1
|
Ique MMA, Ferreira MF, Botazzo Delbem AC, de Mendonça MR. Corrosion-induced changes in surface properties and roughness of orthodontic wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2024; 165:565-575. [PMID: 38372682 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to investigate the surface free energy and surface roughness (SR) of metallic alloys under the influence of acid solutions. METHODS The experiment involved the use of 270 rectangular wire samples measuring 0.019 × 0.025-in. These samples were sourced from 3 different commercial brands: Dentsply GAC, American Orthodontics, and Orthoclassic. This in vitro study categorized the samples into 3 groups based on the solutions employed: deionized water, citric acid, and phosphoric acid. Each group consisted of 90 samples, with 30 samples representing each type of alloy-stainless steel, nickel-titanium, and titanium molybdenum alloy (TMA). The wire segments were immersed in their respective solutions for 72 hours at a controlled temperature of 37°C, with continuous orbital agitation at 130 rpm. After the immersion period, the study analyzed both surface free energy and SR. The mean values obtained were subjected to an analysis of variance at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS All alloys displayed hydrophobic behavior, as indicated by interaction free energy values <0. In acidic environments (phosphoric acid and citric acid), significant differences were observed among different brands and alloys, affecting surface energy and interaction free energy. Variations in SR among metallic alloys included steel with the lowest SR variations, followed by nickel-titanium and TMA. Notably, the TMA alloy stood out with significantly higher surface energy compared with that of the other alloys (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS In this study, all examined alloys demonstrated a hydrophobic nature, suggesting a limited attraction to water. Notably, TMA exhibited the least hydrophobic behavior among the alloys studied. However, when exposed to citric acid, TMA displayed the most substantial alterations in its surface properties. These results underscored the significance of accounting for the distinctive properties of each alloy and their responses to diverse challenges, such as exposure to acidic solutions, during the selection of orthodontic wires for orthodontics treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Martin Adriazola Ique
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mayra Fernanda Ferreira
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos Rogério de Mendonça
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sufarnap E, Harahap KI, Cynthiana S, Reza M. Nickel and copper ion release, deflection and the surface roughness of copper-nickel-titanium orthodontic archwire in sodium fluoride solution. J Orthod Sci 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 37881660 PMCID: PMC10597362 DOI: 10.4103/jos.jos_92_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium fluoride (NaF) is commonly used in oral hygiene products, leading to corrosion and reduced archwire properties. In addition, ion release can cause allergies and become toxic to the oral environment. This research aimed to observe the Nickel (Ni) and Copper (Cu) ions released that affected initial corrosion as deflection and surface roughness changed in the Copper-Nickel-Titanium (CuNiTi) archwire. MATERIAL AND METHODS The total samples were 54 copper-nickel-titanium (CuNiTi-Tanzo, American orthodontic®) archwires immersed in three solutions. Artificial saliva was used in the control group NaF 0.05%, and a NaF 0.15% solution was used in the intervention groups (n = 6). The groups were divided into three observation times (two, four, and six weeks). Cu and Ni ions released, deflection, the surface roughness of the archwires, and solution acidities were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS Ni and Cu ion release and surface roughness of the CuNiTi archwires significantly increased as the NaF concentration increased. The Ni ion release improved along the immersion period; the opposite was true for the Cu ion release. The solutions became more alkaline after the CuNiTi archwires were immersed. The pH and the archwires' deflections of the three solutions did not show significant differences. CONCLUSION The NaF increased Cu-Ni ion release and surface roughness but not the deflection force of the CuNiTi. The increase was affected by the concentration and duration of immersion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erliera Sufarnap
- Department of Orthodontic, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, North Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Kholidina Imanda Harahap
- Department of Dental Material, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Sally Cynthiana
- Professional Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Reza
- Professional Student, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Petković Didović M, Jelovica Badovinac I, Fiket Ž, Žigon J, Rinčić Mlinarić M, Čanadi Jurešić G. Cytotoxicity of Metal Ions Released from NiTi and Stainless Steel Orthodontic Appliances, Part 1: Surface Morphology and Ion Release Variations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16114156. [PMID: 37297290 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite numerous studies on ion release from orthodontic appliances, no clear conclusions can be drawn due to complex interrelations of multiple factors. Therefore, as the first part of a comprehensive investigation of cytotoxicity of eluted ions, the objective of this study was to analyze four parts of a fixed orthodontic appliance. Specifically, NiTi archwires and stainless steel (SS) brackets, bands, and ligatures were immersed in artificial saliva and studied for morphological and chemical changes after 3-, 7-, and 14-day immersion, using the SEM/EDX technique. Ion release profiles were analyzed for all eluted ions using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results demonstrated dissimilar surface morphologies among parts of the fixed appliance, due to variations in manufacturing processes. The onset of pitting corrosion was observed for the SS brackets and bands in the as-received state. Protective oxide layers were not observed on any of the parts, but adherent layers developed on SS brackets and ligatures during immersion. Salt precipitation, mainly KCl, was also observed. ICP-MS proved to be more sensitive than SEM/EDX and exhibited results undetected by SEM/EDX. Ion release was an order-of-magnitude higher for SS bands compared to other parts, which was attributed to manufacturing procedure (welding). Ion release did not correlate with surface roughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Petković Didović
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ivana Jelovica Badovinac
- Faculty of Physics and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Željka Fiket
- Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jure Žigon
- Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Gordana Čanadi Jurešić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, B. Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khanloghi M, Sheikhzadeh S, Khafri S, Mirzaie M. Effect of Different Forms of Fluoride Application on Surface Roughness of Rhodium-Coated NiTi Orthodontic Wires: A Clinical Trial. Front Dent 2023; 20:13. [PMID: 37312830 PMCID: PMC10258391 DOI: 10.18502/fid.v20i13.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of different forms of fluoride application on surface roughness of rhodium-coated nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic wires. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 15 patients randomly divided into three groups: toothbrush with Oral-B toothpaste only, Oral-B toothpaste, and daily mouthwash, Oral-B toothpaste, and sodium fluoride gel. The surface roughness indices of orthodontic wires including arithmetic mean height (Sa), root mean square height, root mean square gradient, developed interfacial area ratio (Sdr) and maximum surface height were measured by atomic force microscopy at baseline and after 6 weeks of application in the patients' mouths. Data were analyzed by paired t-test, ANOVA, Games-Howell, and Tukey-HSD tests (P<0.05). Results: All surface roughness parameters in all three groups showed a significant increase after intervention, except for Sa in the toothpaste-only group (P=0.057) and Sdr in the sodium fluoride gel group (P=0.064). Conclusion: The surface roughness of rhodium-coated NiTi orthodontic wires increases following the use of different forms of fluoride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Khanloghi
- Student Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sheikhzadeh
- Dental Materials Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Soraya Khafri
- Social Departments of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Science, Babol, Iran
| | - Maysam Mirzaie
- Oral Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pastor F, Rodriguez JC, Barrera JM, García-Menocal JAD, Brizuela A, Puigdollers A, Espinar E, Gil J. Effect of Fluoride Content of Mouthwashes on the Metallic Ion Release in Different Orthodontics Archwires. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2780. [PMID: 36833476 PMCID: PMC9956897 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal ion release studies were carried out on three of the most commonly used orthodontic wires in the clinic: austenitic stainless steel, Ti-Mo, and superelastic NiTi, using three mouthwashes with different fluoride concentrations: 130, 200, and 380 ppm. Immersions were carried out in these mouthwashes at 37 °C for 1, 4, 7, and 14 days, and the ions released were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). All wires were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a moderate ion release in the stainless steel wires, with nickel and chromium values of 500 and 1000 ppb in the worst conditions for the wires: concentrations of 380 ppm fluoride and 14 days of immersion. However, in the Ti-Mo and NiTi alloys, an abrupt change in release was observed when the samples were immersed in 380 ppm fluoride concentrations. Titanium releases in Ti-Mo wires reached 200,000 ppb, creating numerous pits on the surface. Under the same conditions, the release of Ni and Ti ions from the superelastic wires also exceeded 220,000 ppb and 180,000 ppb, respectively. This release of ions causes variations in the chemical composition of the wires, causing the appearance of martensite plates in the austenitic matrix after 4 days of immersion. This fact causes it to lose its superelastic properties at a temperature of 37 °C. In the case of immersion in 380 ppm mouthwashes for more than 7 days, rich-nickel precipitates can be seen. These embrittle the wire and lose all tooth-correcting properties. It should be noted that the release of Ni ions can cause hypersensitivity in patients, particularly women. The results indicate that the use of mouthwashes with a high content of fluoride should not be recommended with orthodontic archwires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Pastor
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Rodriguez
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José María Barrera
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Angel Delgado García-Menocal
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aritza Brizuela
- Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Europea Miguel de Cervantes, C/del Padre Julio Chevalier 2, 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andreu Puigdollers
- Department Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Espinar
- Department of Ortodoncia, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avicena s/n, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Gil
- Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional de Catalunya, Josep Trueta s/n, Sant Cugat del Vallés, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kumrular B, Cicek O, Dağ İE, Avar B, Erener H. Evaluation of the Corrosion Resistance of Different Types of Orthodontic Fixed Retention Appliances: A Preliminary Laboratory Study. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:jfb14020081. [PMID: 36826880 PMCID: PMC9962763 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
(i) Objective: The present study aimed to compare the electrochemical corrosion resistance of six different types of fixed lingual retainer wires used as fixed retention appliances in an in vitro study. (ii) Methods: In the study, two different Ringer solutions, with pH 7 and pH 3.5, were used. Six groups were formed with five retainer wires in each group. In addition, 3-braided stainless steel, 6-braided stainless steel, Titanium Grade 1, Titanium Grade 5, Gold, and Dead Soft retainer wires were used. The corrosion current density (icorr), corrosion rate (CR), and polarization resistance (Rp) were determined from the Tafel polarization curves. (iii) Results: The corrosion current density of the Gold retainer group was statistically higher than the other retainer groups in both solutions (p < 0.05). The corrosion rate of the Dead Soft retainer group was statistically higher than the other retainer groups in both solutions (p < 0.05). The polarization resistance of the Titanium Grade 5 retainer group was statistically higher than the other retainer groups in both solutions (p < 0.05). As a result of Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, pitting corrosion was not observed in the Titanium Grade 1, Titanium Grade 5 and Gold retainer groups, while pitting corrosion was observed in the other groups. (iv) Conclusion: From a corrosion perspective, although the study needs to be evaluated in vivo, the Titanium Grade 5 retainer group included is in this in vitro study may be more suitable for clinical use due to its high electrochemical corrosion resistance and the lack of pitting corrosion observed in the SEM images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Busra Kumrular
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
| | - Orhan Cicek
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-372-261-3557; Fax: +90-372-261-3603
| | - İlker Emin Dağ
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
| | - Baris Avar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak 67100, Turkey
| | - Hande Erener
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Tekirdag Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bobić Z, Kojić S, Stojanović GM, Terek V, Kovačević L, Terek P. Nanotopography Evaluation of NiTi Alloy Exposed to Artificial Saliva and Different Mouthwashes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15238705. [PMID: 36500200 PMCID: PMC9739356 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitinol (NiTi) alloy is a widely used material for the production of orthodontic archwires. Its corrosion behavior in conditions that exist in the oral cavity still remains a great characterization challenge. The motivation behind this work is to reveal the influence of commercially available mouthwashes on NiTi orthodontic archwires by performing non-electrochemical corrosion tests and quantifying the changes in the nanotopography of commercially available NiTi orthodontic wires. In this study, we examined the behavior of NiTi alloy archwires exposed for 21.5 days to different corrosive media: artificial saliva, Eludril®, Aquafresh®, and Listerine®. The corrosion was characterized by contact mode atomic force microscopy (AFM) before and after the corrosion tests. A novel analysis methodology was developed to obtain insight into locations of material gain or material loss based on standard surface roughness parameters Sa, Sdr, Ssk, and S10z. The developed methodology revealed that fluoride-containing mouthwashes (Aquafresh® and Listerine®) dominantly cause material loss, while chloride-containing mouthwash (Eludril®) can cause both material loss and material gain. The sample exposed to artificial saliva did not display significant changes in any parameter.
Collapse
|
8
|
Espinoza-Montero PJ, Montero-Jiménez M, Fernández L, Paz JL, Piñeiros JL, Ceballos SM. In vitro wearing away of orthodontic brackets and wires in different conditions: A review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10560. [PMID: 36325428 PMCID: PMC9621092 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The release of metallic ions from orthodontic
brackets and wires typically depends on their quality (chemical composition) and
the medium to which they are exposed, e.g., acidic, alkaline, substances with a
high fluoride concentration, etc. This review examines corrosion and wear of
orthodontic brackets, wires, and arches exposed to different media, including:
beverages (juices), mouthwashes and artificial saliva among others, and the
possible health effects resulting from the release of metallic ions under
various conditions. Objective This review aims to determine the exposure
conditions that cause the most wear on orthodontic devices, as well as the
possible health effects that can be caused by the release of metallic ions under
various conditions. Sources A search was carried out in the Scopus database,
for articles related to oral media that can corrode brackets and wires. The
initial research resulted in 8,127 documents, after applying inclusion and
exclusion criteria, 76 articles remained. Conclusion Stainless steel, which is commonly used in
orthodontic devices, is the material that suffers the most wear. It was also
found that acidic pH, alcohols, fluorides, and chlorides worsen orthodontic
material corrosion. Further, nickel released from brackets and wires can cause
allergic reactions and gingival overgrowth into patients.
Collapse
|
9
|
Condò R, Carli E, Cioffi A, Cataldi ME, Quinzi V, Casaglia A, Giancotti A, Pirelli P, Lucarini I, Maita F, Maiolo L, Mampieri G. Fluorinated Agents Effects on Orthodontic Alloys: A Descriptive In Vitro Study. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134612. [PMID: 35806740 PMCID: PMC9267448 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride-based mouthwashes and gels are preventive measures in countering demineralization and caries but, modifying environmental acidity, can reduce the wet corrosion resistance of orthodontic alloys. To evaluate chemical stability, in vitro experiments were conducted on stainless steel and nickel–titanium wires, weighed before and after immersion in household fluorinated mouthwashes and gels, measuring weight variations and elution of metal ions from acid corrosion phenomena. Elution samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, detecting residual ion concentration, while surface changes were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. Results showed stainless steel wires do not undergo significant erosion when exposed to most fluorinated mouthwashes but, at prolonged exposure, alloys elute gradually greater amounts of metals and Ni–Ti wires become more sensitive to some mouthwashes. Ions’ elution varies considerably, especially for Ni–Ti wires, if exposed to household fluorinated gels, for which significant negative values were obtained. Changes, affecting wires’ outer layer, negatively act on shiny appearance and luster, reducing corrosion resistance. Although examined orthodontic wires showed good chemical stability and low toxicity, surface corrosion from exposure to fluorinated agents was observed. Home use must be accompanied by clinician prescription and, for household dental gels, must follow manufacturers’ recommendations, ensuring prophylactic action without damaging alloys surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Condò
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-338-3393-285
| | - Elisabetta Carli
- Department of Surgical Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Cioffi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Elena Cataldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Quinzi
- Department of Life, Health & Environmental Sciences, Postgraduate School of Orthodontics, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Adriano Casaglia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Aldo Giancotti
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Paola Pirelli
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Ivano Lucarini
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems—Unit of Rome, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.L.); (F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Francesco Maita
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems—Unit of Rome, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.L.); (F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Maiolo
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems—Unit of Rome, National Research Council, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; (I.L.); (F.M.); (L.M.)
| | - Gianluca Mampieri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (M.E.C.); (A.C.); (A.G.); (P.P.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Experimental Investigation of the Biofunctional Properties of Nickel-Titanium Alloys Depending on the Type of Production. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061960. [PMID: 35335323 PMCID: PMC8955206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nickel–titanium alloys used in dentistry have a variety of mechanical, chemical, and biofunctional properties that are dependent on the manufacturing process. The aim of this study was to compare the mechanical and biofunctional performances of a nickel–titanium alloy produced by the continuous casting method (NiTi-2) with commercial nitinol (NiTi-1) manufactured by the classical process, i.e., from remelting in a vacuum furnace with electro-resistive heating and final casting into ingots. The chemical composition of the tested samples was analyzed using an energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) quantitative microstructural analysis was performed to determine phase distribution in the samples. As part of the mechanical properties, the hardness on the surface of samples was measured with the static Vickers method. The release of metal ions (Ni, Ti) in artificial saliva (pH 6.5) and lactic acid (pH 2.3) was measured using a static immersion test. Finally, the resulting corrosion layer was revealed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM), which allows the detection and direct measurement of the formatted oxide layer thickness. To assess the biocompatibility of the tested nickel–titanium alloy samples, an MTT test of fibroblast cellular proliferation on direct contact with the samples was performed. The obtained data were analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics v22 software. EDX and XRF analyses showed a higher presence of Ni in the NiTi-2 sample. The EBSD analysis detected an additional NiTi2-cubic phase in the NiTi-2 microstructure. Additionally, in the NiTi-2 higher hardness was measured. An immersion test performed in artificial saliva after 7 days did not induce significant ion release in either group of samples (NiTi-1 and NiTi-2). The acidic environment significantly increased the release of toxic ions in both types of samples. However, Ni ion release was two times lower, and Ti ion release was three times lower from NiTi-2 than from NiTi-1. Comparison of the cells’ mitochondrial activity between the NiTi-1 and NiTi-2 groups did not show a statistically significant difference. In conclusion, we obtained an alloy of small diameter with an appropriate microstructure and better response compared to classic NiTi material. Thus, it appears from the present study that the continuous cast technology offers new possibilities for the production of NiTi material for usage in dentistry.
Collapse
|
11
|
A Critical Appraisal of the Use and Properties of Nickel-Titanium Dental Alloys. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14247859. [PMID: 34947453 PMCID: PMC8703947 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires are used in dentistry for orthodontic treatment. NiTi alloys have favourable mechanical characteristics, such as superelasticity and shape memory, and are also known as a corrosion-resistant alloy. In specific cases, an archwire could be attacked by certain types of corrosion or wear degradation, which can cause the leaching of metal ions and a hypersensitive response due to increased concentrations of Ni in the human body. A systematic search of the literature retrieved 102 relevant studies. The review paper focuses on three main fields: (i) electrochemical properties of NiTi wires and the effect of different environments on the properties of NiTi wires (fluoride and low pH); (ii) tribocorrosion, a combination of chemical and mechanical wear of the material, and (iii) the biocompatibility of NiTi alloy and its subsequent effect on the human body. The review showed that corrosion properties are affected by microstructure, pH of saliva and the presence of fluorides. A high variation in published results should be, therefore, interpreted with care. The release of nickel ions was assessed using the same unit, showing that the vast majority of metal ions were released in the first few days of exposure, then a stable, steady state was reached. In tribocorrosion studies, the increased concentrations of Ni ions were reported.
Collapse
|
12
|
Razavi ESE, Nik TH, Hooshmand T, Farazdaghi H, Arefi AH. Surface characterization and frictional force between stainless steel brackets and archwires in orthodontic patients using chlorhexidine- and Persica-containing mouthrinses: A randomized controlled trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021; 18:21. [PMID: 34249247 PMCID: PMC8248265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the effect of chlorhexidine- and Persica-containing mouthrinses on the surface characterization of orthodontic appliance and friction between the orthodontic stainless steel wires and brackets. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this randomized controlled trial, 75 orthodontic patients (aged 13-30) were allocated (n = 25) into two experimental groups (prescribed by Persica- or chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinse) and one control group (no prescription). The ovoid stainless steel archwires were placed, and the maxillary first premolar stainless steel edgewise brackets were ligated to wires by elastomeric rings. The patients were recalled after 2 weeks, and then, the archwires were removed and replaced. The surface analysis of archwires and brackets was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The frictional forces between the archwires and brackets were measured using a universal testing machine. The data for surface roughness were analyzed by the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The frictional forces data were analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test using SPSS software. The level of significance was P < 0.05. RESULTS The retrieved brackets showed minor changes in their surface topography. The surface roughness of archwires after the intervention was significantly greater for the chlorhexidine than that of Persica (P < 0.05). The friction force between the archwires and brackets was also significantly higher for the chlorhexidine than that of Persica (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The Persica-containing mouthrinse from the biomechanical and biochemical standpoints may be a better option for oral hygiene in orthodontic patients compared with the chlorhexidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham-Sadat Emadian Razavi
- Orthodontist, Private Practice, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Hosseinzadeh Nik
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tabassom Hooshmand
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Address for correspondence: Dr. Tabassom Hooshmand, Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Street, Tehran 14174, Iran. E-mail:
| | - Habibeh Farazdaghi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiologist, Private Practice, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Hesam Arefi
- Dental Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hooshmand T, Razavi ES, Nik T, Farazdaghi H, Arefi A. Surface characterization and frictional force between stainless steel brackets and archwires in orthodontic patients using chlorhexidine- and Persica-containing mouthrinses: A randomized controlled trial. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.313116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
14
|
Ogawa CM, Faltin K, Maeda FA, Ortolani CLF, Guaré RO, Cardoso CAB, Costa ALF. In vivo assessment of the corrosion of nickel-titanium orthodontic archwires by using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:928-936. [PMID: 32233101 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to assess in vivo the corrosion in two commercial nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires removed from the oral cavity of patients using fluoride mouthwashes. Five volunteers took part in this study on the corrosion behavior of two brands of NiTi archwires (3M and AO (brand of archwire)) during use of two mouthwashes with neutral sodium fluoride 1.1%, one with acidulated fluoride 1.1%, and one with placebo and a control group. Each patient used one mouthwash in three different periods of time for 1 min a day for 30 days. The archwires were assessed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The values obtained with atomic force microscopy (AFM) were submitted to normality test, two-way analysis of variance, and Tukey's test at a significance level of 5%. The AFM images showed a gradual qualitative increase in the roughness of both types of wire between the treatments: control < placebo < neutral fluoride < acidulated fluoride. The arithmetic average of the roughness and root mean square of the roughness were similar. As for 3M archwires, only the acidulated fluoride group differed statistically from the others. As for AO archwires, the control and placebo groups did not differ from each other, but differed from the other fluoride treatments. The group using neutral fluoride also differed significantly from the acidulated fluoride group. 3M archwires were not affected by daily oral challenges. AO archwires were not affected by daily oral challenges either; their association with fluoride, either neutral or acidulated, increased their roughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celso M Ogawa
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kurt Faltin
- Departament of Orthodontics, Universidade Paulista (UNIP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando A Maeda
- Department of Orthodontics and Radiology, University City of São Paulo (UNICID), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renata O Guaré
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane A B Cardoso
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André L F Costa
- Department of Dentistry, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University (UNICSUL), São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Polychronis G, Al Jabbari YS, Eliades T, Zinelis S. Galvanic coupling of steel and gold alloy lingual brackets with orthodontic wires: Is corrosion a concern? Angle Orthod 2018; 88:450-457. [PMID: 29509025 DOI: 10.2319/092917-655.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this research was to assess galvanic behavior of lingual orthodontic brackets coupled with representative types of orthodontic wires. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three types of lingual brackets: Incognito (INC), In-Ovation L (IOV), and STb (STB) were combined with a stainless steel (SS) and a nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwire. All materials were initially investigated by scanning electron microscopy / x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) while wires were also tested by x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). All bracket-wire combinations were immersed in acidic 0.1M NaCl 0.1M lactic acid and neutral NaF 0.3% (wt) electrolyte, and the potential differences were continuously recorded for 48 hours. RESULTS The SEM/EDX analysis revealed that INC is a single-unit bracket made of a high gold (Au) alloy while IOV and STB are two-piece appliances in which the base and wing are made of SS alloys. The SS wire demonstrated austenite and martensite iron phase, while NiTi wire illustrated an intense austenite crystallographic structure with limited martensite. All bracket wire combinations showed potential differences below the threshold of galvanic corrosion (200 mV) except for INC and STB coupled with NiTi wire in NaF media. CONCLUSIONS The electrochemical results indicate that all brackets tested demonstrated galvanic compatibility with SS wire, but fluoride treatment should be used cautiously with NiTi wires coupled with Au and SS brackets.
Collapse
|
16
|
Sugisawa H, Kitaura H, Ueda K, Kimura K, Ishida M, Ochi Y, Kishikawa A, Ogawa S, Takano-Yamamoto T. Corrosion resistance and mechanical properties of titanium nitride plating on orthodontic wires. Dent Mater J 2017; 37:286-292. [PMID: 29109336 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) coating by ion plating has properties such as high hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and surface lubricity, therefore TiN coating is often used in various dental appliances and materials. In this study, we evaluated the corrosion behaviors and mechanical properties of TiN coated stainless steel (SS) and nickel titanium (Ni-Ti) orthodontic wires prepared by ion plating. TiN coating by ion plating improves the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires. The corrosion pitting of the TiN coated wire surface become small. The tensile strength and stiffness of SS wire were increased after TiN coating. In contrast, its elastic force, which is a property for Ni-Ti wire, was decreased. In addition, TiN coating provided small friction forces. The low level of friction may increase tooth movement efficiently. Therefore, TiN coated SS wire could be useful for orthodontics treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruki Sugisawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Hideki Kitaura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Kyosuke Ueda
- Department of Materials Processing, Tohoku University Graduate School of Engineering
| | - Keisuke Kimura
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Masahiko Ishida
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Yumiko Ochi
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Akiko Kishikawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Saika Ogawa
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Teruko Takano-Yamamoto
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hosseinzadeh Nik T, Hooshmand T, Farhadifard H. Effect of Different Types of Toothpaste on the Frictional Resistance Between Orthodontic Stainless Steel Brackets and Wires. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2017; 14:275-281. [PMID: 29296113 PMCID: PMC5748455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of toothpaste on the frictional resistance between stainless steel brackets and archwires. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety stainless steel orthodontic brackets with stainless steel wires were bonded to bovine teeth and were divided into 6 groups for application of the following toothpastes: Colgate® Total® Advanced Whitening, Colgate® Total® Pro Gum Health, Colgate® Anticavity, Ortho.Kin®, and Sunstar GUM® Ortho toothpastes. No toothpaste was applied in the control group. Each group was brushed by a brushing machine with the use of the designated solution for 4.5 minutes. The frictional force was measured in a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/minute over a 5-mm archwire. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 0.05 significance level. RESULTS The frictional resistance values of Ortho.Kin® and GUM® Ortho toothpastes and the control group were not significantly different (P>0.05). However, there were significant differences between the frictional resistance values of Colgate® Total® Pro Gum Health and Colgate® Anticavity toothpastes with that of the control group (P<0.05). The highest and lowest frictional resistance values were related to Colgate® Total® Pro Gum Health toothpaste and the control group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Among the evaluated toothpastes, the orthodontic toothpastes did not increase the frictional resistance between the orthodontic stainless steel brackets and wires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Hosseinzadeh Nik
- Professor, Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tabassom Hooshmand
- Associate Professor, Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homa Farhadifard
- Assistant Professor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Močnik P, Kosec T, Kovač J, Bizjak M. The effect of pH, fluoride and tribocorrosion on the surface properties of dental archwires. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 78:682-689. [PMID: 28576038 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-titanium and stainless steel are the most commonly used alloys for orthodontic treatments. Even though both are known to be resistant to corrosion, there are circumstances that can lead to undesired situations, like localized types of corrosion attack, wear during sliding of an archwire though brackets and breakdowns due to iatrogenic causes. The aim of this research was to analyse the influence of environmental effects on the corrosion and tribocorrosion properties of NiTi and stainless steel dental alloys. The effects of pH and fluorides on the electrochemical properties were studied using the cyclic potentiodynamic technique. The migration of ions from the alloy into saliva during exposure to saliva with and without the presence of wear was analysed using ICP-MS analyses. Auger spectroscopy was used to study the formation of a passive oxide layer on different dental alloys. It was found that lowering the pH preferentially affects the corrosion susceptibility of NiTi alloys, whereas stainless steel dental archwires are prone to local types of corrosion. The NiTi alloy is not affected by smaller increases of fluoride ions up to 0.024M, while at 0.076M (simulating the use of toothpaste) the properties are affected. A leaching test during wear-assisted corrosion showed that the concentrations of Ni ions released into the saliva exceeded the limit value of 0.5μg/cm2/week. The oxide films on the NiTi and stainless steel alloys after the tribocorrosion experiment were thicker than those exposed to saliva only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Močnik
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva 12, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tadeja Kosec
- Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Dimičeva 12, SI - 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milan Bizjak
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nayak RS, Khanna B, Pasha A, Vinay K, Narayan A, Chaitra K. Evaluation of Nickel and Chromium Ion Release During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment Using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer: An In Vivo Study. J Int Oral Health 2015; 7:14-20. [PMID: 26464533 PMCID: PMC4588781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fixed orthodontic appliances with the use of stainless steel brackets and archwires made of nitinol have a corrosive potential in the oral environment. Nickel and chromium ions released from these appliances act as allergens apart from being cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic in smaller quantities in the range of nanograms. This study was done to evaluate the release of nickel and chromium ions from orthodontic appliances in the oral cavity using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS). MATERIALS AND METHODS Saliva samples from 30 orthodontic patients undergoing treatment with 0.022″ MBT mechanotherapy were collected prior to commencement of treatment, after initial aligning wires and after 10-12 months of treatment. Salivary nickel and chromium ion concentration was measured in parts per billion (ppb) using ICP-MS. RESULTS Mean, standard deviation and range were computed for the concentrations of ions obtained. Results analyzed using ANOVA indicated a statistically significant increase of 10.35 ppb in nickel ion concentration and 33.53 ppb in chromium ion concentration after initial alignment. The ionic concentration at the end of 10-12 months of treatment showed a statistically significant increase in of 17.92 ppb for chromium and a statistically insignificant decrease in nickel ion concentration by 1.58 ppb. Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation for an increase in nickel concentration after aligning, but not at the end of 10-12 months. A positive correlation was seen for an increase in chromium ion concentration at both time intervals. CONCLUSION Nickel and chromium ion concentration in saliva even though below the recommended daily allowance should not be ignored in light of the new knowledge regarding effects of these ions at the molecular level and the allergic potential. Careful and detailed medical history of allergy is essential. Nickel free alternatives should form an essential part of an orthodontist's inventory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra S Nayak
- Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bharti Khanna
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India,Correspondence: Dr. Khanna B. Postgraduate Student, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, 1/36, Cline Road, Cooke Town, Bengaluru - 560 005, Karnataka, India.
| | - Azam Pasha
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinay
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Narayan
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Chaitra
- Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics, MR Ambedkar Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Castro SM, Ponces MJ, Lopes JD, Vasconcelos M, Pollmann MC. Orthodontic wires and its corrosion—The specific case of stainless steel and beta-titanium. J Dent Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
|
21
|
Heravi F, Moayed MH, Mokhber N. Effect of fluoride on nickel-titanium and stainless steel orthodontic archwires: an in-vitro study. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (TEHRAN, IRAN) 2015; 12:49-59. [PMID: 26005454 PMCID: PMC4436327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The commonly used Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) archwires in orthodontic treatment are often exposed to fluoride-containing mouthwashes. The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate and compare the corrosion resistance of three commercially available NiTi archwires exposed to 0.05 wt% and 0.2 wt% fluoride mouthwashes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Three different types of NiTi archwires, 0.016″ in diameter, from Dentaurum, Global, and GAC, and a stainless steel archwire from Dentaurum were examined to assess their corrosion resistance in Fusayama-Meyer artificial saliva and in two other artificial saliva containing 0.05 wt% and 0.2 wt% sodium fluoride (NaF). After the primary setup of wires, they were tested by potentiodynamic and potentiostatic polarization and corrosion potential/time analyses. Their surfaces were evaluated using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM). RESULTS The results showed that all the wires were passive in artificial saliva. In contrast, by adding fluoride ions to the solution, the decrease in the archwires' corrosion resistance was in direct proportion to the increase in fluoride concentration. CONCLUSION The NiTi wires experienced deterioration of their corrosion properties under the effect of fluoride but not as much as the stainless steel archwires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzin Heravi
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohamad Hadi Moayed
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Ferdowsy University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Nima Mokhber
- Department of Orthodontics, Academic Center of Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran, Corresponding author: N. Mokhber, Department of Orthodontics, Academic Center of Education, Culture and Research (ACECR), Mashhad, Iran,
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Miresmaeili A, Farhadian N, Rezaei-soufi L, Saharkhizan M, Veisi M. Effect of carbon dioxide laser irradiation on enamel surface microhardness around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2014; 146:161-5. [PMID: 25085298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of carbon dioxide laser irradiation on enamel surface microhardness. METHODS In this single-blind interventional clinical trial, 16 patients needing at least 2 premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes participated. In each subject, 1 premolar was treated with the carbon dioxide laser (beam diameter, 0.2 mm; power, 0.7 W); the other was exposed to a visible guiding light as the control. A t-loop was ligated to the bonded brackets to increase caries risk. After at least 2 months, the teeth were extracted, and the surface microhardness was measured. Scanning electron microscope evaluation was performed on 1 sample from each group. Normal distribution of the data was assessed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilks tests. Mean microhardness values of the 2 groups were compared using paired t tests. RESULTS The data had normal distributions. Means and standard deviations of the microhardness in the laser-treated and control groups were 301.81 ± 94.29 and 183.9 ± 72.08 Vickers hardness numbers, respectively; this was different significantly (P <0.001). Scanning electron microscopy showed the enamel surface melting in the laser-treated specimens. CONCLUSIONS Carbon dioxide laser treatment results in higher enamel surface microhardness around orthodontic brackets. Patients at high risk of caries might benefit from this intervention. Exact control of the laser irradiation parameters is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amirfarhang Miresmaeili
- Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Farhadian
- Associate professor, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Research Center, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Loghman Rezaei-soufi
- Associate professor, Department of Operative Dentistry, Dental Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Saharkhizan
- Clinical instructor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jaber LCL, Rodrigues JA, Amaral FLB, França FMG, Basting RT, Turssi CP. Degradation of orthodontic wires under simulated cariogenic and erosive conditions. Braz Oral Res 2014; 28:S1806-83242014000100236. [PMID: 25098823 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2014.vol28.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effect of cariogenic and erosive challenges (CCs and ECs, respectively) on the degradation of copper-nickel-titanium (CuNiTi) orthodontic wires. Sixty wire segments were divided into four treatment groups and exposed to CCs, ECs, artificial saliva, or dry storage (no-treatment control). CC and EC were simulated using a demineralizing solution (pH 4.3) and a citric acid solution (pH 2.3), respectively. Following treatment, the average surface roughness (Ra) of the wires was assessed, and friction between the wires and a passive self-ligating bracket was measured. CuNiTi wires subjected to ECs exhibited significantly higher Ra values than did those that were stored in artificial saliva. In contrast, surface roughness was not affected by CCs. Finally, friction between the treated wires and brackets was not affected by ECs or CCs. Our results indicate that CuNiTi orthodontic wires may suffer degradation within the oral cavity, as ECs increased the surface roughness of these wires. However, rougher surfaces did not increase friction between the wire and the passive self-ligating bracket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Augusto Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de Guarulhos, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Senkutvan RS, Jacob S, Charles A, Vadgaonkar V, Jatol-Tekade S, Gangurde P. Evaluation of nickel ion release from various orthodontic arch wires: An in vitro study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2014; 4:12-6. [PMID: 24818088 PMCID: PMC4015154 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.130921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The high incidence of nickel (Ni) allergy and the increasing use of Ni-containing dental biomaterials have been of growing concern. The purpose of this investigation was to analyze and evaluate the rate of Ni ion release from different types arch wires used in orthodontics. Materials and Methods: Four groups of arch wires (nickel titanium [NiTi], SS, Cu NiTi and ion implanted NiTi) with twelve samples were stored in artificial saliva with a pH 5.6-7.0 thermostated at (36.5°C) and tested at different intervals i.e., 7th day, 14th day, and 21st day. The amount of Ni and Ti ions released from the sample were evaluated using an atomic adsorption spectrophotometer. The solution was replaced with a fresh bottle to avoid sediments. Results: Statistical analysis was performed by nonparametric tests (Student's paired t-test, one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison test by Tukey “Honestly significant difference”). The statistical package SPSS PC plus (version 4.0.1) was used for data processing and statistical analysis. Results showed significantly statistical influence on the release amount of Ni and Ti ions. Large variation in concentration of Ni released from brackets and bands combined. However, the amount of Ni ions released in all test solutions diminished with time and was below the critical value necessary to induce allergy and below daily dietary intake level. Conclusions: The daily release of NiTi, SS, Cu NiTi and ion implanted NiTi by an orthodontic appliance in acid pH, particularly favorable to corrosion, was well below that ingested with a normal daily diet. It is therefore concluded that the quantities of metal ions released in our experimental conditions should not be cause for concern in utilizing the appliance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Senkutvan
- Madha Dental College, Department of Orthodontia, MGR University, Kundrathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sanjay Jacob
- Saveetha Dental College, Department of Orthodontia, Deemed University, India
| | - Anila Charles
- Madha Dental College, Department of Orthodontia, MGR University, Kundrathur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vaishali Vadgaonkar
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Parag Gangurde
- Modern Dental College and Research Center, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Amaral CCF, Ormiga F, Gomes JACP. Electrochemical-induced dissolution of stainless steel files. Int Endod J 2014; 48:137-44. [PMID: 24702197 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effectiveness of the dissolution process when hand stainless steel files are polarized in solutions containing chloride and fluoride to promote their dissolution. METHODOLOGY Redox curves and anodic polarization curves were obtained to determine the conditions necessary for the dissolution of stainless steel endodontic files. Anodic polarization of sizes 20 and 30 files was performed, and a t-test (P < 0.05) was used to compare the weight loss, the time of dissolution and the electrical charge generated by both groups of files. Fragments were polarized in simulated root canals to evaluate the dissolution process. After the tests, a size 10 K-file was used to verify the possibility of bypassing the fragment. Radiographic analysis of the simulated canals was used before and after the tests to verify fragment dissolution. RESULTS A progressive consumption of the sizes 20 and 30 files was observed with total polarization times of 7.0 and 9.0 min, respectively. Files with the larger diameters exhibited greater weight loss, longer times of dissolution and generated a greater electrical charge during the active dissolution process (t-test, P < 0.05). After 60 min, the anodic polarization of file fragments in simulated root canals resulted in their partial dissolution. CONCLUSION A 60-min anodic polarization of stainless steel K-file fragments in simulated root canals resulted in their partial dissolution. The fragments could be bypassed after the test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C F Amaral
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zoghbi AE, Klein L, Frateur I. [Evaluation of the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires by electrochemical measures and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)]. Orthod Fr 2013; 84:367-381. [PMID: 24280552 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2013063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper is to study the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires made of different alloys (stainless steel, chrome-cobalt, nickel-titanium and β-titanium) and for the same alloy from different vendors (GAC(®), RMO(®), 3M(®) and ORMCO(®)). Different electrochemical techniques (corrosion potential monitoring as a function of immersion time, current-potential curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)) were used. The wires' resistance to corrosion was measured and compared with the surface condition, assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Using the recorded data, a rating system based on the corrosion resistance of orthodontic wires was developed. The comparison of these data with the results of SEM shows that the surface chemical composition plays a primary role in the electrochemical behavior of the orthodontic wires and, unlike surface defects, is a key parameter for the corrosion resistance of the alloy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André El Zoghbi
- 62 bis, boulevard du Maréchal Joffre, 92340 Bourg-la-Reine, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hosseinzadeh Nik T, Hooshmand T, Farazdaghi H, Mehrabi A, Razavi ESE. Effect of chlorhexidine-containing prophylactic agent on the surface characterization and frictional resistance between orthodontic brackets and archwires: an in vitro study. Prog Orthod 2013; 14:48. [PMID: 24325758 PMCID: PMC3895700 DOI: 10.1186/2196-1042-14-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to assess the surface characterization and frictional resistance between stainless steel brackets and two types of orthodontic wires made of stainless steel and nickel-titanium alloys after immersion in a chlorhexidine-containing prophylactic agent. Methods Stainless steel orthodontic brackets with either stainless steel (SS) or heat-activated nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) wires were immersed in a 0.2% chlorhexidine and an artificial saliva environment for 1.5 h. The frictional force was measured on a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min over a 5-mm of archwire. The surface morphology of bracket slots and surface roughness of archwires after immersion in chlorhexidine were also characterized using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an atomic force microscope (AFM), respectively. Results There was no significant difference in the frictional resistance values between SS and Ni-Ti wires immersed in either chlorhexidine or artificial saliva. The frictional resistance values for the SS and Ni-Ti wires immersed in 0.2% chlorhexidine solution were not significantly different from that inartificial saliva. No significant difference in the average surface roughness for both wires before (as-received) and after immersion in either chlorhexidine or artificial saliva was observed. Conclusions One-and-half-hour immersion in 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse did not have significant influence on the archwires surface roughness or the frictional resistance between stainless steel orthodontic brackets and archwires made of SS and Ni-Ti. Based on these results, chlorhexidine-containing mouthrinses may be prescribed as non-destructive prophylactic agents on materials evaluated in the present study for orthodontic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tabassom Hooshmand
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, School of Dentistry/Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14174, Iran.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Krishnan M, Seema S, Kumar AV, Varthini NP, Sukumaran K, Pawar VR, Arora V. Corrosion resistance of surface modified nickel titanium archwires. Angle Orthod 2013; 84:358-67. [PMID: 24004028 DOI: 10.2319/021813-140.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the corrosion behavior of commercially available surface modified nickel titanium (NiTi) arch wires with respect to a conventional NiTi and to evaluate its association with surface characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five types of surface modified arch wires and a conventional NiTi arch wire, all from different manufacturers, were evaluated for their corrosion resistance from breakdown potential in an anodic polarization scan in Ringer's solution. Surface characteristics were determined from scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and energy dispersive analysis. One-way analysis of variance and post hoc Duncan's multiple range tests were used to evaluate statistical significance. RESULTS Surface modified NiTi wires showed significant improvement in corrosion resistance and reduction in surface roughness values. Breakdown potentials increased in the order of group 6 (conventional; 204 mV) < group 1 (nitride; 333 mV) < group 5 (epoxy resin; 346mV) < group 3 (oxide; 523 mV) < group 2 (gold; 872 mV) < group 4 (Teflon; 1181 mV), but root mean square (RMS) roughness values, which indicated surface roughness, followed a different pattern: group 3 (oxide; 74.12 nm) < group 1 (nitride; 221.651 nm) < group 4 (Teflon; 278.523 nm) < group 2 (gold; 317.894 nm) < group 5 (epoxy resin; 344.236 nm) < group 6 (conventional; 578.555 nm). CONCLUSIONS Surface modification of NiTi wires proved to be effective in improving its corrosion resistance and decreasing surface roughness. However, neither factor could maintain a direct, one-to-one relationship. It meant that the type and nature of coating material can effectively influence the anticorrosive features of NiTi wires, compared with its surface roughness values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manu Krishnan
- a Head of the Department and Classified Specialist in Orthodontics, Department of Dental Research & Implantology, Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences, Defence Research & Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kassab EJ, Gomes JP. Assessment of nickel titanium and beta titanium corrosion resistance behavior in fluoride and chloride environments. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:864-9. [DOI: 10.2319/091712-740.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Objective:
To assess the influence of fluoride concentration on the corrosion behavior of nickel titanium (NiTi) superelastic wire and to compare the corrosion resistance of NiTi with that of beta titanium alloy in physiological solution with and without addition of fluoride.
Materials and Methods:
NiTi corrosion resistance was investigated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and anodic polarization in sodium chloride (NaCl 0.15 M) with and without addition of 0.02 M sodium fluoride (NaF), and the results were compared with those associated with beta titanium. The influence of fluoride concentration on NiTi corrosion behavior was assessed in NaCl (0.15 M) with and without 0.02, 0.04, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.12 M NaF solution. Galvanic corrosion between NiTi and beta titanium were investigated. All samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy.
Results:
Polarization resistance decreased when NaF concentration was increased, and, depending on NaF concentration, NiTi can suffer localized or generalized corrosion. In NaCl solution with 0.02 M NaF, NiTi suffer localized corrosion, while beta titanium alloys remained passive. Current values near zero were observed by galvanic coupling of NiTi and beta titanium.
Conclusions:
There is a decrease in NiTi corrosion resistance in the presence of fluoride. The corrosion behavior of NiTi alloy depends on fluoride concentration. When 0.02 and 0.04 M of NaF were added to the NaCl solution, NiTi presented localized corrosion. When NaF concentration increased to 0.05, 0.07, and 0.12 M, the alloy presented general corrosion. NiTi corrosion resistance behavior is lower than that of beta titanium. Galvanic coupling of these alloys does not increase corrosion rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J. Kassab
- PhD Student, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José Ponciano Gomes
- Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Materials, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Noguti J, de Oliveira F, Peres RC, Renno ACM, Ribeiro DA. The role of fluoride on the process of titanium corrosion in oral cavity. Biometals 2012; 25:859-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-012-9570-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
31
|
Abalos C, Paúl A, Mendoza A, Solano E, Gil FJ. Influence of topographical features on the fluoride corrosion of Ni-Ti orthodontic archwires. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2011; 22:2813-2821. [PMID: 22042458 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-011-4460-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Different manufacturing processes of Ni-Ti archwires respond differently to corrosion due to the surface conditions involved. In this study, several topographical features and their influence upon fluoride corrosion were studied. Four topographies (smooth, dimple, scratch, and crack) according to the main surface defect were characterized (n = 40). Static corrosion tests were performed in artificial saliva with fluorated prophylactic gel (12500 ppm) for 28 days. The surface was characterized by SEM and laser confocal microscopy. Standard electrochemical corrosion (open circuit potential, corrosion potential and corrosion current density) was performed. Statistical analysis was carried out using the ANOVA test (α ≤ 0.05). An increase was observed in the surface defects and/or roughness of the cracked and scratched surfaces. These defects produced an important increase in corrosion behavior. The best surfaces for the orthodontic archwires were the smooth and dimpled surfaces, respectively. The increase in defects was independent of roughness. Manufacturing processes that produce surface cracks should be avoided in orthodontic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Abalos
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Gutmann JL, Gao Y. Alteration in the inherent metallic and surface properties of nickel-titanium root canal instruments to enhance performance, durability and safety: a focused review. Int Endod J 2011; 45:113-28. [PMID: 21902705 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The expanded use of nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments in root canal procedures has led to the development of a wide variety of shapes, designs and applications. Root canal anatomy has not changed, however, and the same challenges exist in both initial treatment and the revision of unacceptable treatment. These challenges include application with high levels of achievement and low to no levels of adverse effects, such as instrument fracture, root canal wall ledging, dentine wall perforation and so forth. To that end, many manufacturers have been seeking ways to alter the presently available and wide range of root canal instrument designs, with a focus on altering the surface of the alloy or altering the alloy microstructure with post-machining or post-twisting heat treatment. This focused review will address the impact that these modifications have had on instrument flexibility, resistance to cyclic fatigue and cutting efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Gutmann
- Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Krishnan V, Krishnan A, Remya R, Ravikumar KK, Nair SA, Shibli SMA, Varma HK, Sukumaran K, Kumar KJ. Development and evaluation of two PVD-coated β-titanium orthodontic archwires for fluoride-induced corrosion protection. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1913-27. [PMID: 21111072 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present research was aimed at developing surface coatings on β titanium orthodontic archwires capable of protection against fluoride-induced corrosion. Cathodic arc physical vapor deposition PVD (CA-PVD) and magnetron sputtering were utilized to deposit thin films of titanium aluminium nitride (TiAlN) and tungsten carbide/carbon (WC/C) coatings on β titanium orthodontic archwires. Uncoated and coated specimens were immersed in a high fluoride ion concentration mouth rinse, following a specially designed cycle simulating daily use. All specimens thus obtained were subjected to critical evaluation of parameters such as electrochemical corrosion behaviour, surface analysis, mechanical testing, microstructure, element release, and toxicology. The results confirm previous research that β titanium archwires undergo a degradation process when in contact with fluoride mouth rinses. The study confirmed the superior nature of the TiAlN coating, evident as many fewer changes in properties after fluoride treatment when compared with the WC/C coating. Thus, coating with TiAlN is recommended in order to reduce the corrosive effects of fluorides on β titanium orthodontic archwires.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Krishnan
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Sankara Dental College, Trivandrum, Kerala, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|