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Giordano G, Tucciarello C, Merlini A, Cutrupi S, Pignochino Y. Targeting the EphA2 pathway: could it be the way for bone sarcomas? Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:433. [PMID: 39252029 PMCID: PMC11382444 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone sarcomas are malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin. Complete surgical resection is the cornerstone of multidisciplinary treatment. However, advanced, unresectable forms remain incurable. A crucial step towards addressing this challenge involves comprehending the molecular mechanisms underpinning tumor progression and metastasis, laying the groundwork for innovative precision medicine-based interventions. We previously showed that tyrosine kinase receptor Ephrin Type-A Receptor 2 (EphA2) is overexpressed in bone sarcomas. EphA2 is a key oncofetal protein implicated in metastasis, self-renewal, and chemoresistance. Molecular, genetic, biochemical, and pharmacological approaches have been developed to target EphA2 and its signaling pathway aiming to interfere with its tumor-promoting effects or as a carrier for drug delivery. This review synthesizes the main functions of EphA2 and their relevance in bone sarcomas, providing strategies devised to leverage this receptor for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, with a focus on its applicability in the three most common bone sarcoma histotypes: osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giordano
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Cristina Tucciarello
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandra Merlini
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Santina Cutrupi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Ymera Pignochino
- Sarcoma Unit, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060, Candiolo, TO, Italy.
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043, Orbassano, TO, Italy.
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2
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Gan Q, Cui K, Cao Q, Zhang N, Yang MF, Yang X. Development of a 18F-Labeled Bicyclic Peptide Targeting EphA2 for Molecular Imaging of PSMA-Negative Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14623-14632. [PMID: 37908059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Although PSMA PET/CT imaging has great potential for noninvasively detecting prostate cancer (PCa), limitations exist for patients with low PSMA expression, caused by androgen deprivation treatment or neuroendocrine differentiation. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas Prostate Adenocarcinoma (TCGA-PRAD) data found that erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor A2 (EphA2), a receptor overexpressed in most PCa could be a potential target for PSMA-negative PCa. A fluorescent ligand ETF and a radiolabeled ligand [18F]AlF-ETN derived from a EphA2-targeting bicyclic peptide were synthesized and investigated. ETF could selectively stain and visualize the EphA2-positive but PSMA-negative PC3 cells, in complementary to the PSMA-targeting probe. PET/CT imaging and biodistribution experiments demonstrated that [18F]AlF-ETN specifically accumulated in PC3 tumors with a high contrast (tumor-to-muscle ratio: 21.29 ± 6.55). In conclusion, we have demonstrated the potential for using EphA2 to detect PSMA-negative PCa and developed a radiolabeled ligand [18F]AlF-ETN to specifically image EphA2 expressing PCa with high contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Gan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Kai Cui
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Qi Cao
- Translational Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Translational Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Yunnan Baiyao Group, Kunming 650000, China
| | - Min-Fu Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
- Yunnan Baiyao Group, Kunming 650000, China
- Laboratorial Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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3
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Li X, Wang F, Huang L, Yang M, Kuang E. Downregulation of EphA2 stability by RNF5 limits its tumor-suppressive function in HER2-negative breast cancers. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:662. [PMID: 37816703 PMCID: PMC10564927 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06188-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Ephrin receptor A2 (EphA2) plays dual functions in tumorigenesis through ligand-independent tumor promotion or ligand-dependent tumor suppression. However, the regulation of EphA2 tumor-suppressive function remains unclear. Here, we showed that RNF5 interacts with EphA2 and induces its ubiquitination and degradation, decreases the stability and cell surface distribution of EphA2 and alters the balance of its phosphorylation at S897 and Y772. In turn, RNF5 inhibition decreases ERK phosphorylation and increases p53 expression through an increase in the EphA2 level in HER2-negative breast cancer cells. Consequently, RNF5 inhibition increases the adhesion and decreases the migration of HER2-negative breast cancer cells, and RNF5 silencing suppresses the growth of xenograft tumors derived from ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer cells with increased EphA2 expression and altered phosphorylation. RNF5 expression is inversely correlated with EphA2 expression in breast cancers, and a high EphA2 level accompanied by a low RNF5 level is related to better survival in patients with ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancers. These studies revealed that RNF5 negatively regulates EphA2 properties and suppresses its tumor-suppressive function in HER2-negative breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- College of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, 430061, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengtian Yang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ersheng Kuang
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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4
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Manafi-Farid R, Ataeinia B, Ranjbar S, Jamshidi Araghi Z, Moradi MM, Pirich C, Beheshti M. ImmunoPET: Antibody-Based PET Imaging in Solid Tumors. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:916693. [PMID: 35836956 PMCID: PMC9273828 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.916693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immuno-positron emission tomography (immunoPET) is a molecular imaging modality combining the high sensitivity of PET with the specific targeting ability of monoclonal antibodies. Various radioimmunotracers have been successfully developed to target a broad spectrum of molecules expressed by malignant cells or tumor microenvironments. Only a few are translated into clinical studies and barely into clinical practices. Some drawbacks include slow radioimmunotracer kinetics, high physiologic uptake in lymphoid organs, and heterogeneous activity in tumoral lesions. Measures are taken to overcome the disadvantages, and new tracers are being developed. In this review, we aim to mention the fundamental components of immunoPET imaging, explore the groundbreaking success achieved using this new technique, and review different radioimmunotracers employed in various solid tumors to elaborate on this relatively new imaging modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Manafi-Farid
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahar Ataeinia
- Department of Radiology, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Ranjbar
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Zahra Jamshidi Araghi
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mobin Moradi
- Research Center for Nuclear Medicine, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Christian Pirich
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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5
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Ghosh S, Huda P, Fletcher NL, Howard CB, Walsh B, Campbell D, Pinkham MB, Thurecht KJ. Antibody-Based Formats to Target Glioblastoma: Overcoming Barriers to Protein Drug Delivery. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1233-1247. [PMID: 35438509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is recognized as the most aggressive form of primary brain cancer. Despite advances in treatment strategies that include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, the median survival time (∼15 months) of patients with GB has not significantly improved. The poor prognosis of GB is also associated with a very high chance of tumor recurrence (∼90%), and current treatment measures have failed to address the complications associated with this disease. However, targeted therapies enabled through antibody engineering have shown promise in countering GB when used in combination with conventional approaches. Here, we discuss the challenges in conventional as well as future GB therapeutics and highlight some of the known advantages of using targeted biologics to overcome these impediments. We also review a broad range of potential alternative routes that could be used clinically to administer anti-GB biologics to the brain through evasion of its natural barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Ghosh
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pie Huda
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Christopher B Howard
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley Walsh
- GlyTherix, Ltd., Sydney, New South Wales 2113, Australia
| | | | - Mark B Pinkham
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) and ARC Training Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Angioregulatory role of miRNAs and exosomal miRNAs in glioblastoma pathogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 148:112760. [PMID: 35228062 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly aggressive cancer of the central nervous system, occurring in the brain or spinal cord. Many factors such as angiogenesis are associated with GB development. Angiogenesis is a procedure by which the pre-existing blood vessels create new vessels that play an essential role in health and disease, including tumors. Also, angiogenesis is one of the significant factors thought to be responsible for treatment resistance in many tumors, including GB. Hence, an improved understanding of the molecular processes underlying GB angiogenesis will pave the way for developing potential new treatments. Recently, it has been found that microRNAs (miRNAs) and exosomal miRNAs have a crucial role in inducing or inhibiting the angiogenesis process in GB development. A better knowledge of the miRNA's regulation pathway in the angiogenesis process in cancer offers unique mechanistic insight into the mechanism of tumor-associated neovascularization. Because of advancements in miRNA characterization and delivery methods, miRNAs can also be employed in clinical settings as potential biomarkers for anti-angiogenic treatment response as well as therapies targeting tumor angiogenesis. The recent finding and insights about miRNAs' angioregulatory role and exosomal miRNAs in GB are provided throughout the review. Also, we discuss the new concept of miRNAs-based therapies for GB in the future.
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7
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Diagnosis of Glioblastoma by Immuno-Positron Emission Tomography. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010074. [PMID: 35008238 PMCID: PMC8750680 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neuroimaging has transformed the way brain tumors are diagnosed and treated. Although different non-invasive modalities provide very helpful information, in some situations, they present a limited value. By merging the specificity of antibodies with the resolution, sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET), “Immuno-PET” allows us to conduct the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of patients over time using antibody-based probes as an in vivo, integrated, quantifiable, 3D, full-body “immunohistochemistry”, like a “virtual biopsy”. This review provides and focuses on immuno-PET applications and future perspectives of this promising imaging approach for glioblastoma. Abstract Neuroimaging has transformed neuro-oncology and the way that glioblastoma is diagnosed and treated. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most widely used non-invasive technique in the primary diagnosis of glioblastoma. Although MRI provides very powerful anatomical information, it has proven to be of limited value for diagnosing glioblastomas in some situations. The final diagnosis requires a brain biopsy that may not depict the high intratumoral heterogeneity present in this tumor type. The revolution in “cancer-omics” is transforming the molecular classification of gliomas. However, many of the clinically relevant alterations revealed by these studies have not yet been integrated into the clinical management of patients, in part due to the lack of non-invasive biomarker-based imaging tools. An innovative option for biomarker identification in vivo is termed “immunotargeted imaging”. By merging the high target specificity of antibodies with the high spatial resolution, sensitivity, and quantitative capabilities of positron emission tomography (PET), “Immuno-PET” allows us to conduct the non-invasive diagnosis and monitoring of patients over time using antibody-based probes as an in vivo, integrated, quantifiable, 3D, full-body “immunohistochemistry” in patients. This review provides the state of the art of immuno-PET applications and future perspectives on this imaging approach for glioblastoma.
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8
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Bolcaen J, Nair S, Driver CHS, Boshomane TMG, Ebenhan T, Vandevoorde C. Novel Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Inhibitors for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:626. [PMID: 34209513 PMCID: PMC8308832 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) remains the most fatal brain tumor characterized by a high infiltration rate and treatment resistance. Overexpression and/or mutation of receptor tyrosine kinases is common in GB, which subsequently leads to the activation of many downstream pathways that have a critical impact on tumor progression and therapy resistance. Therefore, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) have been investigated to improve the dismal prognosis of GB in an effort to evolve into a personalized targeted therapy strategy with a better treatment outcome. Numerous RTKIs have been approved in the clinic and several radiopharmaceuticals are part of (pre)clinical trials as a non-invasive method to identify patients who could benefit from RTKI. The latter opens up the scope for theranostic applications. In this review, the present status of RTKIs for the treatment, nuclear imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy of GB is presented. The focus will be on seven tyrosine kinase receptors, based on their central role in GB: EGFR, VEGFR, MET, PDGFR, FGFR, Eph receptor and IGF1R. Finally, by way of analyzing structural and physiological characteristics of the TKIs with promising clinical trial results, four small molecule RTKIs were selected based on their potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Cathryn H. S. Driver
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Brits 0240, South Africa;
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
| | - Tebatso M. G. Boshomane
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Department of Science and Technology, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
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9
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Hsu K, Middlemiss S, Saletta F, Gottschalk S, McCowage GB, Kramer B. Chimeric Antigen Receptor-modified T cells targeting EphA2 for the immunotherapy of paediatric bone tumours. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:321-334. [PMID: 32873870 PMCID: PMC8057949 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-00221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, as an approved treatment option for patients with B cell malignancies, demonstrates that genetic modification of autologous immune cells is an effective anti-cancer regimen. Erythropoietin-producing Hepatocellular receptor tyrosine kinase class A2 (EphA2) is a tumour associated antigen expressed on a range of sarcomas, including paediatric osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing sarcoma (ES). We tested human EphA2 directed CAR T cells for their capacity to target and kill human OS and ES tumour cells using in vitro and in vivo assays, demonstrating that EphA2 CAR T cells have potent anti-tumour efficacy in vitro and can eliminate established OS and ES tumours in vivo in a dose and delivery route dependent manner. Next, in an aggressive metastatic OS model we demonstrated that systemically infused EphA2 CAR T cells can traffic to and eradicate tumour deposits in murine livers and lungs. These results support further pre-clinical evaluation of EphA2 CAR T cells to inform the design of early phase clinical trial protocols to test the feasibility and safety of this immune cell therapy in paediatric bone sarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Hsu
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Shiloh Middlemiss
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Federica Saletta
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Stephen Gottschalk
- Department of Bone Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Geoffrey B McCowage
- Children's Cancer Centre, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Belinda Kramer
- Children's Cancer Research Unit, Kid's Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
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10
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Pyo A, You SH, Sik Kim H, Young Kim J, Min JJ, Kim DY, Hong Y. Production of 64Cu-labeled monobody for imaging of human EphA2-expressing tumors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127262. [PMID: 32527560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported on the monobody E1, which specifically targets the tumor marker hEphA2. In this study, we labeled NOTA-conjugated E1 with 64Cu (64Cu-NOTA-E1) and evaluated biologic characteristics. The uptake of 64Cu-NOTA-E1 in PC3 cells (a human prostate cancer cell line) with high expression of hEphA2 increased in a time-dependent manner. In PC3 xenograft mice, 64Cu-NOTA-E1 injected via the tail vein allowed visualization of tumors on positron emission tomography after 1 h and the highest uptake measured at 24 h post-injection. By contrast, the radioactivity of other tissues either did not increase or decreased over 24 h. This indicates that 64Cu-NOTA-E1 has high tumor uptake and retention, with rapid clearance, and low background values in other tissues. Therefore, 64Cu-NOTA-E1 should be suitable as a novel PET imaging agent for hEphA2-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoung Pyo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan You
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Sik Kim
- Medical Photonics Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Young Kim
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeon Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yeongjin Hong
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Neuber C, Belter B, Mamat C, Pietzsch J. Radiopharmacologist's and Radiochemist's View on Targeting the Eph/Ephrin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase System. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16318-16331. [PMID: 32685795 PMCID: PMC7364440 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there have been extensive efforts to open up the Eph/ephrin subfamily of the receptor tyrosine kinase family for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Besides classical pharmaceutical developments, which focus either on drugs targeting the extracellular ligand binding domains or on the intracellular tyrosine kinase domains of these receptors, there also have been first radiopharmaceutical approaches. Here the focus is on the development of specific and selective probes for molecular imaging, particularly by means of positron emission tomography, and the functional characterization of the Eph/ephrin subfamily in certain target tissues. The aim of this mini-review is to summarize the different approaches toward Eph-targeting radiotracers by using antibodies, peptides, and small molecules and to discuss their radiopharmacological characterization. With regard to the small molecules, further considerations will focus on the design and synthesis of nonradioactive reference compounds and precursors as well as on radiolabeling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Neuber
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer
Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical
and Chemical Biology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Birgit Belter
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer
Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical
and Chemical Biology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Constantin Mamat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer
Research, Department of Radionuclide Theragnostics, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische
Universität Dresden, School of Science,
Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer
Research, Department of Radiopharmaceutical
and Chemical Biology, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Technische
Universität Dresden, School of Science,
Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
- E-mail:
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12
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Houston Z, Bunt J, Chen KS, Puttick S, Howard CB, Fletcher NL, Fuchs AV, Cui J, Ju Y, Cowin G, Song X, Boyd AW, Mahler SM, Richards LJ, Caruso F, Thurecht KJ. Understanding the Uptake of Nanomedicines at Different Stages of Brain Cancer Using a Modular Nanocarrier Platform and Precision Bispecific Antibodies. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:727-738. [PMID: 32490189 PMCID: PMC7256936 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing accumulation and retention of nanomedicines within tumor tissue is a significant challenge, particularly in the case of brain tumors where access to the tumor through the vasculature is restricted by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). This makes the application of nanomedicines in neuro-oncology often considered unfeasible, with efficacy limited to regions of significant disease progression and compromised BBB. However, little is understood about how the evolving tumor-brain physiology during disease progression affects the permeability and retention of designer nanomedicines. We report here the development of a modular nanomedicine platform that, when used in conjunction with a unique model of how tumorigenesis affects BBB integrity, allows investigation of how nanomaterial properties affect uptake and retention in brain tissue. By combining different in vivo longitudinal imaging techniques (including positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging), we have evaluated the retention of nanomedicines with predefined physicochemical properties (size and surface functionality) and established a relationship between structure and tissue accumulation as a function of a new parameter that measures BBB leakiness; this offers significant advancements in our ability to relate tumor accumulation of nanomedicines to more physiologically relevant parameters. Our data show that accumulation of nanomedicines in brain tumor tissue is better correlated with the leakiness of the BBB than actual tumor volume. This was evaluated by establishing brain tumors using a spontaneous and endogenously derived glioblastoma model providing a unique opportunity to assess these parameters individually and compare the results across multiple mice. We also quantitatively demonstrate that smaller nanomedicines (20 nm) can indeed cross the BBB and accumulate in tumors at earlier stages of the disease than larger analogues, therefore opening the possibility of developing patient-specific nanoparticle treatment interventions in earlier stages of the disease. Importantly, these results provide a more predictive approach for designing efficacious personalized nanomedicines based on a particular patient's condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary
H. Houston
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jens Bunt
- Queensland
Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kok-Siong Chen
- Queensland
Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Brigham
and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical
School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Simon Puttick
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Probing Biosystems
Future Science Platform, Royal Brisbane
and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Training
Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical
Innovation The University
of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Adrian V. Fuchs
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiwei Cui
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Key
Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yi Ju
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Gary Cowin
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Xin Song
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew W. Boyd
- Leukaemia
Foundation Laboratory, QIMR-Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
- Department
of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephen M. Mahler
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical
Innovation The University
of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Linda J. Richards
- Queensland
Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- The
School of Biomedical Sciences, The University
of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, The University
of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Centre
for Advanced Imaging, The University of
Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian
Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- ARC Training
Centre for Innovation in Biomedical Imaging Technology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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13
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Janes PW, Vail ME, Gan HK, Scott AM. Antibody Targeting of Eph Receptors in Cancer. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050088. [PMID: 32397088 PMCID: PMC7281212 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Eph subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases mediate cell-cell communication controlling cell and tissue patterning during development. While generally less active in adult tissues, they often re-emerge in cancers, particularly on undifferentiated or progenitor cells in tumors and the tumor microenvironment, associated with tumor initiation, angiogenesis and metastasis. Eph receptors are thus attractive therapeutic targets, and monoclonal antibodies have been commonly developed and tested for anti-cancer activity in preclinical models, and in some cases in the clinic. This review summarizes 20 years of research on various antibody-based approaches to target Eph receptors in tumors and the tumor microenvironment, including their mode of action, tumor specificity, and efficacy in pre-clinical and clinical testing.
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14
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Brighi C, Reid L, White AL, Genovesi LA, Kojic M, Millar A, Bruce Z, Day BW, Rose S, Whittaker AK, Puttick S. MR-guided focused ultrasound increases antibody delivery to nonenhancing high-grade glioma. Neurooncol Adv 2020; 2:vdaa030. [PMID: 32642689 PMCID: PMC7212871 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdaa030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High-grade glioma (HGG) remains a recalcitrant clinical problem despite many decades of research. A major challenge in improving prognosis is the inability of current therapeutic strategies to address a clinically significant burden of infiltrating tumor cells that extend beyond the margins of the primary tumor mass. Such cells cannot be surgically excised nor efficiently targeted by radiation therapy. Therapeutic targeting of this tumor cell population is significantly hampered by the presence of an intact blood–brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we performed a preclinical investigation of the efficiency of MR-guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) to temporarily disrupt the BBB to allow selective delivery of a tumor-targeting antibody to infiltrating tumor. Methods Structural MRI, dynamic-contrast enhancement MRI, and histology were used to fully characterize the MR-enhancing properties of a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) orthotopic mouse model of HGG and to develop a reproducible, robust model of nonenhancing HGG. PET–CT imaging techniques were then used to evaluate the efficacy of FUS to increase 89Zr-radiolabeled antibody concentration in nonenhancing HGG regions and adjacent non-targeted tumor tissue. Results The PDX mouse model of HGG has a significant tumor burden lying behind an intact BBB. Increased antibody uptake in nonenhancing tumor regions is directly proportional to the FUS-targeted volume. FUS locally increased antibody uptake in FUS-targeted regions of the tumor with an intact BBB, while leaving untargeted regions unaffected. Conclusions FUS exposure successfully allowed temporary BBB disruption, localized to specifically targeted, nonenhancing, infiltrating tumor regions and delivery of a systemically administered antibody was significantly increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Brighi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lee Reid
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alison L White
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Laura A Genovesi
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marija Kojic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amanda Millar
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zara Bruce
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Bryan W Day
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew K Whittaker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Puttick
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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15
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Affinito A, Quintavalle C, Esposito CL, Roscigno G, Giordano C, Nuzzo S, Ricci-Vitiani L, Scognamiglio I, Minic Z, Pallini R, Berezovski MV, de Francisis V, Condorelli G. Targeting Ephrin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase A2 with a Selective Aptamer for Glioblastoma Stem Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:176-185. [PMID: 32169805 PMCID: PMC7068199 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the benefits associated with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) treatment, most patients experience a relapse following initial therapy. Recurrent or progressive GBM usually does not respond anymore to standard therapy, and this is associated with poor patient outcome. GBM stem cells (GSCs) are a subset of cells resistant to radiotherapy and chemotherapy and play a role in tumor recurrence. The targeting of GSCs and the identification of novel markers are crucial issues in the development of innovative strategies for GBM eradication. By differential cell SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment), we have recently described two RNA aptamers, that is, the 40L sequence and its truncated form A40s, able to bind the cell surface of human GSCs. Both aptamers were selective for stem-like growing GBM cells and are rapidly internalized into target cells. In this study, we demonstrate that their binding to cells is mediated by direct recognition of the ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2). Functionally, the two aptamers were able to inhibit cell growth, stemness, and migration of GSCs. Furthermore, A40s was able to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and was stable in serum in in vitro experiments. These results suggest that 40L and A40s represent innovative potential therapeutic tools for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Affinito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy; Percuros B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Quintavalle
- Percuros B.V., Enschede, the Netherlands; IEOS, CNR, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Giuseppina Roscigno
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Catello Giordano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Ricci-Vitiani
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Scognamiglio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Zoran Minic
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Roberto Pallini
- Institute of Neurosurgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maxim V Berezovski
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; John L. Holmes Mass Spectrometry Facility, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Via Tommaso de Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed-Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo Pozzilli, Pozzilli, Italy.
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16
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Lee MD, Tong WY, Nebl T, Pearce LA, Pham TM, Golbaz-Hagh A, Puttick S, Rose S, Adams TE, Williams CC. Dual Site-Specific Labeling of an Antibody Fragment through Sortase A and π-Clamp Conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2539-2543. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Lee
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Wing Yin Tong
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Nebl
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Tam M. Pham
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Arghavan Golbaz-Hagh
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
| | - Simon Puttick
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, 4072, Australia
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Stephen Rose
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Herston, Queensland 4029, Australia
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17
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Cui J, Ju Y, Houston ZH, Glass JJ, Fletcher NL, Alcantara S, Dai Q, Howard CB, Mahler SM, Wheatley AK, De Rose R, Brannon PT, Paterson BM, Donnelly PS, Thurecht KJ, Caruso F, Kent SJ. Modulating Targeting of Poly(ethylene glycol) Particles to Tumor Cells Using Bispecific Antibodies. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801607. [PMID: 30868751 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-fouling or "stealth" particles composed of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) display a striking ability to evade phagocytic cell uptake. However, functionalizing them for specific targeting is challenging. To address this challenge, stealth PEG particles prepared by a mesoporous silica templating method are functionalized with bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) to obtain PEG-BsAb particles via a one-step binding strategy for cell and tumor targeting. The dual specificity of the BsAbs-one arm binds to the PEG particles while the other targets a cell antigen (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR)-is exploited to modulate the number of targeting ligands per particle. Increasing the BsAb incubation concentration increases the amount of BsAb tethered to the PEG particles and enhances targeting and internalization into breast cancer cells overexpressing EGFR. The degree of BsAb functionalization does not significantly reduce the stealth properties of the PEG particles ex vivo, as assessed by their interactions with primary human blood granulocytes and monocytes. Although increasing the BsAb amount on PEG particles does not lead to the expected improvement in tumor accumulation in vivo, BsAb functionalization facilitates tumor cell uptake of PEG particles. This work highlights strategies to balance evading nonspecific clearance pathways, while improving tumor targeting and accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Cui
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Yi Ju
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Zachary H. Houston
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Joshua J. Glass
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Sheilajen Alcantara
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Qiong Dai
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry of the Ministry of Education School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shandong University Jinan Shandong 250100 China
| | - Christopher B. Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Stephen M. Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Biopharmaceutical Innovation The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Adam K. Wheatley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Paul T. Brannon
- Materials Characterisation and Fabrication Platform The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Brett M. Paterson
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Centre for Advanced Imaging The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Frank Caruso
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio‐Nano Science and Technology and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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18
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Stringer BW, Day BW, D'Souza RCJ, Jamieson PR, Ensbey KS, Bruce ZC, Lim YC, Goasdoué K, Offenhäuser C, Akgül S, Allan S, Robertson T, Lucas P, Tollesson G, Campbell S, Winter C, Do H, Dobrovic A, Inglis PL, Jeffree RL, Johns TG, Boyd AW. A reference collection of patient-derived cell line and xenograft models of proneural, classical and mesenchymal glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4902. [PMID: 30894629 PMCID: PMC6427001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41277-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-passage, serum-free cell lines cultured from patient tumour tissue are the gold-standard for preclinical studies and cellular investigations of glioblastoma (GBM) biology, yet entrenched, poorly-representative cell line models are still widely used, compromising the significance of much GBM research. We submit that greater adoption of these critical resources will be promoted by the provision of a suitably-sized, meaningfully-described reference collection along with appropriate tools for working with them. Consequently, we present a curated panel of 12 readily-usable, genetically-diverse, tumourigenic, patient-derived, low-passage, serum-free cell lines representing the spectrum of molecular subtypes of IDH-wildtype GBM along with their detailed phenotypic characterisation plus a bespoke set of lentiviral plasmids for bioluminescent/fluorescent labelling, gene expression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation. The cell lines and all accompanying data are readily-accessible via a single website, Q-Cell (qimrberghofer.edu.au/q-cell/) and all plasmids are available from Addgene. These resources should prove valuable to investigators seeking readily-usable, well-characterised, clinically-relevant, gold-standard models of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan W Day
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Paul R Jamieson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Zara C Bruce
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Goasdoué
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Seçkin Akgül
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Suzanne Allan
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Peter Lucas
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gert Tollesson
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Scott Campbell
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Craig Winter
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hongdo Do
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Wellness Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Po-Ling Inglis
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rosalind L Jeffree
- Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Huang J, He Y, Mcleod HL, Xie Y, Xiao D, Hu H, Chen P, Shen L, Zeng S, Yin X, Ge J, Li L, Tang L, Ma J, Chen Z. miR-302b inhibits tumorigenesis by targeting EphA2 via Wnt/ β-catenin/EMT signaling cascade in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:886. [PMID: 29273006 PMCID: PMC5741943 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3875-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background EphA2 is a crucial oncogene in gastric cancer (GC) development and metastasis, this study aims to identify microRNAs that target it and serve as key regulators of gastric carcinogenesis. Methods We identified several potential microRNAs targeting EphA2 by bioinformatics websites and then analyzed the role of miR-302b in modulating EphA2 in vitro and in vivo of GC, and it’s mechanism. Results Our analysis identified miR-302b, a novel regulator of EphA2, as one of the most significantly downregulated microRNA (miRNA) in GC tissues. Overexpression of miR-302b impaired GC cell migratory and invasive properties robustly and suppressed cell proliferation by arresting cells at G0–G1 phase in vitro. miR-302b exhibited anti-tumor activity by reversing EphA2 regulation, which relayed a signaling transduction cascade that attenuated the functions of N-cadherin, β-catenin, and Snail (markers of Wnt/β-catenin and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EMT). This modulation of EphA2 also had distinct effects on cell proliferation and migration in GC in vivo. Conclusions miR-302b serves as a critical suppressor of GC cell tumorigenesis and metastasis by targeting the EphA2/Wnt/β-catenin/EMT pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-017-3875-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Yijing He
- Department of Dermatology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Howard L Mcleod
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha, 410008, China.,Moffitt Cancer Center, DeBartolo Family Personalized Medicine Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yanchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Desheng Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Huabin Hu
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Pan Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Shan Zeng
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Xianli Yin
- Department of gastroenterology and urology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Jie Ge
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Lanhua Tang
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jian Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Central South University, No.138 Tongzipo Road, Changsha, China.
| | - Zihua Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, No.87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Bell C, Puttick S, Rose S, Smith J, Thomas P, Dowson N. Design and utilisation of protocols to characterise dynamic PET uptake of two tracers using basis pursuit. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:4897-4916. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6b44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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21
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Schubert M, Bergmann R, Förster C, Sihver W, Vonhoff S, Klussmann S, Bethge L, Walther M, Schlesinger J, Pietzsch J, Steinbach J, Pietzsch HJ. Novel Tumor Pretargeting System Based on Complementary l-Configured Oligonucleotides. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:1176-1188. [PMID: 28222590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural mirror image l-configured oligonucleotides (L-ONs) are a convenient substance class for the application as complementary in vivo recognition system between a tumor specific antibody and a smaller radiolabeled effector molecule in pretargeting approaches. The high hybridization velocity and defined melting conditions are excellent preconditions of the L-ON based methodology. Their high metabolic stability and negligible unspecific binding to endogenous targets are superior characteristics in comparison to their d-configured analogs. In this study, a radiopharmacological evaluation of a new l-ONs based pretargeting system using the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) specific antibody cetuximab (C225) as target-seeking component is presented. An optimized PEGylated 17mer-L-DNA was conjugated with p-SCN-Bn-NOTA (NOTA') to permit radiolabeling with the radionuclide 64Cu. C225 was modified with the complementary 17mer-L-DNA (c-L-DNA) strand as well as with NOTA' for radiolabeling and use for positron emission tomography (PET). Two C225 conjugates were coupled with 1.5 and 5.0 c-L-DNA molecules, respectively. In vitro characterization was done with respect to hybridization studies, competition and saturation binding assays in EGFR expressing squamous cell carcinoma cell lines A431 and FaDu. The modified C225 derivatives exhibited high binding affinities in the low nanomolar range to the EGFR. PET and biodistribution experiments on FaDu tumor bearing mice with directly 64Cu-labeled NOTA'3-C225-(c-L-DNA)1.5 conjugate revealed that a pretargeting interval of 24 h might be a good compromise between tumor accumulation, internalization, blood background, and liver uptake of the antibody. Despite internalization of the antibody in vivo pretargeting experiments showed an adequate hybridization of 64Cu-radiolabeled NOTA'-L-DNA to the tumor located antibody and a good tumor-to-muscle ratio of about 11 resulting in a clearly visible image of the tumor after 24 h up to 72 h. Furthermore, low accumulation of radioactivity in organs responsible for metabolism and excretion was determined. The presented results indicate a high potential of complementary L-ONs for the pretargeting approach which can also be applied to therapeutic radionuclides such as 177Lu, 90Y, 186Re, or 188Re.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Schubert
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Bergmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Förster
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sihver
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Martin Walther
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörn Schlesinger
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jens Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jörg Steinbach
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany.,Technische Universität Dresden , School of Science, Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Pietzsch
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research , Bautzner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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22
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Howard CB, Fletcher N, Houston ZH, Fuchs AV, Boase NRB, Simpson JD, Raftery LJ, Ruder T, Jones ML, de Bakker CJ, Mahler SM, Thurecht KJ. Overcoming Instability of Antibody-Nanomaterial Conjugates: Next Generation Targeted Nanomedicines Using Bispecific Antibodies. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:2055-68. [PMID: 27283923 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Targeted nanomaterials promise improved therapeutic efficacy, however their application in nanomedicine is limited due to complexities associated with protein conjugations to synthetic nanocarriers. A facile method to generate actively targeted nanomaterials is developed and exemplified using polyethylene glycol (PEG)-functional nanostructures coupled to a bispecific antibody (BsAb) with dual specificity for methoxy PEG (mPEG) epitopes and cancer targets such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The EGFR-mPEG BsAb binds with high affinity to recombinant EGFR (KD : 1 × 10(-9) m) and hyperbranched polymer (HBP) consisting of mPEG (KD : 10 × 10(-9) m) and demonstrates higher avidity for HBP compared to linear mPEG. The binding of BsAb-HBP bioconjugate to EGFR on MDA-MB-468 cancer cells is investigated in vitro using a fluorescently labeled polymer, and in in vivo xenograft models by small animal optical imaging. The antibody-targeted nanostructures show improved accumulation in tumor cells compared to non-targeted nanomaterials. This demonstrates a facile approach for tuning targeting ligand density on nanomaterials, by modulating surface functionality. Antibody fragments are tethered to the nanomaterial through simple mixing prior to administration to animals, overcoming the extensive procedures encountered for developing targeted nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher B. Howard
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nicholas Fletcher
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Zachary H. Houston
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Adrian V. Fuchs
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Nathan R. B. Boase
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Joshua D. Simpson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Lyndon J. Raftery
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Tim Ruder
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Martina L. Jones
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Christopher J. de Bakker
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Stephen M. Mahler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Kristofer J. Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI) School of Chemical Engineering ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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23
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Differential response of patient-derived primary glioblastoma cells to environmental stiffness. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23353. [PMID: 26996336 PMCID: PMC4800394 DOI: 10.1038/srep23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of cancer cells to sense external mechanical forces has emerged as a significant factor in the promotion of cancer invasion. Currently there are conflicting reports in the literature with regard to whether glioblastoma (GBM) brain cancer cell migration and invasion is rigidity-sensitive. In order to address this question we have compared the rigidity-response of primary patient-derived GBM lines. Cells were plated on polyacrylamide gels of defined rigidity that reflect the diversity of the brain tissue mechanical environment, and cell morphology and migration were analysed by time-lapse microscopy. Invasiveness was assessed in multicellular spheroids embedded in 3D matrigel cultures. Our data reveal a range of rigidity-dependent responses between the patient-derived cell lines, from reduced migration on the most compliant tissue stiffness to those that are insensitive to substrate rigidity and are equally migratory irrespective of the underlying substrate stiffness. Notably, the rigidity-insensitive GBM cells show the greatest invasive capacity in soft 3D matrigel cultures. Collectively our data confirm both rigidity-dependent and independent behaviour in primary GBM patient-derived cells.
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