1
|
Liu J, Yu L, Castro L, Yan Y, Bushel P, Scappini E, Dixon D. Induction of fibrosis following exposure to bisphenol A and its analogues in 3D human uterine leiomyoma cultures. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134772. [PMID: 38901254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues (BPAF, BPS) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants used as plastic additives in various daily life products, with many concerns on their role as environmental estrogens. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) are highly prevalent gynecologic tumors with progressive fibrosis. Fibroids are hormone-responsive and may be the target of environmental estrogens. However, the effects of BPA, BPAF, and BPS exposure on uterine fibrosis are largely unknown. Here, we evaluated fibrosis and the crucial role of TGF-beta signaling in human fibroid tumors, the profibrotic effects of BPA, BPAF or BPS in a human 3D uterine leiomyoma (ht-UtLM) in vitro model, and the long-term outcomes of BPAF exposure in rat uterus. In 3D ht-UtLM spheroids, BPA, BPAF, and BPS all promoted cell proliferation and fibrosis by increasing the production of extracellular matrices. Further mechanistic analysis showed the profibrotic effects were induced by TGF-beta signaling activation mainly through SMAD2/3 pathway and crosstalk with multiple non-SMAD pathways. Furthermore, the profibrotic effects of BPAF were supported by observation of uterine fibrosis in vivo in rats following long-term BPAF exposure. Overall, the 3D ht-UtLM spheroid can be an important model for investigating environment-induced fibrosis in uterine fibroids. BPA and its analogues can induce fibrosis via TGF-beta signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Liu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Linda Yu
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Lysandra Castro
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yitang Yan
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Pierre Bushel
- BlueRock Therapeutics, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Erica Scappini
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, DIR, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Darlene Dixon
- Molecular Pathogenesis Group, Mechanistic Toxicology Branch, Division of Translational Toxicology (DTT), NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim SH, Shin SH, Kim SM, Jung SE, Shin BJ, Ahn JS, Lim KT, Kim DH, Lee K, Ryu BY. Bisphenol Analogs Downregulate the Self-Renewal Potential of Spermatogonial Stem Cells. World J Mens Health 2024; 42:42.e37. [PMID: 38606862 DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.230166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we investigated the effect of bisphenol-A (BPA) and its major analogs, bisphenol-F (BPF), and bisphenol-S (BPS), on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) populations using in vitro SSC culture and in vivo transplantation models. MATERIALS AND METHODS SSCs enriched from 6- to 8-day-old C57BL/6-eGFP+ male mice testes were treated with varying concentrations of bisphenols for 7 days to examine bisphenol-derived cytotoxicity and changes in SSC characteristics. We utilized flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, and western blot analysis. The functional alteration of SSCs was further investigated by examining donor SSC-derived spermatogenesis evaluation through in vivo transplantation and subsequent testis analysis. RESULTS BPF exhibited a similar inhibitory effect on SSCs as BPA, demonstrating a significant decrease in SSC survival, inhibition of proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. On the other hand, while BPS was comparatively weaker than BPA and BPF, it still showed significant SSC cytotoxicity. Importantly, SSCs exposed to BPA, BPF, and BPS exhibited a significant reduction in donor SSC-derived germ cell colonies per total number of cultured cells, indicating that, like BPA, BPF, and BPS can induce a comparable reduction in functional SSCs in the recipient animals. However, the progress of spermatogenesis, as evidenced by histochemistry and the expressions of PCNA and SSC specific markers, collectively indicates that BPA, BPF, and BPS may not adversely affect the spermatogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that the major BPA substitutes, BPF and BPS, have significant cytotoxic effects on SSCs, similar to BPA. These effects may lead to a reduction in the functional self-renewal stem cell population and potential impacts on male fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hee Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Seung Hee Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Seok-Man Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Jung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Beom-Jin Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Jin Seop Ahn
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea
| | - Kyoung Taek Lim
- Department of Urology, Maria Fertility Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tchen R, Tan Y, Boyd Barr D, Barry Ryan P, Tran V, Li Z, Hu YJ, Smith AK, Jones DP, Dunlop AL, Liang D. Use of high-resolution metabolomics to assess the biological perturbations associated with maternal exposure to Bisphenol A and Bisphenol F among pregnant African American women. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107530. [PMID: 36148711 PMCID: PMC9664380 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human and animal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) has been associated with adverse developmental and reproductive effects. The molecular mechanisms by which BPA exposure exerts its effects are not well-understood, even less known about its analogues bisphenol F (BPF). To address these knowledge gaps, we conducted an untargeted metabolome-wide association study (MWAS) to identify metabolic perturbations associated with BPA/BPF exposures in a pregnant African American cohort. METHODS From a subset of study participants enrolled in the Atlanta African American Maternal-Child cohort, we collected both urine samples, for targeted exposure assessment of BPA (N = 230) and BPF (N = 48), and serum samples, for high-resolution metabolomics (HRM) profiling (N = 230), during early pregnancy (8-14 weeks' gestation). Using an established untargeted HRM workflow consisting of MWAS modeling, pathway enrichment analysis, and chemical annotation and confirmation, we investigated the potential metabolic pathways and features associated with BPA/BPF exposures. RESULTS The geometric mean creatinine-adjusted concentrations of urinary BPA and BPF were 0.85 ± 2.58 and 0.70 ± 4.71 µg/g creatinine, respectively. After false positive discovery rate correction at 20 % level, 264 and 733 unique metabolic features were significantly associated with urinary BPA and BPF concentrations, representing 10 and 12 metabolic pathways, respectively. Three metabolic pathways, including steroid hormones biosynthesis, lysine and lipoate metabolism, were significantly associated with both BPA and BPF exposure. Using chemical standards, we have confirmed the chemical identity of 16 metabolites significantly associated with BPA or BPF exposure. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support that exposure to BPA and BPF in pregnant women is associated with the perturbation of aromatic amino acid metabolism, xenobiotics metabolism, steroid biosynthesis, and other amino acid metabolism closely linked to stress responses, inflammation, neural development, reproduction, and weight regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tchen
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Youran Tan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - ViLinh Tran
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yi-Juan Hu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alicia K Smith
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dean P Jones
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anne L Dunlop
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Donghai Liang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bell KS, O’Shaughnessy KL. The development and function of the brain barriers - an overlooked consideration for chemical toxicity. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2022; 4:1000212. [PMID: 36329715 PMCID: PMC9622783 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.1000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the adult brain is protected from some infections and toxic molecules by the blood-brain and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barriers. Contrary to the immense data collected in other fields, it is deeply entrenched in environmental toxicology that xenobiotics easily permeate the developing brain because these barriers are either absent or non-functional in the fetus and newborn. Here we review the cellular and physiological makeup of the brain barrier systems in multiple species, and discuss decades of experiments that show they possess functionality during embryogenesis. We next present case studies of two chemical classes, perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and bisphenols, and discuss their potential to bypass the brain barriers. While there is evidence to suggest these pollutants may enter the developing and/or adult brain parenchyma, many studies suffer from confounding technical variables which complicates data interpretation. In the future, a more formal consideration of brain barrier biology could not only improve understanding of chemical toxicokinetics but could assist in prioritizing environmental xenobiotics for their neurotoxicity risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiersten S. Bell
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Public Health Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Katherine L. O’Shaughnessy,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahman MS, Adegoke EO, Pang MG. Drivers of owning more BPA. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126076. [PMID: 34004580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous environmental toxin worldwide. Despite the many studies documenting the toxicity of this substance, it remains a popular choice for consumer products. The internet, magazine articles, and newspaper reports are replete with tips on how to avoid BPA exposure, which mostly spread contradictory and often unscientific information. Therefore, based on a comprehensive search of the available biomedical literature, we summarized several confounding factors that may be directly or indirectly related to human BPA exposure. We found that the unique properties of BPA materials (i.e. low cost, light-weight, resistance to corrosion, and water/air-tightness), lack of personal health and hygiene education, fear of BPA-substitutes (with yet unknown risks), inappropriate production, processing, and marketing of materials containing BPA, as well as the state of regulatory guidance are influencing the increased exposure to BPA. Besides, we detailed the disparities between scientifically derived safe dosages of BPA and those designated as "safe" by government regulatory agencies. Therefore, in addition to providing a current assessment of the states of academic research, government policies, and consumer behaviors, we make several reasonable and actionable recommendations for limiting human exposure to BPA through improved labeling, science-based dosage limits, and public awareness campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Saidur Rahman
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Elikanah Olusayo Adegoke
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Geol Pang
- Department of Animal Science & Technology and BET Research Institute, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do 17546, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sharin T, Gyasi H, Williams KL, Crump D, O'Brien JM. Effects of two Bisphenol A replacement compounds, 1,7-bis (4-hydroxyphenylthio)-3,5-dioxaheptane and Bisphenol AF, on development and mRNA expression in chicken embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 215:112140. [PMID: 33730607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the estrogenic properties of Bisphenol A (BPA) have led to increased efforts to find BPA replacements. 1,7-bis(4-Hydroxyphenylthio)-3,5-dioxaheptane (DD-70) and 4,4'-(hexafluoroisopropylidene) diphenol (bisphenol AF, BPAF) are two potential chemical substitutes for BPA; however, toxicity data for these chemicals in avian species are limited. To determine effects on avian embryonic viability, development, and hepatic mRNA expression at two distinct developmental periods (mid-incubation [day 11] and term [day 20]), two egg injection studies were performed. Test chemicals were injected into the air cell of unincubated, fertilized chicken eggs at concentrations ranging from 0-88.2 µg/g for DD-70 and 0-114 µg/g egg for BPAF. Embryonic concentrations of DD-70 and BPAF decreased at mid-incubation and term compared to injected concentrations suggesting embryonic metabolism. Exposure to DD-70 (40.9 and 88.2 µg/g) and BPAF (114 µg/g) significantly decreased embryonic viability at mid-incubation. Exposure to DD-70 (88.2 µg/g) decreased embryo mass and increased gallbladder mass, while 114 µg/g BPAF resulted in increased gallbladder mass in term embryos. Expression of hepatic genes related to xenobiotic metabolism, lipid homeostasis, and response to estrogen were altered at both developmental stages. Given the importance of identifying suitable BPA replacements, the present study provides novel, whole animal avian toxicological data for two replacement compounds, DD-70 and BPAF. DATA AVAILABILITY: Data, associated metadata, and calculation tools are available from the corresponding author (doug.crump@canada.ca).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tasnia Sharin
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Helina Gyasi
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Kim L Williams
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Doug Crump
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jason M O'Brien
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beg MA, Sheikh IA. Endocrine disruption: Molecular interactions of environmental bisphenol contaminants with thyroid hormone receptor and thyroxine-binding globulin. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 36:322-335. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233720928165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many bisphenol A (BPA) analogs have been commercially used recently, such as 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane (BPB), 4,4′-ethylidenebisphenol, 4,4′-methylenediphenol (BPF), 4,4′-(1,4-phenylenediisopropylidene)bisphenol (BPP), 4,4′-dihydroxydiphenyl sulfone (BPS), 4,4′-cyclohexylidenebisphenol (BPZ), 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphenol (BPAF), 4,4′-(1-phenylethylidene)bisphenol (BPAP), and 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)propane (TMBPA), to circumvent adverse effects of BPA. However, their increasing use is also contaminating the environment, which is a potential cause of concern for human health. Thyroid hormone transport and signaling are potential targets for endocrine-disrupting activity of BPA analogs. Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is the major carrier protein for thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in blood. Thyroid hormones exert their action through thyroid hormone receptors (TRα and TRβ). This report presents the thyroid-disrupting potential of indicated nine BPA analogs from structure-based studies with TBG and TRα. Each BPA analog formed important polar and hydrophobic interactions with a number of residues of TBG and TRα. Majority of TBG residues (77–100%) and TRα residues (70–91%) interacting with BPA analogs were common with those of native ligands T4 and T3, respectively. Majority of BPA analogs interacted with TBG forming a salt bridge interaction at Lys-270. The hydrogen-bonding interaction of T3 with TRα at His-381 was also shared by majority of analogs. The binding energy for BPP, BPB, BPZ, BPAP, and TMBPA with both proteins was closer to binding energy of respective native ligands. The similarity in structural binding characteristics suggested potential disrupting activity of thyroid hormone signaling and transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd A Beg
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ishfaq A Sheikh
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Usman A, Ahmad M. Computational study suggesting reconsideration of BPA analogues based on their endocrine disrupting potential estimated by binding affinities to nuclear receptors. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:154-161. [PMID: 30599433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to its endocrine disrupting nature Bisphenol-A (BPA), a chemical used in the plastic industry was placed under a ban which provided an incentive for its replacement by bisphenol and non-bisphenol based plasticizers. The use of bisphenol replacements in industry is increasing day by day. Therefore, it becomes prudent to put them under scrutiny. We studied the direct interaction of 45 BPA replacements and BPA with 12 nuclear receptors using an endocrine disruptome docking program (Kolšek et al., 2014b). Infact, the mechanism which could involve a direct interaction of ligands with nuclear receptors was taken into consideration. We found that the replacements, which were analogues of BPA, easily interacted with nuclear receptors due to the presence of phenyl moiety and their hydrophobic nature probably crucial for their endocrine disrupting potential. We therefore, strongly recommend reconsideration of BPA analogues in industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Afia Usman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Masood Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jones RL, Lang SA, Kendziorski JA, Greene AD, Burns KA. Use of a Mouse Model of Experimentally Induced Endometriosis to Evaluate and Compare the Effects of Bisphenol A and Bisphenol AF Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2018; 126:127004. [PMID: 30675821 PMCID: PMC6371646 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometriosis is a gynecological disease affecting 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. Endometriosis incidence has risen; however, whether this rise is due to disease awareness or environmental contamination is not known. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine if bisphenol A (BPA) or bisphenol AF (BPAF) potentiate the development of endometriosis and if hormonal status alters how toxicant exposure affects disease. METHODS A mouse model of endometriosis, where minced uterine tissue is injected into the peritoneal cavity of a host mouse, was used to examine the effects of BPA and BPAF on endometriosis lesion development in ovariectomized and hormonally intact mice. BPA and BPAF were delivered through diet to include no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and the low-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) exposure levels. After six weeks (at necropsy), lesions, ovaries, and blood were collected to examine characteristics, gene expression, and hormonal regulation. RESULTS BPA and BPAF treatments affected endometriosis in a manner specific to dose and hormonal status of the host mouse. Estrogen and endometriosis-mediated differences in lesion target gene expression also depended on hormonal status. In intact mice, ovarian steroidogenic pathways were disrupted, progesterone levels were lowered, and atretic oocyte numbers were higher with toxicant exposure. BPAF, more so than BPA, resulted in more endometriosis lesion growth, but both toxicants disrupted normal ovarian signaling. CONCLUSION These findings further our understanding of the effects and hormonal impacts of BPA and BPAF on endometriosis perturbation in ovariectomized and hormonally intact mice. BPAF appeared to be similar if not more estrogenic than BPA and may be affecting an environmental contribution of the increased incidence of endometriosis. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3802.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Jones
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie A Lang
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Jessica A Kendziorski
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexis D Greene
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Cincinnati Center for Reproductive Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Katherine A Burns
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|