1
|
Tramontana M, Hansel K, Bianchi L, Sensini C, Malatesta N, Stingeni L. Advancing the understanding of allergic contact dermatitis: from pathophysiology to novel therapeutic approaches. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1184289. [PMID: 37283623 PMCID: PMC10239928 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1184289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that, especially when the condition becomes chronic, has a high impact on the quality of life and represents a significant disease burden. ACD represents a type IV delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction that is triggered by contact with an allergen in previously sensitized individuals through the activation of allergen-specific T cells. In the acute phase, it is characterized by eczematous dermatitis, which presents with erythema, edema, vesicles, scaling, and intense itch. Non-eczematous clinical forms are also described (lichenoid, bullous, and lymphomatosis). Lichenification is the most common clinical picture in the chronic phase if the culprit allergen is not found or eliminated. ACD can be associated with both occupational and non-occupational exposure to allergens, representing approximately 90% of occupational skin disorders along with irritant contact dermatitis. Patch testing with suspected allergens is required for a diagnosis. Metals, especially nickel, fragrance mix, isothiazolinones, and para-phenylenediamine, are the most commonly positive allergens in patients patch tested for suspected ACD. The treatment goal is to avoid contact with the culprit agent and use topical and/or systemic corticosteroid therapy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sukakul T, Bruze M, Mowitz M, Svedman C. Use of sorbitan sesquioleate in patch test preparations and patch testing with the substance-What do our results mean? Contact Dermatitis 2023; 88:134-138. [PMID: 36305668 PMCID: PMC10092872 DOI: 10.1111/cod.14239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO) is a sorbitan fatty acid ester, an emulsifier used in topical products and certain patch test preparations. SSO may affect the patch test results. It has been debated whether to include the substance in the baseline series to avoid misinterpretation of the results. OBJECTIVES To report the prevalence and simultaneous reactions of SSO with other patch test preparations containing SSO as an emulsifier. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective analysis of 3539 dermatitis patients who underwent patch testing from 2016 to 2020 was performed. RESULTS The 5-year SSO contact allergy prevalence was 0.48%, and 1.3% had a doubtful reaction. Patients with a stronger positive reaction (2+, 3+) were more likely to react simultaneously to other allergen preparations containing SSO (p value = 0.018). One patient with a strong reaction to SSO reacted positively to all SSO-containing patch test preparations. Definite fragrance allergens could not be identified in the patients who had simultaneous reactions to SSO and fragrance mix (FM) I. CONCLUSIONS Patch testing with allergen preparations containing SSO affected the patch test interpretation. Fragrance contact allergy could not be ruled out when a patient simultaneously reacted to SSO and FM I. Changing emulsifiers in patch test preparations would be advantageous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanisorn Sukakul
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Magnus Bruze
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Martin Mowitz
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Svedman
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Obaidat R, Al-Ghzawi B, Al-Taani B, Al-Shar’i N. Co-crystallization of Amoxicillin Trihydrate and Potassium Clavulanate Provides a Promising Approach for Preparation of Sustained-Release Microspheres. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:131. [PMID: 35501579 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to prepare sustained-release microspheres for amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate. Co-crystals of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate were prepared using three different techniques, including supercritical fluid technology. Full characterization was performed for the prepared co-crystals, including molecular dynamic simulation. Next, the co-crystals were microencapsulated with ethylcellulose using the emulsion solvent evaporation method in spherical microspheres. Physicochemical characterizations for the prepared co-crystal were performed using FTIR, DSC, and PXRD. Finally, scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the morphology of the prepared microspheres. Physicochemical studies showed the solid-state interaction between amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate in the prepared co-crystals. The total energy suggested differences between the three methods of co-crystal preparations suggesting some structural changes have occurred with better stabilization at supercritical fluid technology. Encapsulation of the co-crystals was successfully performed using ethylcellulose polymer. The in vitro release studies revealed sustained-release profiles for the co-crystal microspheres. Potassium clavulanate was released at a lower rate from the crystal microspheres prepared using co-crystals than the release in microspheres of potassium clavulanate alone. The empirical Higuchi model best fitted the in vitro release profile for amoxicillin trihydrate-potassium clavulanate co-crystal microspheres.
Collapse
|
4
|
Özkaya E, Pehlivan G, Babuna Kobaner G. Sorbitan sesquioleate: A rare contact allergen per se but an important indicator for allergic contact dermatitis from cross-reacting compounds as well as for false-positive fragrance allergy. Clin Exp Dermatol 2022; 47:1291-1297. [PMID: 35245949 DOI: 10.1111/ced.15158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Esen Özkaya
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gizem Pehlivan
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Goncagul Babuna Kobaner
- İstanbul University, İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aquino MR, Bingemann TA, Nanda A, Maples KM. Delayed allergic skin reactions to vaccines. Allergy Asthma Proc 2022; 43:20-29. [PMID: 34983706 DOI: 10.2500/aap.2022.43.210105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: Recent advances in vaccination against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic have brought allergists and dermatologists to the forefront because both immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions have been reported. Objective: This literature review focused on delayed reactions to vaccines, including possible causative agents and practical information on how to diagnose, evaluate with patch testing, and manage subsequent dose administration. Methods: Currently published reviews and case reports in PubMed, along with data on vaccines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention web site. Relevant case reports and reviews that focused on delayed reactions to vaccines were selected. Results: Most delayed hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines include cutaneous manifestations, which vary from local persistent pruritic nodules to systemic rashes. The onset is usually within a few days but can be delayed by weeks. Multiple excipients have been identified that have been implicated in delayed vaccine reactions, including thimerosal, formaldehyde, aluminum, antibiotics, and gelatin. Treatment with antihistamines, topical corticosteroids, or systemic corticosteroids alleviates symptoms in most patients. Such reactions are generally not contraindications to future vaccination. However, for more-severe reactions, patch testing for causative agents can be used to aid in diagnosis and approach further vaccination. Conclusion: Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to vaccines are not uncommon. If needed, patch testing can be used to confirm agents, including antibiotics, formaldehyde, thimerosal, and aluminum. In most cases, delayed cutaneous reactions are not contraindications to further vaccine administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcella R. Aquino
- From the Allergy and Immunology Section, Department of Pediatrics, Hasbro Children's Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Theresa A. Bingemann
- Divisions of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology and Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, Newyork
| | - Anil Nanda
- Asthma and Allergy Center, Lewisville and Flower Mound, Texas, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; and
| | - Kelly M. Maples
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Fiume MM, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Gill LJ, Heldreth B. Safety Assessment of Sorbitan Esters as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:60S-80S. [PMID: 31522651 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819871877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel (Panel) assessed the safety of 20 sorbitan esters; this report included sorbitan esters that were reviewed in 1985 and 2002, as well as 3 previously unreviewed sorbitan esters (sorbitan undecylenate, sorbitan sesquicaprylate, and sorbitan palmate). Most of the sorbitan esters are reported to function in cosmetics as surfactant-emulsifying agents. The Panel reviewed the data from previous sorbitan ester reports, as well as additional data included in this report, to determine the safety of these ingredients. The Panel concluded that the sorbitan esters included in this safety assessment are safe in cosmetics in the present practices of use and concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monice M Fiume
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Director, Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Wilma F Bergfeld
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donald V Belsito
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald A Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Daniel C Liebler
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - James G Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lillian J Gill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Director, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Executive Director, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Contact Allergy Cross-reactions: Retrospective Clinical Data and Review of the Literature. Dermatitis 2017; 28:128-140. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
10
|
Potential Allergens in Disposable Diaper Wipes, Topical Diaper Preparations, and Disposable Diapers. Dermatitis 2016; 27:110-8. [DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Bennike NH, Johansen JD. Sorbitan sesquioleate; a rare cause of contact allergy in consecutively patch tested dermatitis patients. Contact Dermatitis 2016; 74:242-5. [PMID: 26806725 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorbitan sesquioleate (SSO) has been added to fragrance mix I (FM I) as an emulsifier since the 1990s. Being a contact allergen itself, SSO has the potential to cause false-positive reactions to FM I. Recent results obtained with selected FM I-positive patients have shown that 5% have concomitant positive reactions to SSO. OBJECTIVES To investigate the 5-year prevalence of contact allergy to SSO and evaluate the importance of SSO allergy when patch test results for FM I are interpreted. METHODS This was a retrospective database study of consecutively patch tested eczema patients (n = 4,637) from 2010 to 2014. All patients were tested with our baseline series including FM I and SSO 20% in pet. RESULTS Sensitization to SSO was identified in 9 (0.2%) patients. The proportion of FM I-positive patients with concomitant positive reactions to SSO was 1.4%. CONCLUSIONS SSO is a rare cause of contact allergy, with a 5-year prevalence of 0.2% in consecutively tested patients. Contact allergy to the emulsifier does not play a major role when the overall frequency of contact allergy to FM I is evaluated. However, to correctly diagnose individual patients, concomitant patch testing with FM I and SSO is encouraged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Højsager Bennike
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jeanne Duus Johansen
- Department of Dermato-Allergology, National Allergy Research Centre, Herlev-Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, 2900, Hellerup, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Geier J, Schnuch A, Lessmann H, Uter W. Reactivity to sorbitan sesquioleate affects reactivity to fragrance mix I. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 73:296-304. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Fragrances are a common cause of allergic contact dermatitis in Europe and in North America. They can affect individuals at any age and elicit a spectrum of reactions from contact urticaria to systemic contact dermatitis. Growing recognition of the widespread use of fragrances in modern society has fueled attempts to prevent sensitization through improved allergen identification, labeling, and consumer education. This review provides an overview and update on fragrance allergy. Part 1 discusses the epidemiology and evaluation of suspected fragrance allergy. Part 2 reviews screening methods, emerging fragrance allergens, and management of patients with fragrance contact allergy. This review concludes by examining recent legislation on fragrances and suggesting potential additions to screening series to help prevent and detect fragrance allergy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Geier J, Uter W, Lessmann H, Schnuch A. Fragrance mix I and II: results of breakdown tests. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Geier
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Wolfgang Uter
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology; University of Erlangen/Nürnberg; 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Holger Lessmann
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| | - Axel Schnuch
- Information Network of Departments of Dermatology; Georg-August University; 37075 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim SY, Choi GS, Kim HK, Kim JH, Kim CS, Yang JW, You GI, Lee JY. Delayed onset urticaria and angioedema caused by components of itraconazole solution. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2014. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2014.2.2.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Gil-Soon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyoo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Je Hun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol Su Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Joung Wook Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ga In You
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jin Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Madsen JT, Andersen KE. Allergic contact dermatitis caused by the emulsifier triceteareth-4-phosphate. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 66:159-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.02000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
|