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Huang L, Chen L, Chen H, Wang M, Jin L, Zhou S, Gao L, Li R, Li Q, Wang H, Zhang C, Wang J. Biomimetic Scaffolds for Tendon Tissue Regeneration. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:246. [PMID: 37366841 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon tissue connects muscle to bone and plays crucial roles in stress transfer. Tendon injury remains a significant clinical challenge due to its complicated biological structure and poor self-healing capacity. The treatments for tendon injury have advanced significantly with the development of technology, including the use of sophisticated biomaterials, bioactive growth factors, and numerous stem cells. Among these, biomaterials that the mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) of tendon tissue would provide a resembling microenvironment to improve efficacy in tendon repair and regeneration. In this review, we will begin with a description of the constituents and structural features of tendon tissue, followed by a focus on the available biomimetic scaffolds of natural or synthetic origin for tendon tissue engineering. Finally, we will discuss novel strategies and present challenges in tendon regeneration and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lvxing Huang
- School of Savaid Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Le Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Hengyi Chen
- School of Savaid Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Manju Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Letian Jin
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Shenghai Zhou
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Lexin Gao
- School of Savaid Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Ruwei Li
- School of Savaid Stomatology, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Quan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Hanchang Wang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Junjuan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310000, China
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2
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McCloskey MC, Zhang VZ, Ahmad SD, Walker S, Romanick SS, Awad HA, McGrath JL. Sourcing cells for in vitro models of human vascular barriers of inflammation. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:979768. [PMID: 36483299 PMCID: PMC9724237 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.979768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular system plays a critical role in the progression and resolution of inflammation. The contributions of the vascular endothelium to these processes, however, vary with tissue and disease state. Recently, tissue chip models have emerged as promising tools to understand human disease and for the development of personalized medicine approaches. Inclusion of a vascular component within these platforms is critical for properly evaluating most diseases, but many models to date use "generic" endothelial cells, which can preclude the identification of biomedically meaningful pathways and mechanisms. As the knowledge of vascular heterogeneity and immune cell trafficking throughout the body advances, tissue chip models should also advance to incorporate tissue-specific cells where possible. Here, we discuss the known heterogeneity of leukocyte trafficking in vascular beds of some commonly modeled tissues. We comment on the availability of different tissue-specific cell sources for endothelial cells and pericytes, with a focus on stem cell sources for the full realization of personalized medicine. We discuss sources available for the immune cells needed to model inflammatory processes and the findings of tissue chip models that have used the cells to studying transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. McCloskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Victor Z. Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - S. Danial Ahmad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Samuel Walker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Samantha S. Romanick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Hani A. Awad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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Earp JE, Gesick H, Angelino D, Adami A. Effects of isometric loading intensity on patellar tendon microvascular response. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1182-1191. [PMID: 35485297 PMCID: PMC9283377 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute increases in tendon blood flow and oxygenation after stress (i.e., hyperemic response) can enhance tendon recovery. While loading intensity is a fundamental part of resistance training programs, its effects on tendon's hyperemic response are unknown. This study aimed to compare acute changes in total (total hemoglobin [THb]) and oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2 ) concentrations in the patellar tendon after isometric exercise at different intensities. Thirteen participants performed 8 (5 s) isometric knee extensions at 25%, 50%, and 75% maximal load (maximal voluntarily isometric contraction [MVIC]), separated by 20 min recovery, prescribed in randomized and counterbalanced order. Changes in patellar tendon THb, HbO2 and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) in response to exercise at each intensity were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy. Post-exercise, HbO2 increased with 50% ( η p 2 $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ = 0.305, f = 5.26, p < 0.01) and 75% ( η p 2 $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ = 0.245, f = 4.56, p < 0.01) but not 25% ( η p 2 $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ = 0.088, f = 1.16, p = 0.339) MVIC, while THb increased in 50% ( η p 2 $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ = 0.305, f = 5.26, p = 0.01) but not 25% ( η p 2 $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ = 0.067, f = 0.865, p = 0.51) or 75% ( η p 2 $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ = 0.126, f = 1.729, p = 0.14) MVIC. Additionally, increasing load from 25% to 50% MVIC resulted in greater THb (f = 2.459, p = 0.43), HbO2 (f = 3.389, p = 0.13) and HHb (f = 0.320, p = 0.01) post-exercise responses, but no differences were observed between 50% and 75% MVIC (THb: f = 0.748, p = 0.59; HbO2 : f = 0.825, p = 0.54; HHb: f = 0.713, p = 0.62). Our results suggest there is a loading threshold at ~50% MVIC at which the tendon hyperemic response is fully achieved. Training above this intensity is not expected to provide any additional change to the tendon microvascular response. Therefore, moderate loading seems to be sufficient to fully elicit the patellar tendon hyperemic response that's believed to stimulate tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob E Earp
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Haley Gesick
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Domenic Angelino
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alessandra Adami
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Tempfer H, Spitzer G, Lehner C, Wagner A, Gehwolf R, Fierlbeck J, Weissenbacher N, Jessen M, Heindl LM, Traweger A. VEGF-D-mediated signaling in tendon cells is involved in degenerative processes. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22126. [PMID: 35044682 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100773rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is crucial for a large variety of cellular processes, not only related to angiogenesis but also in nonvascular cell types. We have previously shown that controlling angiogenesis by reducing VEGF-A signaling positively affects tendon healing. We now hypothesize that VEGF signaling in non-endothelial cells may contribute to tendon pathologies. By immunohistochemistry we show that VEGFR1, VEGFR2, and VEGFR3 are expressed in murine and human tendon cells in vivo. In a rat Achilles tendon defect model we show that VEGFR1, VEGFR3, and VEGF-D expression are increased after injury. On cultured rat tendon cells we show that VEGF-D stimulates cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner; the specific VEGFR3 inhibitor SAR131675 reduces cell proliferation and cell migration. Furthermore, activation of VEGFR2 and -3 in tendon-derived cells affects the expression of mRNAs encoding extracellular matrix and matrix remodeling proteins. Using explant model systems, we provide evidence, that VEGFR3 inhibition prevents biomechanical deterioration in rat tail tendon fascicles cultured without load and attenuates matrix damage if exposed to dynamic overload in a bioreactor system. Together, these results suggest a strong role of tendon cell VEGF signaling in mediation of degenerative processes. These findings give novel insight into tendon cell biology and may pave the way for novel treatment options for degenerative tendon diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Spitzer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nadja Weissenbacher
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Malik Jessen
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University-Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Lehner C, Spitzer G, Langthaler P, Jakubecova D, Klein B, Weissenbacher N, Wagner A, Gehwolf R, Trinka E, Iglseder B, Paulweber B, Aigner L, Couillard-Després S, Weiss R, Tempfer H, Traweger A. Allergy-induced systemic inflammation impairs tendon quality. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103778. [PMID: 35007819 PMCID: PMC8749446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of degenerating tendons still presents a major challenge, since the aetiology of tendinopathies remains poorly understood. Besides mechanical overuse, further known predisposing factors include rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, obesity or smoking all of which combine with a systemic inflammation. Methods To determine whether the systemic inflammation accompanying these conditions contributes to the onset of tendinopathy, we studied the effect of a systemic inflammation induced by an allergic episode on tendon properties. To this end, we induced an allergic response in mice by exposing them to a timothy grass pollen allergen and subsequently analysed both their flexor and Achilles tendons. Additionally, we analysed data from a health survey comprising data from more than 10.000 persons for an association between the occurrence of an allergy and tendinopathy. Findings Biomechanical testing and histological analysis revealed that tendons from allergic mice not only showed a significant reduction of both elastic modulus and tensile stress, but also alterations of the tendon matrix. Moreover, treatment of 3D tendon-like constructs with sera from allergic mice resulted in a matrix-remodelling expression profile and the expression of macrophage-associated markers and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) was increased in allergic Achilles tendons. Data from the human health study revealed that persons suffering from an allergy have an increased propensity to develop a tendinopathy. Interpretation Our study demonstrates that the presence of a systemic inflammation accompanying an allergic condition negatively impacts on tendon structure and function. Funding This study was financially supported by the Fund for the Advancement of Scientific Research at Paracelsus Medical University (PMU-FFF E-15/22/115-LEK), by the Land Salzburg, the Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK, the Health Care Provider of the University Hospitals Landeskrankenhaus and Christian Doppler Klinik), the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg and by unrestricted grants from Bayer, AstraZeneca, Sanofi-Aventis, Boehringer-Ingelheim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gabriel Spitzer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Langthaler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Affiliated member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Austria; Department of Mathematics, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Team Biostatistics and Big Medical Data, IDA Lab Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominika Jakubecova
- Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Klein
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nadja Weissenbacher
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Affiliated member of the European Reference Network EpiCARE, Austria; Department of Public Health, Health Services Research and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT-University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria; Neuroscience Institute, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University and Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Iglseder
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Christian Doppler University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bernhard Paulweber
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johanns University Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sebastien Couillard-Després
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria; Institute of Experimental Neuroregeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Richard Weiss
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 22, Salzburg 5020, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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6
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Atta G, Tempfer H, Kaser-Eichberger A, Traweger A, Heindl LM, Schroedl F. Is the human sclera a tendon-like tissue? A structural and functional comparison. Ann Anat 2021; 240:151858. [PMID: 34798297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collagen rich connective tissues fulfill a variety of important functions throughout the human body, most of which having to resist mechanical challenges. This review aims to compare structural and functional aspects of tendons and sclera, two tissues with distinct location and function, but with striking similarities regarding their cellular content, their extracellular matrix and their low degree of vascularization. The description of these similarities meant to provide potential novel insight for both the fields of orthopedic research and ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Atta
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Institute for Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute for Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute for Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen - Bonn - Cologne - Düsseldorf, Cologne, Germany
| | - Falk Schroedl
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology - Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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7
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Yang Y, Wu Y, Zhou K, Wu D, Yao X, Heng BC, Zhou J, Liu H, Ouyang H. Interplay of Forces and the Immune Response for Functional Tendon Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657621. [PMID: 34150755 PMCID: PMC8213345 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendon injury commonly occurs during sports activity, which may cause interruption or rapid decline in athletic career. Tensile strength, as one aspect of tendon biomechanical properties, is the main parameter of tendon function. Tendon injury will induce an immune response and cause the loss of tensile strength. Regulation of mechanical forces during tendon healing also changes immune response to improve regeneration. Here, the effects of internal/external forces and immune response on tendon regeneration are reviewed. The interaction between immune response and internal/external forces during tendon regeneration is critically examined and compared, in relation to other tissues. In conclusion, it is essential to maintain a fine balance between internal/external forces and immune response, to optimize tendon functional regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Yang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yicong Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Yao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratories, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Liu
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
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8
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Lehner C, Spitzer G, Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Weissenbacher N, Deininger C, Emmanuel K, Wichlas F, Tempfer H, Traweger A. Tenophages: a novel macrophage-like tendon cell population expressing CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:dmm.041384. [PMID: 31744815 PMCID: PMC6918766 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.041384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon disorders frequently occur and recent evidence has clearly implicated the presence of immune cells and inflammatory events during early tendinopathy. However, the origin and properties of these cells remain poorly defined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the presence of cells in healthy rodent and human tendon tissue fulfilling macrophage-like functions. Using various transgenic reporter mouse models, we demonstrate the presence of tendon-resident cells in the dense matrix of the tendon core expressing the fractalkine (Fkn) receptor CX3CR1 and its cognate ligand CX3CL1/Fkn. Pro-inflammatory stimulation of 3D tendon-like constructs in vitro resulted in a significant increase in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, Mmp3, Mmp9, CX3CL1 and epiregulin, which has been reported to contribute to inflammation, wound healing and tissue repair. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibition of the Fkn receptor blocked tendon cell migration in vitro, and show the presence of CX3CL1/CX3CR1/EREG-expressing cells in healthy human tendons. Taken together, we demonstrate the presence of CX3CL1+/CX3CR1+ 'tenophages' within the healthy tendon proper, which potentially fulfill surveillance functions in tendons.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriel Spitzer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nadja Weissenbacher
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Deininger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Katja Emmanuel
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Wichlas
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria .,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon and Bone Regeneration, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.,Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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Korntner S, Kunkel N, Lehner C, Gehwolf R, Wagner A, Augat P, Stephan D, Heu V, Bauer HC, Traweger A, Tempfer H. A high-glucose diet affects Achilles tendon healing in rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:780. [PMID: 28396584 PMCID: PMC5429625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00700-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic and acute tendinopathies are difficult to treat and tendon healing is generally a very slow and incomplete process and our general understanding of tendon biology and regeneration lags behind that of muscle or bone. Although still largely unexplored, several studies suggest a positive effect of nutritional interventions on tendon health and repair. With this study, we aim to reveal effects of a high-glucose diet on tendon neoformation in a non-diabetic rat model of Achilles tenotomy. After surgery animals received either a high-glucose diet or a control diet for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Compared to the control group, tendon repair tissue thickness and stiffness were increased in the high-glucose group after 2 weeks and gait pattern was altered after 1 and 2 weeks. Cell proliferation was up to 3-fold higher and the expression of the chondrogenic marker genes Sox9, Col2a1, Acan and Comp was significantly increased 2 and 4 weeks post-surgery. Further, a moderate increase in cartilage-like areas within the repair tissue was evident after 4 weeks of a high-glucose diet regimen. In summary, we propose that a high-glucose diet significantly affects tendon healing after injury in non-diabetic rats, potentially driving chondrogenic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Korntner
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Nadja Kunkel
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
- University Hospital of Salzburg, Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Injuries, Salzburg, AT, Austria
| | - Christine Lehner
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Renate Gehwolf
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Peter Augat
- Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, DE, Germany
| | - Daniel Stephan
- Institute of Biomechanics, Trauma Center Murnau, Murnau, DE, Germany
| | - Verena Heu
- University Hospital of Salzburg, Department of Paediatrics, Salzburg, AT, Austria
| | - Hans-Christian Bauer
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Andreas Traweger
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria
| | - Herbert Tempfer
- Institute of Tendon & Bone Regeneration, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Centre Salzburg, Salzburg, AT, Austria.
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, AT, Austria.
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