection from age-related defects in AT function. Overall our findings suggest that NLRP3-dependent immune-metabolic interactions within AT contribute to age-related inflammation and metabolic dysfunction.
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Abstract
Excess ECM and fibrosis of white adipose tissue (WAT) is associated with tissue dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. In this issue of Cell Metabolism, Marcelin et al. (2017) elucidate a key mechanism behind WAT fibrosis in which the activation of PDGFRα on adipocyte precursors drives this population toward a fibrotic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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20
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Rivera-Gonzalez GC, Shook BA, Andrae J, Holtrup B, Bollag K, Betsholtz C, Rodeheffer MS, Horsley V. Skin Adipocyte Stem Cell Self-Renewal Is Regulated by a PDGFA/AKT-Signaling Axis. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:738-751. [PMID: 27746098 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue growth and maintenance requires stem cell populations that self-renew, proliferate, and differentiate. Maintenance of white adipose tissue (WAT) requires the proliferation and differentiation of adipocyte stem cells (ASCs) to form postmitotic, lipid-filled mature adipocytes. Here we use the dynamic adipogenic program that occurs during hair growth to uncover an unrecognized regulator of ASC self-renewal and proliferation, PDGFA, which activates AKT signaling to drive and maintain the adipogenic program in the skin. Pdgfa expression is reduced in aged ASCs and is required for ASC proliferation and maintenance in the dermis, but not in other WATs. Our molecular and genetic studies uncover PI3K/AKT2 as a direct PDGFA target that is activated in ASCs during WAT hyperplasia and is functionally required for dermal ASC proliferation. Our data therefore reveal active mechanisms that regulate ASC self-renewal in the skin and show that distinct regulatory mechanisms operate in different WAT depots.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brett A Shook
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Katherine Bollag
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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21
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Jeffery E, Wing A, Holtrup B, Sebo Z, Kaplan JL, Saavedra-Peña R, Church CD, Colman L, Berry R, Rodeheffer MS. The Adipose Tissue Microenvironment Regulates Depot-Specific Adipogenesis in Obesity. Cell Metab 2016; 24:142-50. [PMID: 27320063 PMCID: PMC4945385 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The sexually dimorphic distribution of adipose tissue influences the development of obesity-associated pathologies. The accumulation of visceral white adipose tissue (VWAT) that occurs in males is detrimental to metabolic health, while accumulation of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SWAT) seen in females may be protective. Here, we show that adipocyte hyperplasia contributes directly to the differential fat distribution between the sexes. In male mice, high-fat diet (HFD) induces adipogenesis specifically in VWAT, while in females HFD induces adipogenesis in both VWAT and SWAT in a sex hormone-dependent manner. We also show that the activation of adipocyte precursors (APs), which drives adipocyte hyperplasia in obesity, is regulated by the adipose depot microenvironment and not by cell-intrinsic mechanisms. These findings indicate that APs are plastic cells, which respond to both local and systemic signals that influence their differentiation potential independent of depot origin. Therefore, depot-specific AP niches coordinate adipose tissue growth and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Allison Wing
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Brandon Holtrup
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zachary Sebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kaplan
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Rocio Saavedra-Peña
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher D Church
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Laura Colman
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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22
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Berry R, Rodeheffer MS, Rosen CJ, Horowitz MC. Adipose Tissue Residing Progenitors (Adipocyte Lineage Progenitors and Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:101-109. [PMID: 26526875 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-015-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of brown, white and beige adipocytes have been a subject of intense scientific interest in recent years due to the growing obesity epidemic in the United States and around the world. This interest has led to the identification and characterization of specific tissue resident progenitor cells that give rise to each adipocyte population in vivo. However, much still remains to be discovered about each progenitor population in terms of their "niche" within each tissue and how they are regulated at the cellular and molecular level during healthy and diseased states. While our knowledge of brown, white and beige adipose tissue is rapidly increasing, little is still known about marrow adipose tissue and its progenitor despite recent studies demonstrating possible roles for marrow adipose tissue in regulating the hematopoietic space and systemic metabolism at large. This chapter focuses on our current knowledge of brown, white, beige and marrow adipose tissue with a specific focus on the formation of each tissue from tissue resident progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Berry
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabiliation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University and the Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 375 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- The Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabiliation, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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23
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Church C, Brown M, Rodeheffer MS. Conditional immortalization of primary adipocyte precursor cells. Adipocyte 2015; 4:203-11. [PMID: 26257993 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2014.995510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of new adipocytes requires the differentiation of adipocyte precursor (AP) cells residing within the adipose tissue stromal-vascular compartment. The objective was to obtain an immortalized primary adipogenic cell line derived from FACS isolated committed APs using the conditional expression of SV40 T antigen. Adipocyte precursors were isolated from white adipose tissue (WAT) using FACS to remove non-adipogenic cell populations from mice expressing a conditionally regulated SV40 T antigen. APs were maintained by continuous culture and induced to undergo adipogenic differentiation. Adipogenesis, determined by Oil Red O staining, was assessed with each passage and compared to wildtype controls. Adipogenic capability was rapidly lost with increased passage number in committed APs with concurrent reduction in cell proliferation and expression of essential late adipogenic genes, including Pparγ and C/ebpα. Thus, FACS purified committed APs have limited capability to undergo expansion and subsequent adipogenic differentiation in vitro even if they are immortalized with the SV40 T antigen.
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24
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Jeffery E, Berry R, Church CD, Yu S, Shook BA, Horsley V, Rosen ED, Rodeheffer MS. Characterization of Cre recombinase models for the study of adipose tissue. Adipocyte 2014; 3:206-11. [PMID: 25068087 PMCID: PMC4110097 DOI: 10.4161/adip.29674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of adipose tissue in vivo has been significantly advanced through the use of genetic mouse models. While the aP2-Cre(BI) and aP2-Cre(Salk) lines have been widely used to target adipose tissue, the specificity of these lines for adipocytes has recently been questioned. Here we characterize Cre recombinase activity in multiple cell populations of the major adipose tissue depots of these and other Cre lines using the membrane-Tomato/membrane-GFP (mT/mG) dual fluorescent reporter. We find that the aP2-Cre(BI) and aP2-Cre(Salk) lines lack specificity for adipocytes within adipose tissue, and that the aP2-Cre(BI) line does not efficiently target adipocytes in white adipose depots. Alternatively, the Adiponectin-CreERT line shows high efficiency and specificity for adipocytes, while the PdgfRα-CreERUCL and PdgfRα-CreERJHU lines do not efficiently target adipocyte precursor cells in the major adipose depots. Instead, we show that the PdgfRα-Cre line is preferable for studies targeting adipocyte precursor cells in vivo.
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25
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Abstract
Obesity, defined as an excessive increase in white adipose tissue (WAT), is a global health epidemic. In obesity, WAT expands by increased adipocyte size (hypertrophy) and number (hyperplasia). The location and cellular mechanisms of WAT expansion greatly affect the pathogenesis of obesity. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating adipocyte size, number, and depot-dependent expansion in vivo remain largely unknown. This perspective summarizes previous work addressing adipocyte number in development and obesity and discusses recent advances in the methodologies, genetic tools, and characterization of in vivo adipocyte precursor cells allowing for directed study of hyperplastic WAT growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elise Jeffery
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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26
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Scheller EL, Troiano N, Vanhoutan JN, Bouxsein MA, Fretz JA, Xi Y, Nelson T, Katz G, Berry R, Church CD, Doucette CR, Rodeheffer MS, Macdougald OA, Rosen CJ, Horowitz MC. Use of osmium tetroxide staining with microcomputerized tomography to visualize and quantify bone marrow adipose tissue in vivo. Methods Enzymol 2014; 537:123-39. [PMID: 24480344 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411619-1.00007-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adipocytes reside in discrete, well-defined depots throughout the body. In addition to mature adipocytes, white adipose tissue depots are composed of many cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and stromal cells, which together are referred to as the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). The SVF also contains adipocyte progenitors that give rise to mature adipocytes in those depots. Marrow adipose tissue (MAT) or marrow fat has long been known to be present in bone marrow (BM) but its origin, development, and function remain largely unknown. Clinically, increased MAT is associated with age, metabolic diseases, drug treatment, and marrow recovery in children receiving radiation and chemotherapy. In contrast to the other depots, MAT is unevenly distributed in the BM of long bones. Conventional quantitation relies on sectioning of the bone to overcome issues with distribution but is time-consuming, resource intensive, inconsistent between laboratories and may be unreliable as it may miss changes in MAT volume. Thus, the inability to quantitate MAT in a rapid, systematic, and reproducible manner has hampered a full understanding of its development and function. In this chapter, we describe a new technique that couples histochemical staining of lipid using osmium tetroxide with microcomputerized tomography to visualize and quantitate MAT within the medullary canal in three dimensions. Imaging of osmium staining provides a high-resolution map of existing and developing MAT in the BM. Because this method is simple, reproducible, and quantitative, we expect it will become a useful tool for the precise characterization of MAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Scheller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nancy Troiano
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joshua N Vanhoutan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mary A Bouxsein
- Center for Advanced Orthopedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jackie A Fretz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yougen Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tracy Nelson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Griffin Katz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher D Church
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Casey R Doucette
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ormond A Macdougald
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Mark C Horowitz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Abstract
White adipose tissue (WAT) is a heterogeneous tissue composed of lipid-filled adipocytes and several nonadipocyte cell populations, including endothelial, blood, uncharacterized stromal, and adipocyte precursor cells. Although lipid-filled adipocytes account for the majority of WAT volume and mass, nonadipocyte cell populations have critical roles in WAT maintenance, growth, and function. As mature adipocytes are terminally differentiated postmitotic cells, differentiation of adipocyte precursors is required for hyperplastic WAT growth during development and in obesity. In this chapter, we present methods to separate adipocyte precursor cells from other nonadipocyte cell populations within WAT for analysis by flow cytometry or purification by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Additionally, we provide methods to study the adipogenic capacity of purified adipocyte precursor cells ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Church
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ryan Berry
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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28
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Gattu AK, Swenson ES, Iwakiri Y, Samuel VT, Troiano N, Berry R, Church CD, Rodeheffer MS, Carpenter TO, Chung C. Determination of mesenchymal stem cell fate by pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) results in increased adiposity and reduced bone mineral content. FASEB J 2013; 27:4384-94. [PMID: 23887690 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-232900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), the protein product of the SERPINF1 gene, has been linked to distinct diseases involving adipose or bone tissue, the metabolic syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) type VI. Since mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into adipocytes vs. osteoblasts can be regulated by specific factors, PEDF-directed dependency of murine and human MSCs was assessed. PEDF inhibited adipogenesis and promoted osteoblast differentiation of murine MSCs, osteoblast precursors, and human MSCs. Blockade of adipogenesis by PEDF suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), adiponectin, and other adipocyte markers by nearly 90% compared with control-treated cells (P<0.001). Differentiation to osteoblasts by PEDF resulted in a common pathway that involved PPARγ suppression (P<0.01). Canonical Wnt-β-catenin signaling results in a MSC differentiation pattern analogous to that seen with PEDF. Thus, adding PEDF enhanced Wnt-β-catenin signal transduction in human MSCs, demonstrating a novel Wnt agonist function. In PEDF knockout (KO) mice, total body adiposity was increased by >50% compared with controls, illustrating its systemic role as a negative regulator of adipogenesis. Bones from KO mice demonstrated a reduction in mineral content recapitulating the OI type VI phenotype. These results demonstrate that the human diseases associated with PEDF reflect its ability to modulate MSC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijeet K Gattu
- 1Section of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 1080 LMP, New Haven, CT, USA.
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29
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Abstract
CONTEXT There is growing interest in the relationship between bone mineral density, bone strength, and fat depots. Marrow adipose tissue, a well-established component of the marrow environment, is metabolically distinct from peripheral fat depots, but its functional significance is unknown. OBJECTIVE In this review, we discuss animal and human data linking the marrow adipose tissue depot to parameters of bone density and integrity as well as the potential significance of marrow adipose tissue in metabolic diseases associated with bone loss, including type 1 diabetes mellitus and anorexia nervosa. Potential hormonal determinants of marrow adipose tissue are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that whereas most animal and human data demonstrate an inverse association between marrow adipose tissue and measures of bone density and strength, understanding the functional significance of marrow adipose tissue and its hormonal determinants will be critical to better understanding its role in skeletal integrity and the role of marrow adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouneh K Fazeli
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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30
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Abstract
Mature adipocytes are generated through the proliferation and differentiation of precursor cells. Our prior studies identified adipocyte progenitors in white adipose tissue (WAT) as Lin−:CD29+:CD34+:Sca-1+:CD24+ (CD24+) cells that are capable of generating functional WAT1. Here, we employ several Cre recombinase mouse models to identify the adipocyte cellular lineage in vivo. While it has been proposed that white adipocytes are derived from endothelial2 and hematopoietic3, 4 lineages, we find that neither of these lineages label white adipocytes. However, platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PdgfRα)-Cre trace labels all white adipocytes. Analysis of WAT from PdgfRα-Cre reporter mice identifies CD24+ and Lin−:CD29+:CD34+:Sca-1+:CD24− (CD24−) cells as adipocyte precursors. We show that CD24+ cells generate the CD24− population in vivo and the CD24− cells express late markers of adipogenesis. From these data we propose a model where the CD24+ adipocyte progenitors become further committed to the adipocyte lineage as CD24 expression is lost, generating CD24− preadipocytes. This characterization of the adipocyte cellular lineage will facilitate study of the mechanisms that regulate WAT formation in vivo and WAT mass expansion in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Berry
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Yale University, 375 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Birsoy K, Berry R, Wang T, Ceyhan O, Tavazoie S, Friedman JM, Rodeheffer MS. Analysis of gene networks in white adipose tissue development reveals a role for ETS2 in adipogenesis. Development 2011; 138:4709-19. [PMID: 21989915 DOI: 10.1242/dev.067710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by an expansion of white adipose tissue mass that results from an increase in the size and the number of adipocytes. However, the mechanisms responsible for the formation of adipocytes during development and the molecular mechanisms regulating their increase and maintenance in adulthood are poorly understood. Here, we report the use of leptin-luciferase BAC transgenic mice to track white adipose tissue (WAT) development and guide the isolation and molecular characterization of adipocytes during development using DNA microarrays. These data reveal distinct transcriptional programs that are regulated during murine WAT development in vivo. By using a de novo cis-regulatory motif discovery tool (FIRE), we identify two early gene clusters whose promoters show significant enrichment for NRF2/ETS transcription factor binding sites. We further demonstrate that Ets transcription factors, but not Nrf2, are regulated during early adipogenesis and that Ets2 is essential for the normal progression of the adipocyte differentiation program in vitro. These data identify ETS2 as a functionally important transcription factor in adipogenesis and its possible role in regulating adipose tissue mass in adults can now be tested. Our approach also provides the basis for elucidating the function of other gene networks during WAT development in vivo. Finally these data confirm that although gene expression during adipogenesis in vitro recapitulates many of the patterns of gene expression in vivo, there are additional developmental transitions in pre and post-natal adipose tissue that are not evident in cell culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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32
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Birsoy K, Berry R, Wang T, Ceyhan O, Tavazoie S, Friedman JM, Rodeheffer MS. Analysis of gene networks in white adipose tissue development reveals a role for ETS2 in adipogenesis. J Cell Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rodeheffer MS. Erratum: Tipping the scale: muscle versus fat. Nat Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb0310-306b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rodeheffer MS, Birsoy K, Friedman JM. Identification of white adipocyte progenitor cells in vivo. Cell 2008; 135:240-9. [PMID: 18835024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 707] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The increased white adipose tissue (WAT) mass associated with obesity is the result of both hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes. However, the mechanisms controlling adipocyte number are unknown in part because the identity of the physiological adipocyte progenitor cells has not been defined in vivo. In this report, we employ a variety of approaches, including a noninvasive assay for following fat mass reconstitution in vivo, to identify a subpopulation of early adipocyte progenitor cells (Lin(-):CD29(+):CD34(+):Sca-1(+):CD24(+)) resident in adult WAT. When injected into the residual fat pads of A-Zip lipodystrophic mice, these cells reconstitute a normal WAT depot and rescue the diabetic phenotype that develops in these animals. This report provides the identification of an undifferentiated adipocyte precursor subpopulation resident within the adipose tissue stroma that is capable of proliferating and differentiating into an adipose depot in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Rodeheffer
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Zeigerer A, Rodeheffer MS, McGraw TE, Friedman JM. Insulin regulates leptin secretion from 3T3-L1 adipocytes by a PI 3 kinase independent mechanism. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2249-56. [PMID: 18501893 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2008] [Revised: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To better define the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin release from adipocytes, we developed a novel protocol that maximizes leptin production from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The addition of a PPARgamma agonist to the Isobutylmethylxanthine/Dexamethasone/Insulin differentiation cocktail increased leptin mRNA levels by 5-fold, maintained insulin sensitivity, and yielded mature phenotype in cultured adipocytes. Under these conditions, acute insulin stimulation for 2 h induced a two-fold increase in leptin secretion, which was independent of new protein synthesis, and was not due to alterations in glucose metabolism. Stimulation with insulin for 15 min induced the same level of leptin release and was blocked by Brefeldin A. Inhibiting PI 3-kinase with wortmannin had no effect on insulin stimulation of leptin secretion. These studies show that insulin can stimulate leptin release via a PI3K independent mechanism and provide a cellular system for studying the effect of insulin and potentially other mediators on leptin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Zeigerer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Bonawitz ND, Rodeheffer MS, Shadel GS. Defective mitochondrial gene expression results in reactive oxygen species-mediated inhibition of respiration and reduction of yeast life span. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:4818-29. [PMID: 16782871 PMCID: PMC1489155 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.02360-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction causes numerous human diseases and is widely believed to be involved in aging. However, mechanisms through which compromised mitochondrial gene expression elicits the reported variety of cellular defects remain unclear. The amino-terminal domain (ATD) of yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase is required to couple transcription to translation during expression of mitochondrial DNA-encoded oxidative phosphorylation subunits. Here we report that several ATD mutants exhibit reduced chronological life span. The most severe of these (harboring the rpo41-R129D mutation) displays imbalanced mitochondrial translation, conditional inactivation of respiration, elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased oxidative stress. Reduction of ROS, via overexpression of superoxide dismutase (SOD1 or SOD2 product), not only greatly extends the life span of this mutant but also increases its ability to respire. Another ATD mutant with similarly reduced respiration (rpo41-D152A/D154A) accumulates only intermediate levels of ROS and has a less severe life span defect that is not rescued by SOD. Altogether, our results provide compelling evidence for the "vicious cycle" of mitochondrial ROS production and lead us to propose that the amount of ROS generated depends on the precise nature of the mitochondrial gene expression defect and initiates a downward spiral of oxidative stress only if a critical threshold is crossed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Bonawitz
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., P.O. Box 208023, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
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Taylor SD, Zhang H, Eaton JS, Rodeheffer MS, Lebedeva MA, O'rourke TW, Siede W, Shadel GS. The conserved Mec1/Rad53 nuclear checkpoint pathway regulates mitochondrial DNA copy number in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 16:3010-8. [PMID: 15829566 PMCID: PMC1142443 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-01-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
How mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number is determined and modulated according to cellular demands is largely unknown. Our previous investigations of the related DNA helicases Pif1p and Rrm3p uncovered a role for these factors and the conserved Mec1/Rad53 nuclear checkpoint pathway in mtDNA mutagenesis and stability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here, we demonstrate another novel function of this pathway in the regulation of mtDNA copy number. Deletion of RRM3 or SML1, or overexpression of RNR1, which recapitulates Mec1/Rad53 pathway activation, resulted in an approximately twofold increase in mtDNA content relative to the corresponding wild-type yeast strains. In addition, deletion of RRM3 or SML1 fully rescued the approximately 50% depletion of mtDNA observed in a pif1 null strain. Furthermore, deletion of SML1 was shown to be epistatic to both a rad53 and an rrm3 null mutation, placing these three genes in the same genetic pathway of mtDNA copy number regulation. Finally, increased mtDNA copy number via the Mec1/Rad53 pathway could occur independently of Abf2p, an mtDNA-binding protein that, like its metazoan homologues, is implicated in mtDNA copy number control. Together, these results indicate that signaling through the Mec1/Rad53 pathway increases mtDNA copy number by altering deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools through the activity of ribonucleotide reductase. This comprises the first linkage of a conserved signaling pathway to the regulation of mitochondrial genome copy number and suggests that homologous pathways in humans may likewise regulate mtDNA content under physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Taylor
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
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Rodeheffer MS, Shadel GS. Multiple interactions involving the amino-terminal domain of yeast mtRNA polymerase determine the efficiency of mitochondrial protein synthesis. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:18695-701. [PMID: 12637560 PMCID: PMC2606056 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m301399200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The amino-terminal domain (ATD) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial RNA polymerase has been shown to provide a functional link between transcription and post-transcriptional events during mitochondrial gene expression. This connection is mediated in large part by its interactions with the matrix protein Nam1p and, based on genetic phenotypes, the mitochondrial membrane protein Sls1p. These observations led us to propose previously that mtRNA polymerase, Nam1p, and Sls1p work together to coordinate transcription and translation of mtDNA-encoded gene products. Here we demonstrate by specific labeling of mitochondrial gene products in vivo that Nam1p and Sls1p indeed work together in a pathway that is required globally for efficient mitochondrial translation. Likewise, mutations in the ATD result in similar global reductions in mitochondrial translation efficiency and sensitivity to the mitochondrial translation inhibitor erythromycin. These data, coupled with the observation that the ATD is required to co-purify Sls1p in association with mtDNA nucleoids, suggest that efficient expression of mtDNA-encoded genes in yeast involves a complex series of interactions that localize active transcription complexes to the inner membrane in order to coordinate translation with transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Rodeheffer
- Department of Biochemistry and the Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology, Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322-3050
| | - Gerald S. Shadel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 404-727-3798; Fax: 404-727-3954; E-mail:
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Bryan AC, Rodeheffer MS, Wearn CM, Shadel GS. Sls1p is a membrane-bound regulator of transcription-coupled processes involved in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial gene expression. Genetics 2002; 160:75-82. [PMID: 11805046 PMCID: PMC1461927 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/160.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial translation is largely membrane-associated in S. cerevisiae. Recently, we discovered that the matrix protein Nam1p binds the amino-terminal domain of yeast mtRNA polymerase to couple translation and/or RNA-processing events to transcription. To gain additional insight into these transcription-coupled processes, we performed a genetic screen for genes that suppress the petite phenotype of a point mutation in mtRNA polymerase (rpo41-R129D) when overexpressed. One suppressor identified in this screen was SLS1, which encodes a mitochondrial membrane protein required for assembly of respiratory-chain enzyme complexes III and IV. The mtRNA-processing defects associated with the rpo41-R129D mutation were corrected in the suppressed strain, linking Sls1p to a pathway that includes mtRNA polymerase and Nam1p. This was supported by the observation that SLS1 overexpression rescued the petite phenotype of a NAM1 null mutation. In contrast, overexpression of Nam1p did not rescue the petite phenotype of a SLS1 null mutation, indicating that Nam1p and Sls1p are not functionally redundant but rather exist in an ordered pathway. On the basis of these data, a model in which Nam1p coordinates the delivery of newly synthesized transcripts to the membrane, where Sls1p directs or regulates their subsequent handling by membrane-bound factors involved in translation, is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Bryan
- Department of Biochemistry, Rollins Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Rodeheffer MS, Boone BE, Bryan AC, Shadel GS. Nam1p, a protein involved in RNA processing and translation, is coupled to transcription through an interaction with yeast mitochondrial RNA polymerase. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:8616-22. [PMID: 11118450 PMCID: PMC2606050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009901200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alignment of three fungal mtRNA polymerases revealed conserved amino acid sequences in an amino-terminal region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae enzyme implicated previously as harboring an important functional domain. Phenotypic analysis of deletion and point mutations, in conjunction with a yeast two-hybrid assay, revealed that Nam1p, a protein involved in RNA processing and translation in mitochondria, binds specifically to this domain. The significance of this interaction in vivo was demonstrated by the fact that the temperature-sensitive phenotype of a deletion mutation (rpo41Delta2), which impinges on this amino-terminal domain, is suppressed by overproducing Nam1p. In addition, mutations in the amino-terminal domain result specifically in decreased steady-state levels of mature mitochondrial CYTB and COXI transcripts, which is a primary defect observed in NAM1 null mutant yeast strains. Finally, one point mutation (R129D) did not abolish Nam1p binding, yet displayed an obvious COX1/CYTB transcript defect. This mutation exhibited the most severe mitochondrial phenotype, suggesting that mutations in the amino-terminal domain can perturb other critical interactions, in addition to Nam1p binding, that contribute to the observed phenotypes. These results implicate the amino-terminal domain of mtRNA polymerases in coupling additional factors and activities involved in mitochondrial gene expression directly to the transcription machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerald S. Shadel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322. Tel.: 404-727-3798; Fax: 404-727-3954; E-mail:
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