Biofilm Formation and its Association with Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern in Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Status of Biofilm Production and Vancomycin Resistance in Enterococcus in the Rural Population of Mathura, India

Introduction Hospital-acquired or nosocomial infections caused by the rapidly emerging bacteria vancomycin-resistant enterococci can be dangerous and even fatal. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of enterococci in various clinical specimens along with their vancomycin resistance status and biofilm-producing capabilities. Methods A total of 164 Enterococcus species were isolated and further included in this study. Isolation and identification were done by the standard bacteriological procedure, antibiotic susceptibility testingwas done by clinical laboratory standard guidelines, and biofilm production test was done by microtiter plate methods. Results Among the total of 164 isolates, Enterococcus faecalis constituted 60.97% and Enterococcus faecium constituted 39.02%. Maximum isolates were from urine samples. The prevalence of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus was 6.70%, and 18.29% of Enterococcus isolates were biofilm producers. The sensitivity among the biofilm producers was maximum for linezolid (87.33%), followed by teicoplanin (86.43%) and vancomycin (79.64%). Conclusion High prevalence of enterococci was found in urine samples and biofilm producers Enterococcus isolates were more antibiotic-resistant than non-biofilm producers.

Biofilm Production and its Association with Multi Drug Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa among ICU Patients with Special Reference to ESBL, AmpC and MBL production

Multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an alarming and emerging public health problem globally across the developing countries. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still a major cause for nosocomial infection and approx 10-20% of these patients are admitted to the ICU’s. Bacterial isolates those are biofilm producers are more drug resistant than biofilm Non-producers. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the production of biofilm and β-lactamases (ESBL, MBL, AmpC) in multi drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ICU patients. The present cross-sectional prospective study was carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Santosh Medical College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, Uttar-Pradesh, India. A total of 115 isolates of P. aeruginosa were isolated from 502 clinical samples. After confirmation of MDR status of P. aeruginosa further processing for biofilm and beta lactamases was performed accordingly. Biofilm production was done by test tube method and tissue culture plate method along with phenotypic profiling of ESBL, MBL and AmpC was performed by disc potentiation test; IMP-EDTA combined disc test and Cefoxitin Cloxacillin Double Disc synergy test (CC-DDST) respectively. Out of 502 total human clinical samples 115 isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa giving the prevalence rate of 23%. Among 115 isolates of P. aeruginosa 60 (52%) were MDR phenotypes, Out of 60 MDR isolates 23 (38.3%) were ESBL producers, 22 (36.6%) were MBL producers, and 3(5%) were AmpC producers. Out of total 115 isolates 68(59%) isolates were biofilm producers and 47 (40.8%) were biofilm non-producers. Strict antibiotic policies with early detection of beta lactamases and detection of biofilm production should be performed regularly for all clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa so as to guide antibiotic selection along with better management of severe infection in ICU patients.