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Lill CB, Fitter S, Zannettino ACW, Vandyke K, Noll JE. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of chemoresistance in paediatric pre-B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024:10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9. [PMID: 39102101 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Paediatric patients with relapsed B cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B-ALL) have poor prognosis, as relapse-causing clones are often refractory to common chemotherapeutics. While the molecular mechanisms leading to chemoresistance are varied, significant evidence suggests interactions between B-ALL blasts and cells within the bone marrow microenvironment modulate chemotherapy sensitivity. Importantly, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and BM adipocytes are known to support B-ALL cells through multiple distinct molecular mechanisms. This review discusses the contribution of integrin-mediated B-ALL/BM-MSC signalling and asparagine supplementation in B-ALL chemoresistance. In addition, the role of adipocytes in sequestering anthracyclines and generating a BM niche favourable for B-ALL survival is explored. Furthermore, this review discusses the role of BM-MSCs and adipocytes in promoting a quiescent and chemoresistant B-ALL phenotype. Novel treatments which target these mechanisms are discussed herein, and are needed to improve dismal outcomes in patients with relapsed/refractory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb B Lill
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E Noll
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, Solid Tumour Program, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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Kuo PJ, Lin YH, Huang YX, Lee SY, Huang HM. Effects of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on Bone Healing Efficiency: An Animal Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6749. [PMID: 38928455 PMCID: PMC11204041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. Recent studies have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids found in natural plant seed oil may exhibit positive osteogenic effects; however, few in vivo studies have focused on the use of plant seed oil for bone regeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of seed oil found in Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone growth in artificial bone defects in vivo. In this study, Wharton-jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) were co-cultured with S. mukorossi seed oil. Cellular osteogenic capacity was assessed using Alizarin Red S staining. Real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate ALP and OCN gene expression. The potential of S. mukorossi seed oil to enhance bone growth was assessed using an animal model. Four 6 mm circular defects were prepared at the parietal bone of New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were filled with hydrogel and hydrogel-S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively. Quantitative analysis of micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological images was conducted to compare differences in osteogenesis between oil-treated and untreated samples. Although our results showed no significant differences in viability between WJMSCs treated with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, under osteogenic conditions, S. mukorossi seed oil facilitated an increase in mineralized nodule secretion and upregulated the expression of ALP and OCN genes in the cells (p < 0.05). In the animal study, both micro-CT and histological evaluations revealed that new bone formation in artificial bone defects treated with S. mukorossi seed oil were nearly doubled compared to control defects (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks of healing. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil holds promise as a potential candidate for enhancing bone healing efficiency in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Jan Kuo
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Tri-Service General Hospital and National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (S.-Y.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Xuan Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Yang Lee
- Department of Dentistry, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; (Y.-H.L.); (S.-Y.L.)
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Haw-Ming Huang
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
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Al Saedi A, Bermeo S, Plotkin L, Myers DE, Duque G. Mechanisms of palmitate-induced lipotoxicity in osteocytes. Bone 2019; 127:353-359. [PMID: 31226530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipotoxicity is defined as cellular toxicity observed in the presence of an abnormal accumulation of fat and adipocyte-derived factors in non-fat tissues. Palmitic acid (PA), an abundant fatty acid in the bone marrow and particularly in osteoporotic bones, affects osteoblastogenesis and osteoblast function, decreasing their survival through induction of apoptosis and dysfunctional autophagy. In this study, we hypothesized that PA also has a lipotoxic effect on osteocytes in vitro. METHODS Initially, we tested the effect of PA on osteocyte-derived factors DKK1, sclerostin and RANKL. Then, we tested whether PA affects survival and causes apoptosis in osteocytes. Subsequently, we investigated the effect of PA on autophagy by detecting the membrane component LC3-II (Western blot) and staining it and lysosomes with Lysotracker Red dye. RESULTS PA decreases RANKL, DKK1 and sclerostin expression in osteocytes. In addition, we found that PA induces apoptosis and reduces osteocyte survival. PA also caused autophagy failure identified by a significant increase in LC3-II and a reduced number of autophagosomes/lysosomes in the cytoplasm. CONCLUSION In addition to the effects of PA on RANKL, DKK1 and sclerostin expression, which could have significant deleterious impact on bone cell coupling and bone turnover, PA also induced apoptosis and reduced autophagy in osteocytes. Considering that apoptosis and cell dysfunction are two common changes occurring in the osteocytes of osteoporotic bone, our findings suggest that PA could play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Suppression of these effects could bring new potential targets for therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Saedi
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Sandra Bermeo
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Lilian Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Damian E Myers
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), The University of Melbourne and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, VIC, Australia; Sydney Medical School Nepean, The University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia.
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Kirk B, Al Saedi A, Duque G. Osteosarcopenia: A case of geroscience. Aging Med (Milton) 2019; 2:147-156. [PMID: 31942528 PMCID: PMC6880711 DOI: 10.1002/agm2.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many older persons lose their mobility and independence due to multiple diseases occurring simultaneously. Geroscience is aimed at developing innovative approaches to better identify relationships among the biological processes of aging. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two of the most prevalent chronic diseases in older people, with both conditions sharing overlapping risk factors and pathogenesis. When occurring together, these diseases form a geriatric syndrome termed "osteosarcopenia," which increases the risk of frailty, hospitalizations, and death. Findings from basic and clinical sciences aiming to understand osteosarcopenia have provided evidence of this syndrome as a case of geroscience. Genetic, endocrine, and mechanical stimuli, in addition to fat infiltration, sedentarism, and nutritional deficiencies, affect muscle and bone homeostasis to characterize this syndrome. However, research is in its infancy regarding accurate diagnostic markers and effective treatments with dual effects on muscle and bone. To date, resistance exercise remains the most promising strategy to increase muscle and bone mass, while sufficient quantities of protein, vitamin D, calcium, and creatine may preserve these tissues with aging. More recent findings, from rodent models, suggest treating ectopic fat in muscle and bone marrow as a possible avenue to curb osteosarcopenia, although this needs testing in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Kirk
- Department of MedicineWestern HealthMelbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS)University of Melbourne and Western HealthMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Ahmed Al Saedi
- Department of MedicineWestern HealthMelbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS)University of Melbourne and Western HealthMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Department of MedicineWestern HealthMelbourne Medical SchoolUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS)University of Melbourne and Western HealthMelbourneVic.Australia
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Schaepe K, Bhandari DR, Werner J, Henss A, Pirkl A, Kleine-Boymann M, Rohnke M, Wenisch S, Neumann E, Janek J, Spengler B. Imaging of Lipids in Native Human Bone Sections Using TOF-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric Pressure Scanning Microprobe Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry, and Orbitrap-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:8856-8864. [PMID: 29944823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for high-resolution label-free molecular imaging of human bone tissue. To preserve the lipid content and the heterogeneous structure of osseous tissue, 4 μm thick human bone sections were prepared via cryoembedding and tape-assisted cryosectioning, circumventing the application of organic solvents and a decalcification step. A protocol for comparative mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) on the same section was established for initial analysis with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) at a lateral resolution of 10 μm to <500 nm, followed by atmospheric pressure scanning microprobe matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (AP-SMALDI) Orbitrap MSI at a lateral resolution of 10 μm. This procedure ultimately enabled MSI of lipids, providing the lateral localization of major lipid classes such as glycero-, glycerophospho-, and sphingolipids. Additionally, the applicability of the recently emerged Orbitrap-TOF-SIMS hybrid system was exemplarily examined and compared to the before-mentioned MSI methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janina Werner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Small Animal Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Frankfurter Strasse 98 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | | | - Alexander Pirkl
- IONTOF GmbH , Heisenbergstrasse 15 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | | | | | - Sabine Wenisch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences , Small Animal Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus Liebig University Giessen , Frankfurter Strasse 98 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Elena Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology , Justus Liebig University Giessen, Kerckhoff-Clinic , Benekestrasse 2-8 , 61231 Bad Nauheim , Germany
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Wu CL, Diekman BO, Jain D, Guilak F. Diet-induced obesity alters the differentiation potential of stem cells isolated from bone marrow, adipose tissue and infrapatellar fat pad: the effects of free fatty acids. Int J Obes (Lond) 2012; 37:1079-87. [PMID: 23164698 PMCID: PMC3582830 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2012.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is a major risk factor for several musculoskeletal conditions that are characterized by an imbalance of tissue remodeling. Adult stem cells are closely associated with the remodeling and potential repair of several mesodermally derived tissues such as fat, bone, and cartilage. We hypothesized that obesity would alter the frequency, proliferation, multipotency, and immunophenotype of adult stem cells from a variety of tissues. Materials and Methods Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), subcutaneous adipose-derived stem cells (sqASCs), and infrapatellar fat pad-derived stem cells (IFP cells) were isolated from lean and high-fat diet induced obese mice, and their cellular properties were examined. To test the hypothesis that changes in stem cell properties were due to the increased systemic levels of free fatty acids (FFAs), we further investigated the effects of FFAs on lean stem cells in vitro. Results Obese mice showed a trend toward increased prevalence of MSCs and sqASCs in the stromal tissues. While no significant differences in cell proliferation were observed in vitro, the differentiation potential of all types of stem cells was altered by obesity. MSCs from obese mice demonstrated decreased adipogenic, osteogenic, and chondrogenic potential. Obese sqASCs and IFP cells showed increased adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation, but decreased chondrogenic ability. Obese MSCs also showed decreased CD105 and increased PDGFRα expression, consistent with decreased chondrogenic potential. FFA treatment of lean stem cells significantly altered their multipotency but did not completely recapitulate the properties of obese stem cells. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that obesity alters the properties of adult stem cells in a manner that depends on the cell source. These effects may be regulated in part by increased levels of FFAs, but may involve other obesity-associated cytokines. These findings contribute to our understanding of mesenchymal tissue remodeling with obesity, as well as the development of autologous stem cell therapies for obese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Wu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Beaulieu A, Poncin G, Belaid-Choucair Z, Humblet C, Bogdanovic G, Lognay G, Boniver J, Defresne MP. Leptin reverts pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative effects of α-linolenic acids in BCR-ABL positive leukemic cells: involvement of PI3K pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25651. [PMID: 21991326 PMCID: PMC3185037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is suspected that bone marrow (BM) microenvironmental factors may influence the evolution of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). In this study, we postulated that adipocytes and lipids could be involved in the progression of CML. To test this hypothesis, adipocytes were co-cultured with two BCR-ABL positive cell lines (PCMDS and K562). T cell (Jurkat) and stroma cell (HS-5) lines were used as controls. In the second set of experiments, leukemic cell lines were treated with stearic, oleic, linoleic or α-linolenic acids in presence or absence of leptin. Survival, proliferation, leptin production, OB-R isoforms (OB-Ra and OB-Rb), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k) and BCL-2 expression have been tested after 24h, 48h and 72h of treatment. Our results showed that adipocytes induced a decrease of CML proliferation and an increase in lipid accumulation in leukemic cells. In addition, CML cell lines induced adipocytes cell death. Chromatography analysis showed that BM microenvironment cells were full of saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fatty acids, fatty acids that protect tumor cells against external agents. Stearic acid increased Bcl-2 expression in PCMDS, whereas oleic and linoleic acids had no effects. In contrast, α-linolenic acid decreased the proliferation and the survival of CML cell lines as well as BCL-2 and OB-R expression. The effect of α-linolenic acids seemed to be due to PI3K pathway and Bcl-2 inhibition. Leptin production was detected in the co-culture medium. In the presence of leptin, the effect of α-linolenic acid on proliferation, survival, OB-R and BCl-2 expression was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Beaulieu
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Pathological Anatomy (Giga-R), University of Liege, Liège, Belgium.
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Gimenez MS, Oliveros LB, Gomez NN. Nutritional deficiencies and phospholipid metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:2408-33. [PMID: 21731449 PMCID: PMC3127125 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12042408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are important components of the cell membranes of all living species. They contribute to the physicochemical properties of the membrane and thus influence the conformation and function of membrane-bound proteins, such as receptors, ion channels, and transporters and also influence cell function by serving as precursors for prostaglandins and other signaling molecules and modulating gene expression through the transcription activation. The components of the diet are determinant for cell functionality. In this review, the effects of macro and micronutrients deficiency on the quality, quantity and metabolism of different phospholipids and their distribution in cells of different organs is presented. Alterations in the amount of both saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins A, E and folate, and other micronutrients, such as zinc and magnesium, are discussed. In all cases we observe alterations in the pattern of phospholipids, the more affected ones being phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. The deficiency of certain nutrients, such as essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins and some metals may contribute to a variety of diseases that can be irreversible even after replacement with normal amount of the nutrients. Usually, the sequelae are more important when the deficiency is present at an early age.
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Affiliation(s)
- María S. Gimenez
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.S.G.); (L.B.O.); Tel.: 54-2652-423789; Fax: 54-2652-431301
| | - Liliana B. Oliveros
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.S.G.); (L.B.O.); Tel.: 54-2652-423789; Fax: 54-2652-431301
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Kay Sinclair SS, Jeray KJ, Tanner SL, Burg KJL. Evaluation of the lipid-rich layer of reamer aspirate. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:491-5. [PMID: 20694956 DOI: 10.1002/term.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The fatty layer of aspirate obtained by reaming the femoral shaft using a reamer/irrigator/aspirator (RIA) device was characterized for fatty acid content and the presence of adult stem cells. Gas chromatography analysis was performed on samples taken from multiple patients to determine and compare the fatty acid contents of aspirate lipid samples. All four patients had the same four fatty acids present in the highest percentages: oleic, palmitic, linoleic and stearic. After successful isolation from bulk material, cells isolated from this lipid-rich layer were studied to determine their osteogenic and growth potential on a clinically available ceramic bone graft substitute. The results of metabolic activity and intracellular protein assays indicated that the ceramics supported growth of the cells isolated from the aspirate fat layer, although levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression were low for cells grown on the ceramics. Cells will not transition along the osteogenic pathway when they are actively dividing, and active growth may have contributed to the lack of ALP expression in this study. Isolated cells grown on tissue culture plastic expressed significant levels of the bone marker ALP. The results of this study suggest that cells isolated from the fat layer of RIA aspirate proliferate on ceramic bone void filler and have the potential to differentiate along an osteogenic pathway. Previously considered waste, the lipid-rich fat layer of aspirate may be a source of mesenchymal stem cells that, either alone or in conjunction with currently available synthetic bone graft material, could be used to stimulate new bone growth.
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Elbaz A, Wu X, Rivas D, Gimble JM, Duque G. Inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis prevents adipocyte lipotoxicity on human osteoblasts in vitro. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:982-91. [PMID: 19382912 PMCID: PMC2891630 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although increased bone marrow fat in age-related bone loss has been associated with lower trabecular mass, the underlying mechanism responsible remains unknown. We hypothesized that marrow adipocytes exert a lipotoxic effect on osteoblast function and survival through the reversible biosynthesis of fatty acids (FA) into the bone marrow microenvironment. We have used a two-chamber system to co-culture normal human osteoblasts (NHOst) with differentiating pre-adipocytes in the absence or presence of an inhibitor of FA synthase (cerulenin) and separated by an insert that allowed unidirectional trafficking of soluble factors only and prevented direct cell-cell contact. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of FA using mass spectophotometry. After 3 weeks in co-culture, NHOst showed significantly lower levels of differentiation and function based on lower mineralization and expression of alkaline phosphatase, osterix, osteocalcin and Runx2. In addition, NHOst survival was affected by the presence of adipocytes as determined by MTS-formazan and TUNEL assays as well as higher activation of caspases 3/7. These toxic effects were inhibited by addition of cerulenin. Furthermore, culture of NHOst with either adipocyte-conditioned media alone in the absence of adipocytes themselves or with the addition of the most predominant FA (stearate or palmitate) produced similar toxic results. Finally, Runx2 nuclear binding was affected by addition of either adipocyte conditioned media or FA into the osteogenic media. We conclude that the presence of FA within the marrow milieu can contribute to the age-related changes in bone mass and can be prevented by the inhibition of FA synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Elbaz
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, MontrealQuebec, Canada
| | - Xiying Wu
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Daniel Rivas
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, MontrealQuebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, MontrealQuebec, Canada
- Aging Bone Research Program, Nepean Clinical School, University of SydneyPenrith, NSW, Australia
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Fatty Acids and Bone. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-009-9047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kellinsalmi M, Parikka V, Risteli J, Hentunen T, Leskelä HV, Lehtonen S, Selander K, Väänänen K, Lehenkari P. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 down-regulates osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and favours adipocyte formation in vitro. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 572:102-10. [PMID: 17632097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 06/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX) and are widely used for post-trauma musculoskeletal analgesia. In animal models, NSAIDs have been reported to delay fracture healing and cause non-union, possibly due to the drug-induced inhibition of osteoblast recruitment and differentiation. To further investigate the cellular effects of these drugs in the context of bone healing, we examined the effects of COX-1 inhibitor indomethacin and COX-2 inhibitors, parecoxib and NS398 on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation and activity in vitro. We discovered that all tested COX-inhibitors significantly inhibited osteoclast differentiation, by 93%, 94% and 74% of control for 100 microM indomethacin, 100 microM parecoxib and 3 microM NS398, respectively. Furthermore, inhibition of COX-2 reduced also the resorption activity of mature osteoclasts. All tested COX-inhibitors also significantly inhibited osteoblast differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells. Simultaneously, the number of adipocytes was significantly increased. The adipocyte covered areas in the cultures with 1 microM indomethacin, 1 microM parecoxib and 3 microM NS398 were 9%, 29% and 24%, respectively, as compared with 6% in the control group. This data suggests that COX-2 inhibition disturbs bone remodelling by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and diverting stem cell differentiation towards adipocyte lineage instead of osteoblast lineage. In conclusion, our results further suggest cautious use of COX-2 inhibitors after osseous trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Kellinsalmi
- Clinical Research Centre, Department of Surgery, University of Oulu, Finland.
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