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Zuro D, Madabushi SS, Brooks J, Chen BT, Goud J, Salhotra A, Song JY, Parra LE, Pierini A, Sanchez JF, Stein A, Malki MA, Kortylewski M, Wong JYC, Alaei P, Froelich J, Storme G, Hui SK. First Multimodal, Three-Dimensional, Image-Guided Total Marrow Irradiation Model for Preclinical Bone Marrow Transplantation Studies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021; 111:671-683. [PMID: 34119592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Total marrow irradiation (TMI) has significantly advanced radiation conditioning for hematopoietic cell transplantation in hematologic malignancies by reducing conditioning-induced toxicities and improving survival outcomes in relapsed/refractory patients. However, the relapse rate remains high, and the lack of a preclinical TMI model has hindered scientific advancements. To accelerate TMI translation to the clinic, we developed a TMI delivery system in preclinical models. METHODS AND MATERIALS A Precision X-RAD SmART irradiator was used for TMI model development. Images acquired with whole-body contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) were used to reconstruct and delineate targets and vital organs for each mouse. Multiple beam and CT-guided Monte Carlo-based plans were performed to optimize doses to the targets and to vary doses to the vital organs. Long-term engraftment and reconstitution potential were evaluated by a congenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) model and serial secondary BMT, respectively. Donor cell engraftment was measured using noninvasive bioluminescence imaging and flow cytometry. RESULTS Multimodal imaging enabled identification of targets (skeleton and spleen) and vital organs (eg, lungs, gut, liver). In contrast to total body irradiation (TBI), TMI treatment allowed variation of radiation dose exposure to organs relative to the target dose. Dose reduction mirrored that in clinical TMI studies. Similar to TBI, mice treated with different TMI regimens showed full long-term donor engraftment in primary BMT and second serial BMT. The TBI-treated mice showed acute gut damage, which was minimized in mice treated with TMI. CONCLUSIONS A novel multimodal image guided preclinical TMI model is reported here. TMI conditioning maintained long-term engraftment with reconstitution potential and reduced organ damage. Therefore, this TMI model provides a unique opportunity to study the therapeutic benefit of reduced organ damage and BM dose escalation to optimize treatment regimens in BMT and hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Zuro
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | - Jamison Brooks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Bihong T Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Janagama Goud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Amandeep Salhotra
- Department of Hematology and HCT, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Joo Y Song
- Department of Pathology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | | | - Antonio Pierini
- Division of Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - James F Sanchez
- Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Anthony Stein
- Department of Hematology and HCT, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Monzr Al Malki
- Department of Hematology and HCT, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Marcin Kortylewski
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, California
| | - Jeffrey Y C Wong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Parham Alaei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jerry Froelich
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Guy Storme
- Department of Radiotherapy UZ Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susanta K Hui
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California; Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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El Ketara S, Ford NL. Time-course study of a gold nanoparticle contrast agent for cardiac-gated micro-CT imaging in mice. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:035025. [PMID: 33438670 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ab8741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images have high contrast for bone or air, between soft tissues the contrast is typically low. To overcome this inherent issue, attenuating exogenous contrast agents are used to provide contrast enhancement in the vasculature and abdominal organs. The aim of this study is to measure the contrast enhancement time course for a gold nanoparticle blood-pool contrast agent and use it to perform cardiac-gated 4D micro-CT scans of the heart. Six healthy female C57BL/6 mice were anesthetized and imaged after receiving an injected dose of MVivo gold nanoparticle blood-pool contrast agent. Following the injection, we performed micro-CT scans at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h. The mean CT number was measured for 7 different organs. No contrast enhancement was noticed in the bladder, kidneys or muscle during the time-course study. However, it clearly appears that the contrast enhancement is high in both right ventricle and vena cava. To perform cardiac-gated imaging, either the gold nanoparticle agent (n = 3) or an iodine-based (n = 3) contrast agent was introduced and images representing 9 phases of the cardiac cycle were obtained in 6 additional mice. A few typical cardiac parameters were measured or calculated, with similar accuracy between the gold and iodinated agents, but better visualization of structures with the gold agent. The MVivo Au contrast agent can be used for investigations of cardiac or vascular disease with a single bolus injection, with an optimal cardiac imaging window identified during the first hour after injection, demonstrating similar image quality to iodinated contrast agents and excellent measurement accuracy. Furthermore, the long-lasting contrast enhancement of up to 8 h can be very useful for scanning protocols that require longer acquisition times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir El Ketara
- Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. Université Grenobles Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Xing R, De Wilde D, McCann G, Ridwan Y, Schrauwen JTC, van der Steen AFW, Gijsen FJH, Van der Heiden K. Contrast-enhanced micro-CT imaging in murine carotid arteries: a new protocol for computing wall shear stress. Biomed Eng Online 2016; 15:156. [PMID: 28155699 PMCID: PMC5259814 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wall shear stress (WSS) is involved in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. The correlation between WSS and atherosclerosis can be investigated over time using a WSS-manipulated atherosclerotic mouse model. To determine WSS in vivo, detailed 3D geometry of the vessel network is required. However, a protocol to reconstruct 3D murine vasculature using this animal model is lacking. In this project, we evaluated the adequacy of eXIA 160, a small animal contrast agent, for assessing murine vascular network on micro-CT. Also, a protocol was established for vessel geometry segmentation and WSS analysis. METHODS A tapering cast was placed around the right common carotid artery (RCCA) of ApoE-/- mice (n = 8). Contrast-enhanced micro-CT was performed using eXIA 160. An innovative local threshold-based segmentation procedure was implemented to reconstruct 3D geometry of the RCCA. The reconstructed RCCA was compared to the vessel geometry using a global threshold-based segmentation method. Computational fluid dynamics was applied to compute the velocity field and WSS distribution along the RCCA. RESULTS eXIA 160-enhanced micro-CT allowed clear visualization and assessment of the RCCA in all eight animals. No adverse biological effects were observed from the use of eXIA 160. Segmentation using local threshold values generated more accurate RCCA geometry than the global threshold-based approach. Mouse-specific velocity data and the RCCA geometry generated 3D WSS maps with high resolution, enabling quantitative analysis of WSS. In all animals, we observed low WSS upstream of the cast. Downstream of the cast, asymmetric WSS patterns were revealed with variation in size and location between animals. CONCLUSIONS eXIA 160 provided good contrast to reconstruct 3D vessel geometry and determine WSS patterns in the RCCA of the atherosclerotic mouse model. We established a novel local threshold-based segmentation protocol for RCCA reconstruction and WSS computation. The observed differences between animals indicate the necessity to use mouse-specific data for WSS analysis. For our future work, our protocol makes it possible to study in vivo WSS longitudinally over a growing plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Xing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee2338, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David De Wilde
- IBiTech-bioMMeda, iMinds Medical IT, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gayle McCann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee2338, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yanto Ridwan
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee720, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle T. C. Schrauwen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee2338, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton F. W. van der Steen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee2338, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. H. Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee2338, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center, Erasmus MC, Wytemaweg 80, Ee2338, 3015CN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rothe JH, Rudolph I, Rohwer N, Kupitz D, Gregor-Mamoudou B, Derlin T, Furth C, Amthauer H, Brenner W, Buchert R, Cramer T, Apostolova I. Time course of contrast enhancement by micro-CT with dedicated contrast agents in normal mice and mice with hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of one iodinated and two nanoparticle-based agents. Acad Radiol 2015; 22:169-78. [PMID: 25282584 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to characterize the kinetics of two nanoparticle-based contrast agents for preclinical imaging, Exitron nano 6000 and Exitron nano 12000, and the iodinated agent eXIA 160 in both healthy mice and in a mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Semiautomatic segmentation of liver lesions for estimation of total tumor load of the liver was evaluated in HCC mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The normal time course of contrast enhancement was assessed in 15 healthy C57BL/6 mice. Imaging of tumor spread in the liver was evaluated in 15 mice harboring a transgenic HCC model (ASV-B mice). Automatic segmentation of liver lesions for determination of total tumor burden of the liver was tested in three additional ASV-B mice before and after an experimental therapy. RESULTS In healthy mice, clearance of the contrast agent from blood was completed within 3-4 hours for eXIA 160 and Exitron nano 6000, whereas complete blood clearance of Exitron nano 12000 required about 24 hours. eXIA 160 provided maximum liver contrast at 1 hour post injection (p.i.) followed by a continuous decline. Enhancement of liver contrast with Exitron nano 6000 and Exitron nano 12000 reached a plateau at about 4 hours p.i., which lasted until the end of the measurements at 96 hours p.i. Maximum contrast enhancement of the liver was not statistically different between Exitron nano 6000 and Exitron nano 12000, but was about three times lower for eXIA 160 (P < .05). Visually Exitron nano 12000 provided the best liver-to-tumor contrast. Semiautomatic liver and tumor segmentation was feasible after the administration of Exitron nano 12000 but did not work properly for the other two contrast agents. CONCLUSIONS Both nanoparticle-based contrast agents provided stronger and longer lasting contrast enhancement of healthy liver parenchyma. Exitron nano 12000 allowed automatic segmentation of tumor lesions for estimation of the total tumor load in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan H Rothe
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Rudolph
- Clinic of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, Deutsches Krebsforschungzentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadine Rohwer
- Clinic of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Kupitz
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg A.ö.R., Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Thorsten Derlin
- Clinic of Radiology, University Medical Center, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Furth
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg A.ö.R., Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Holger Amthauer
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg A.ö.R., Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Winfried Brenner
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralph Buchert
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Cramer
- Clinic of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ivayla Apostolova
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical School, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg A.ö.R., Magdeburg, Germany.
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Wathen CA, Caldwell C, Chanda N, Upendran A, Zambre A, Afrasiabi Z, Chapaman SE, Foje N, Leevy WM, Kannan R. Selective X-ray contrast enhancement of the spleen of living mice mediated by gold nanorods. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:188-93. [PMID: 25169942 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanomaterials (AuNPs) represent a promising new class of contrast agents for X-ray computed tomographic (CT) imaging in both research and clinical settings. These materials exhibit superior X-ray absorption properties compared with other iodinated agents, and thus require lower injection doses. Gold is nonimmunogenic and therefore contributes to safety profile in living specimens. Unfortunately, most reports on the use of AuNPs as X-ray CT enhancers only demonstrate marginal enhancement of the intended anatomical structure. In this study, we demonstrate the dramatic properties of gold nanorods (GNR) to serve as robust X-ray CT contrast-enhancing agent for selective imaging of the spleen. These organ-specific uptake properties were delineated by performing longitudinal CT imaging of living mice that were dosed with GNR at 2 day intervals. Rapid uptake in spleen was noted within 12 h of first systemic administration with a change in contrast enhancement of 90 Hounsfield units (ΔHU = 90) and with two subsequent injections a total contrast enhancement of over 200 HU was observed. The resulting images provide excellent contrast that will enable the detailed anatomical visualization and study of a range of pre-clinical models of spleen disease including infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A Wathen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Chuck Caldwell
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Nripen Chanda
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Anandhi Upendran
- Department of Physics, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Ajit Zambre
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
| | - Zahra Afrasiabi
- Department of Chemistry, Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Missouri, USA
| | - Sarah E Chapaman
- Department of Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Nathan Foje
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - W Matthew Leevy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Department of Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA.,Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Raghuraman Kannan
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA.,Center for Micro/Nano Systems and Nanotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65212, USA
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Willekens I, Van de Casteele E, Buls N, Temmermans F, Jansen B, Deklerck R, de Mey J. High-resolution 3D micro-CT imaging of breast microcalcifications: a preliminary analysis. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:9. [PMID: 24393444 PMCID: PMC3893600 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of microcalcifications on mammograms indicates the presence of breast lesion, and the shapes of the microcalcifications as seen by conventional mammography correlates with the probability of malignancy. This preliminary study evaluated the 3D shape of breast microcalcifications using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and compared the findings with those obtained using anatomopathological analysis. METHODS The study analyzed breast biopsy samples from 11 women with findings of suspicious microcalcifications on routine mammograms. The samples were imaged using a micro-CT (SkyScan 1076) at a resolution of 35 μm. Images were reconstructed using filtered back-projection and analyzed in 3D using surface rendering. The samples were subsequently analyzed by the pathology service. Reconstructed 3D images were compared with the corresponding histological slices. RESULTS Anatomopathological analysis showed that 5 of 11 patients had ductal breast carcinoma in situ. One patient was diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma.Individual object analysis was performed on 597 microcalcifications. Malignant microcalcifications tended to be thinner and to have a smaller volume and surface area, while their surface area-to-volume ratio was greater than that of benign microcalcifications. The structure model index values were the same for malignant and benign microcalcifications. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to use micro-CT for quantitative 3D analysis of microcalcifications. This high-resolution imaging technique will be valuable for gaining a greater understanding of the morphologic characteristics of malignant and benign microcalcifications. The presence of many small microcalcifications can be an indication of malignancy. For the larger microcalcifications, 3D parameters confirmed the more irregular shape of malignant microcalcifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inneke Willekens
- In vivo Cellular and Molecular Imaging Lab (ICMI), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
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