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El Awady ME, El-Shall FN, Mohamed GE, Abd-Elaziz AM, Abdel-Monem MO, Hassan MG. Exploring the decolorization efficiency and biodegradation mechanisms of different functional textile azo dyes by Streptomyces albidoflavus 3MGH. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:210. [PMID: 38877404 PMCID: PMC11179346 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03347-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficiently mitigating and managing environmental pollution caused by the improper disposal of dyes and effluents from the textile industry is of great importance. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Streptomyces albidoflavus 3MGH in decolorizing and degrading three different azo dyes, namely Reactive Orange 122 (RO 122), Direct Blue 15 (DB 15), and Direct Black 38 (DB 38). Various analytical techniques, such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were used to analyze the degraded byproducts of the dyes. S. albidoflavus 3MGH demonstrated a strong capability to decolorize RO 122, DB 15, and DB 38, achieving up to 60.74%, 61.38%, and 53.43% decolorization within 5 days at a concentration of 0.3 g/L, respectively. The optimal conditions for the maximum decolorization of these azo dyes were found to be a temperature of 35 °C, a pH of 6, sucrose as a carbon source, and beef extract as a nitrogen source. Additionally, after optimization of the decolorization process, treatment with S. albidoflavus 3MGH resulted in significant reductions of 94.4%, 86.3%, and 68.2% in the total organic carbon of RO 122, DB 15, and DB 38, respectively. After the treatment process, we found the specific activity of the laccase enzyme, one of the mediating enzymes of the degradation mechanism, to be 5.96 U/mg. FT-IR spectroscopy analysis of the degraded metabolites showed specific changes and shifts in peaks compared to the control samples. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of metabolites such as benzene, biphenyl, and naphthalene derivatives. Overall, this study demonstrated the potential of S. albidoflavus 3MGH for the effective decolorization and degradation of different azo dyes. The findings were validated through various analytical techniques, shedding light on the biodegradation mechanism employed by this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed E El Awady
- Microbial Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, El- Buhouth St. 33, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma N El-Shall
- Dyeing, Printing and Textile Auxiliary Department, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St. 33, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ghada E Mohamed
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abd-Elaziz
- Molecular Biology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth St. 33, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed O Abdel-Monem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt.
| | - Mervat G Hassan
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
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Zango ZU, Khoo KS, Garba A, Lawal MA, Abidin AZ, Wadi IA, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Da Oh W. A review on carbon-based biowaste and organic polymer materials for sustainable treatment of sulfonamides from pharmaceutical wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:145. [PMID: 38568460 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-024-01936-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Frequent detection of sulfonamides (SAs) pharmaceuticals in wastewater has necessitated the discovery of suitable technology for their sustainable remediation. Adsorption has been widely investigated due to its effectiveness, simplicity, and availability of various adsorbent materials from natural and artificial sources. This review highlighted the potentials of carbon-based adsorbents derived from agricultural wastes such as lignocellulose, biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes graphene materials as well as organic polymers such as chitosan, molecularly imprinted polymers, metal, and covalent frameworks for SAs removal from wastewater. The promising features of these materials including higher porosity, rich carbon-content, robustness, good stability as well as ease of modification have been emphasized. Thus, the materials have demonstrated excellent performance towards the SAs removal, attributed to their porous nature that provided sufficient active sites for the adsorption of SAs molecules. The modification of physico-chemical features of the materials have been discussed as efficient means for enhancing their adsorption and reusable performance. The article also proposed various interactive mechanisms for the SAs adsorption. Lastly, the prospects and challenges have been highlighted to expand the knowledge gap on the application of the materials for the sustainable removal of the SAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina CityKatsina, 2137, Nigeria.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603103, India
| | - Abdurrahman Garba
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, Katsina City, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Asmaa' Zainal Abidin
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Centre for Defense Foundation Studies, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kem Perdana Sungai Besi, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ismael A Wadi
- Basic Science Unit, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 16278, Alkharj, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Wen Da Oh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Rahman MU, Ullah MW, Shah JA, Sethupathy S, Bilal H, Abdikakharovich SA, Khan AU, Khan KA, Elboughdiri N, Zhu D. Harnessing the power of bacterial laccases for xenobiotic degradation in water: A 10-year overview. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170498. [PMID: 38307266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Industrialization and population growth are leading to the production of significant amounts of sewage containing hazardous xenobiotic compounds. These compounds pose a threat to human and animal health, as well as the overall ecosystem. To combat this issue, chemical, physical, and biological techniques have been used to remove these contaminants from water bodies affected by human activity. Biotechnological methods have proven effective in utilizing microorganisms and enzymes, particularly laccases, to address this problem. Laccases possess versatile enzymatic characteristics and have shown promise in degrading different xenobiotic compounds found in municipal, industrial, and medical wastewater. Both free enzymes and crude enzyme extracts have demonstrated success in the biotransformation of these compounds. Despite these advancements, the widespread use of laccases for bioremediation and wastewater treatment faces challenges due to the complex composition, high salt concentration, and extreme pH often present in contaminated media. These factors negatively impact protein stability, recovery, and recycling processes, hindering their large-scale application. These issues can be addressed by focusing on large-scale production, resolving operation problems, and utilizing cutting-edge genetic and protein engineering techniques. Additionally, finding novel sources of laccases, understanding their biochemical properties, enhancing their catalytic activity and thermostability, and improving their production processes are crucial steps towards overcoming these limitations. By doing so, enzyme-based biological degradation processes can be improved, resulting in more efficient removal of xenobiotics from water systems. This review summarizes the latest research on bacterial laccases over the past decade. It covers the advancements in identifying their structures, characterizing their biochemical properties, exploring their modes of action, and discovering their potential applications in the biotransformation and bioremediation of xenobiotic pollutants commonly present in water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujeeb Ur Rahman
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Junaid Ali Shah
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China; Fergana Medical Institute of Public Health Uzbekistan, Fergana 150110, Uzbekistan
| | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China
| | - Hazart Bilal
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, PR China
| | | | - Afaq Ullah Khan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Applied College, Mahala Campus and the Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production/Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noureddine Elboughdiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81441, Saudi Arabia; Chemical Engineering Process Department, National School of Engineers Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabes 6029, Tunisia
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, PR China.
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Borham A, Okla MK, El-Tayeb MA, Gharib A, Hafiz H, Liu L, Zhao C, Xie R, He N, Zhang S, Wang J, Qian X. Decolorization of Textile Azo Dye via Solid-State Fermented Wheat Bran by Lasiodiplodia sp. YZH1. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1069. [PMID: 37998874 PMCID: PMC10672102 DOI: 10.3390/jof9111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Textile dyes are one of the major water pollutants released into water in various ways, posing serious hazards for both aquatic organisms and human beings. Bioremediation is a significantly promising technique for dye decolorization. In the present study, the fungal strain Lasiodiplodia sp. was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Schizophyllum for the first time. The isolated fungal strain was examined for laccase enzyme production under solid-state fermentation conditions with wheat bran (WB) using ABTS and 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (DMP) as substrates, then the fermented wheat bran (FWB) was evaluated as a biosorbent for Congo red dye adsorption from aqueous solutions in comparison with unfermented wheat bran. A Box-Behnken design was used to optimize the dye removal by FWB and to analyze the interaction effects between three factors: fermentation duration, pH, and dye concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were applied to study the changes in the physical and chemical characteristics of wheat bran before and after fermentation. An additional experiment was conducted to investigate the ability of the Lasiodiplodia sp. YZH1 to remove Congo red in the dye-containing liquid culture. The results showed that laccase was produced throughout the cultivation, reaching peak activities of ∼6.2 and 22.3 U/mL for ABTS and DMP, respectively, on the fourth day of cultivation. FWB removed 89.8% of the dye (100 mg L-1) from the aqueous solution after 12 h of contact, whereas WB removed only 77.5%. Based on the Box-Behnken design results, FWB achieved 93.08% dye removal percentage under the conditions of 6 days of fermentation, pH 8.5, and 150 mg L-1 of the dye concentration after 24 h. The fungal strain removed 95.3% of 150 mg L-1 of the dye concentration after 8 days of inoculation in the dye-containing liquid culture. These findings indicate that this strain is a worthy candidate for dye removal from environmental effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Borham
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (A.B.); (J.W.)
- Agriculture Products Safety and Environment, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Mohammad K. Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.O.); (M.A.E.-T.)
| | - Mohamed A. El-Tayeb
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.K.O.); (M.A.E.-T.)
| | - Ahmed Gharib
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Hanan Hafiz
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta 34517, Egypt;
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chen Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Ruqing Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Nannan He
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Siwen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Juanjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (A.B.); (J.W.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Cultivated Land Quality Monitoring and Evaluation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (A.B.); (J.W.)
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; (L.L.); (C.Z.); (R.X.); (N.H.); (S.Z.)
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Edoamodu CE, Nwodo UU. Optimisation and physicochemical characterisation of a thermo-alkali stable laccase produced by wastewater associated Bacillus sp. NU2. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37641161 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2253503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Laccase is a multicopper enzyme that plays a unique role in bioremediation of environmental pollutants. Bacteria were isolated from hospital wastewater and screened for laccase production. The laccase production process condition was optimised, and the laccase obtained was characterised. The 16S rRNA molecular analysis conducted on the best laccase producer revealed a Bacillus sp. NU2 identified. The process conditions: pH5, 45°C, 100 rpm, 5% inoculum, and growth constituents viz: tangerine peel and wheat bran agro-wastes, beef extract, ammonium persulfate, glucose, galactose, xylose, sorbitol, fructose carbon sources; and 4-aminophenol inducer optimally stimulated laccase production. The Bacillus sp. NU2 laccase was optimal at pH and temperature conditions of 8.0°C and 60°C, with a noteworthy pH and thermal stability observed. Furthermore, NU2 laccase showed a moderate/high tolerance and relative activity effect on various chemical inhibitors, halides and surfactant of triton x-100 (105 ± 0.92%), PMSF (107 ± 0.81%), and NaCl (94 ± 0.81%) at 1, 3, and 6 (mM) concentration. Additionally, NU2 laccase maintained a relative activity of 101%, 104%, and 102% for Mg2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+ at 1, 3, and 6 mM respectively. Acetone and propanol significantly upregulated laccase activity at 114 ± 0.0008% and 118.24 ± 0.35 and also at 30 and 20 (%) concentrations. Conclusively, the tolerant effect of Bacillus sp. NU2 laccase in pH, temperature, inhibitors and organic solvents suggests its potential for biotechnological application and promotion of a greener environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiedu E Edoamodu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Uchechukwu U Nwodo
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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Sutaoney P, Pandya S, Gajarlwar D, Joshi V, Ghosh P. Feasibility and potential of laccase-based enzyme in wastewater treatment through sustainable approach: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:86499-86527. [PMID: 35771325 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21565-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide increase in metropolitan cities and rise in industrialization have resulted in the assimilation of hazardous pollutants into the ecosystems. Different physical, chemical and biological techniques have been employed to remove these toxins from water bodies. Several bioprocess applications using microbes and their enzymes are utilized to achieve the goal. Biocatalysts, such as laccases, are employed explicitly to deplete a variety of organic pollutants. However, the degradation of contaminants using biocatalysts has many disadvantages concerning the stability and activity of the enzyme. Hence, they are immobilized on different supports to improve the enzyme kinetics and recyclability. Furthermore, standard wastewater treatment methods are not effective in eliminating all the contaminants. As a result, membrane separation technologies have emerged to overcome the limitations of traditional wastewater treatment methods. Moreover, enzymes immobilized onto these membranes have generated new avenues in wastewater purification technology. This review provides the latest information on laccases from diverse sources, their molecular framework and their mode of action. This report also gives information about various immobilization techniques and the application of membrane bioreactors to eliminate and biotransform hazardous contaminants. In a nutshell, laccases appear to be the most promising biocatalysts for green and cost-efficient wastewater treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Sutaoney
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Srishti Pandya
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Devashri Gajarlwar
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Veenu Joshi
- Center for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Prabir Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Raipur, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Biodegradation of diazo dye Evans blue by four strains of Streptomyces isolated from soils of Algeria. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Capela EV, Valente AI, Nunes JC, Magalhães FF, Rodríguez O, Soto A, Freire MG, Tavares AP. Insights on the laccase extraction and activity in ionic-liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Arregui L, Ayala M, Gómez-Gil X, Gutiérrez-Soto G, Hernández-Luna CE, Herrera de los Santos M, Levin L, Rojo-Domínguez A, Romero-Martínez D, Saparrat MCN, Trujillo-Roldán MA, Valdez-Cruz NA. Laccases: structure, function, and potential application in water bioremediation. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:200. [PMID: 31727078 PMCID: PMC6854816 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global rise in urbanization and industrial activity has led to the production and incorporation of foreign contaminant molecules into ecosystems, distorting them and impacting human and animal health. Physical, chemical, and biological strategies have been adopted to eliminate these contaminants from water bodies under anthropogenic stress. Biotechnological processes involving microorganisms and enzymes have been used for this purpose; specifically, laccases, which are broad spectrum biocatalysts, have been used to degrade several compounds, such as those that can be found in the effluents from industries and hospitals. Laccases have shown high potential in the biotransformation of diverse pollutants using crude enzyme extracts or free enzymes. However, their application in bioremediation and water treatment at a large scale is limited by the complex composition and high salt concentration and pH values of contaminated media that affect protein stability, recovery and recycling. These issues are also associated with operational problems and the necessity of large-scale production of laccase. Hence, more knowledge on the molecular characteristics of water bodies is required to identify and develop new laccases that can be used under complex conditions and to develop novel strategies and processes to achieve their efficient application in treating contaminated water. Recently, stability, efficiency, separation and reuse issues have been overcome by the immobilization of enzymes and development of novel biocatalytic materials. This review provides recent information on laccases from different sources, their structures and biochemical properties, mechanisms of action, and application in the bioremediation and biotransformation of contaminant molecules in water. Moreover, we discuss a series of improvements that have been attempted for better organic solvent tolerance, thermo-tolerance, and operational stability of laccases, as per process requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Arregui
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Col. Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, C.P. 05348 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcela Ayala
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 2001 Chamilpa, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos Mexico
| | - Ximena Gómez-Gil
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, Mexico City, CP. 04510 Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Gutiérrez-Soto
- Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Francisco Villa, 66059 Colonia Ex hacienda El Canadá, General Escobedo, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Carlos Eduardo Hernández-Luna
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba y Manuel L. Barragán, Cd. Universitaria, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Mayra Herrera de los Santos
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, Mexico City, CP. 04510 Mexico
| | - Laura Levin
- Laboratorio de Micología Experimental, DBBE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, INMIBO-CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón 2, Piso 4, C1428BGA Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Arturo Rojo-Domínguez
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Cuajimalpa, Av. Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Col. Santa Fe Cuajimalpa, C.P. 05348 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel Romero-Martínez
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, Mexico City, CP. 04510 Mexico
| | - Mario C. N. Saparrat
- Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)-CCT-La Plata-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y técnicas (CONICET), Diag. 113 y 61, 327CC, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
- Instituto de Botánica Spegazzini, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 53 # 477, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mauricio A. Trujillo-Roldán
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, Mexico City, CP. 04510 Mexico
| | - Norma A. Valdez-Cruz
- Programa de Investigación de Producción de Biomoléculas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, AP. 70228, Mexico City, CP. 04510 Mexico
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