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Martami F, Holton KF. Targeting Glutamate Neurotoxicity through Dietary Manipulation: Potential Treatment for Migraine. Nutrients 2023; 15:3952. [PMID: 37764736 PMCID: PMC10537717 DOI: 10.3390/nu15183952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is implicated in both the initiation of migraine as well as central sensitization, which increases the frequency of migraine attacks. Excessive levels of glutamate can lead to excitotoxicity in the nervous system which can disrupt normal neurotransmission and contribute to neuronal injury or death. Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity also leads to neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, blood-brain barrier permeability, and cerebral vasodilation, all of which are associated with migraine pathophysiology. Experimental evidence has shown the protective effects of several nutrients against excitotoxicity. The current review focuses on the mechanisms behind glutamate's involvement in migraines as well as a discussion on how specific nutrients are able to work towards restoring glutamate homeostasis. Understanding glutamate's role in migraine is of vital importance for understanding why migraine is commonly comorbid with widespread pain conditions and for informing future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Martami
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Kathleen F. Holton
- Department of Health Studies, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
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Liao Z, Long H, Song Z, He Y, Lai W. Behavioral Responses and Expression of Nociceptin/Orphanin FQ and Its Receptor (N/OFQ-NOP System) during Experimental Tooth Movement in Rats. Pain Res Manag 2021; 2021:9981732. [PMID: 34336071 PMCID: PMC8318770 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9981732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective To determine behavioral testing after experimental tooth movement in rats and to explore the role of nociceptin/orphanin FQ and its receptor (the N/OFQ-NOP system) in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Design The mouth-wiping behavior of rats was assessed by studying behavioral responses after experimental tooth movement. The distribution of N/OFQ in the periodontal ligament, the trigeminal ganglion (TG), and the caudal one-third of the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The variations in N/OFQ expression in the TG and Vc were measured by Western blotting. The ongoing changes in the gene expression of the prepronociceptin gene and opioid receptor-like 1 receptor were assessed in the TG and Vc by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results Overall, the mouth-wiping behavior increased significantly. The behavior first increased and then gradually decreased to a low level, showing cyclical variation. N/OFQ immunoreactivity increased in the periodontal ligament after tooth movement. ppN/OFQ mRNA and protein levels showed a time-dependent increase in the TG and were positively correlated with pain stimulus. NOP gene levels showed large fluctuations. In the Vc, the expression and changes in the N/OFQ-NOP system showed the opposite trend as those noted in TG and the periodontal membrane. Conclusion The N/OFQ system may have a complex regulatory function in the pain induced by tooth movement and may be related to inflammation caused by orthodontic tooth movement and periodontal damage. The specific mechanism remains to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Liao
- The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanchang University, The Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Jiangxi Province, Department of Orthodontics, Nanchang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiping Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yuwei He
- Department of Orthodontics, Beiping Dental Clinic, Dazhou, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min South Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Yan X, Han H, Zhang S, Lu Y, Ren L, Tang Y, Li X, Jian F, Wang Y, Long H, Lai W. N/OFQ modulates orofacial pain induced by tooth movement through CGRP-dependent pathways. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 33836649 PMCID: PMC8034138 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) has been revealed to play bidirectional roles in orofacial pain modulation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a well-known pro-nociceptive molecule that participates in the modulation of orofacial pain. We aimed to determine the effects of N/OFQ on the modulation of orofacial pain and on the release of CGRP. METHODS Orofacial pain model was established by ligating springs between incisors and molars in rats for the simulation of tooth movement. The expression level of N/OFQ was determined and pain level was scored in response to orofacial pain. Both agonist and antagonist of N/OFQ receptor were administered to examine their effects on pain and the expression of CGRP in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Moreover, gene therapy based on the overexpression of N/OFQ was delivered to validate the modulatory role of N/OFQ on pain and CGRP expression. RESULTS Tooth movement elicited orofacial pain and an elevation in N/OFQ expression. N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain and upregulated CGRP expression in TG, while UFP-101 alleviated pain and downregulated CGRP expression. N/OFQ-based gene therapy was successful in overexpressing N/OFQ in TG, which resulted in pain exacerbation and elevation of CGRP expression in TG. CONCLUSIONS N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain possibly through upregulating CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linghuan Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Cross-talk signaling in the trigeminal ganglion: role of neuropeptides and other mediators. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:431-444. [PMID: 32088764 PMCID: PMC7148261 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The trigeminal ganglion with its three trigeminal nerve tracts consists mainly of clusters of sensory neurons with their peripheral and central processes. Most neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells and the axons are wrapped by myelinating and non-myelinating Schwann cells. Trigeminal neurons express various neuropeptides, most notably, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Two types of CGRP receptors are expressed in neurons and satellite glia. A variety of other signal molecules like ATP, nitric oxide, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors are released from trigeminal ganglion neurons and signal to neighboring neurons or satellite glial cells, which can signal back to neurons with same or other mediators. This potential cross-talk of signals involves intracellular mechanisms, including gene expression, that can modulate mediators of sensory information, such as neuropeptides, receptors, and neurotrophic factors. From the ganglia cell bodies, which are outside the blood–brain barrier, the mediators are further distributed to peripheral sites and/or to the spinal trigeminal nucleus in the brainstem, where they can affect neural transmission. A major question is how the sensory neurons in the trigeminal ganglion differ from those in the dorsal root ganglion. Despite their functional overlap, there are distinct differences in their ontogeny, gene expression, signaling pathways, and responses to anti-migraine drugs. Consequently, drugs that modulate cross-talk in the trigeminal ganglion can modulate both peripheral and central sensitization, which may potentially be distinct from sensitization mediated in the dorsal root ganglion.
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Messlinger K, Russo AF. Current understanding of trigeminal ganglion structure and function in headache. Cephalalgia 2018; 39:1661-1674. [PMID: 29989427 DOI: 10.1177/0333102418786261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The trigeminal ganglion is unique among the somatosensory ganglia regarding its topography, structure, composition and possibly some functional properties of its cellular components. Being mainly responsible for the sensory innervation of the anterior regions of the head, it is a major target for headache research. One intriguing question is if the trigeminal ganglion is merely a transition site for sensory information from the periphery to the central nervous system, or if intracellular modulatory mechanisms and intercellular signaling are capable of controlling sensory information relevant for the pathophysiology of headaches. METHODS An online search based on PubMed was made using the keyword "trigeminal ganglion" in combination with "anatomy", "headache", "migraine", "neuropeptides", "receptors" and "signaling". From the relevant literature, further references were selected in view of their relevance for headache mechanisms. The essential information was organized based on location and cell types of the trigeminal ganglion, neuropeptides, receptors for signaling molecules, signaling mechanisms, and their possible relevance for headache generation. RESULTS The trigeminal ganglion consists of clusters of sensory neurons and their peripheral and central axon processes, which are arranged according to the three trigeminal partitions V1-V3. The neurons are surrounded by satellite glial cells, the axons by Schwann cells. In addition, macrophage-like cells can be found in the trigeminal ganglion. Neurons express various neuropeptides, among which calcitonin gene-related peptide is the most prominent in terms of its prevalence and its role in primary headaches. The classical calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors are expressed in non-calcitonin gene-related peptide neurons and satellite glial cells, although the possibility of a second calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor in calcitonin gene-related peptide neurons remains to be investigated. A variety of other signal molecules like adenosine triphosphate, nitric oxide, cytokines, and neurotrophic factors are released from trigeminal ganglion cells and may act at receptors on adjacent neurons or satellite glial cells. CONCLUSIONS The trigeminal ganglion may act as an integrative organ. The morphological and functional arrangement of trigeminal ganglion cells suggests that intercellular and possibly also autocrine signaling mechanisms interact with intracellular mechanisms, including gene expression, to modulate sensory information. Receptors and neurotrophic factors delivered to the periphery or the trigeminal brainstem can contribute to peripheral and central sensitization, as in the case of primary headaches. The trigeminal ganglion as a target of drug action outside the blood-brain barrier should therefore be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrew F Russo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Iowa VA Health Care System, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Long H, Wang Y, Jian F, Liao LN, Yang X, Lai WL. Current advances in orthodontic pain. Int J Oral Sci 2016; 8:67-75. [PMID: 27341389 PMCID: PMC4932774 DOI: 10.1038/ijos.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic pain is an inflammatory pain that is initiated by orthodontic force-induced vascular occlusion followed by a cascade of inflammatory responses, including vascular changes, the recruitment of inflammatory and immune cells, and the release of neurogenic and pro-inflammatory mediators. Ultimately, endogenous analgesic mechanisms check the inflammatory response and the sensation of pain subsides. The orthodontic pain signal, once received by periodontal sensory endings, reaches the sensory cortex for pain perception through three-order neurons: the trigeminal neuron at the trigeminal ganglia, the trigeminal nucleus caudalis at the medulla oblongata and the ventroposterior nucleus at the thalamus. Many brain areas participate in the emotion, cognition and memory of orthodontic pain, including the insular cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, locus coeruleus and hypothalamus. A built-in analgesic neural pathway—periaqueductal grey and dorsal raphe—has an important role in alleviating orthodontic pain. Currently, several treatment modalities have been applied for the relief of orthodontic pain, including pharmacological, mechanical and behavioural approaches and low-level laser therapy. The effectiveness of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for pain relief has been validated, but its effects on tooth movement are controversial. However, more studies are needed to verify the effectiveness of other modalities. Furthermore, gene therapy is a novel, viable and promising modality for alleviating orthodontic pain in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Na Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen-Li Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Shan D, He Y, Long H, Zhou Y, Liu H, Xu R, Huang R, Lai W. The effects of blocking N/OFQ receptors on orofacial pain following experimental tooth movement in rats. AUSTRALASIAN ORTHODONTIC JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.21307/aoj-2020-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to determine the effects of nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor (N/OFQ receptor) antagonist on orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats.
Methods
A total of 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200–300 g were divided into six groups: a control group, force group, force+saline intraperitoneal group, force+saline periodontal group, force+UFP-101 ([Nphe1,Arg14,Lys15]N/OFQ-NH2; antagonist for N/OFQ receptor) intraperitoneal group, and force+UFP-101 periodontal group. Closed coil springs were ligated between the upper incisors and first molar to exert an orthodontic force (40 g) between the teeth. Injectable administration dosages were 30 μl saline or 30 μl saline containing 0.03 mg/kg UFP-101. Following the injections, orofacial pain levels were assessed through directed face grooming (mouth wiping). Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) and p values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant.
Results
Orofacial pain levels were significantly higher in the force group than in the control group. Orofacial pain levels differed significantly between the force group, force+saline periodontal group and force+UFP-101 periodontal group, but were similar between the control group, force+UFP-101 intraperitoneal group and force+saline intraperitoneal group. Moreover, orofacial pain levels did not differ between the force group, force+saline intraperitoneal group and force+UFP-101 intraperitoneal group.
Conclusions
Periodontal, but not intraperitoneal, administration of UFP-101 could alleviate orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats, suggesting that periodontal N/OFQ receptors participate in orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yuwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - He Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Rui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Renhuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases , Department of Orthodontics , West China Hospital of Stomatology , Sichuan University , Chengdu , China
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Wang Y, Long H, Jian F, Li X, Yang X, Zhao Z, Lai W. Nociceptin/orphanin FQ up-regulates P2X3receptors in primary cultures of neonatal rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:409-15. [PMID: 26607208 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China School of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Xin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Long H, Liao L, Gao M, Ma W, Zhou Y, Jian F, Wang Y, Lai W. Periodontal CGRP contributes to orofacial pain following experimental tooth movement in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 52:31-7. [PMID: 26164378 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin-related gene peptide (CGRP) plays an important role in orofacial inflammatory pain. The aim of this study was to determine whether periodontal CGRP contributes to orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. Closed coil springs were used to deliver forces. Rats were euthanized on 0d, 1d, 3d, 5d, 7d, and 14d following experimental tooth movement. Then, alveolar bones were obtained for immunostaining of periodontal tissues against CGRP. Two hours prior to euthanasia on each day, orofacial pain levels were assessed through rat grimace scale. CGRP and olcegepant (CGRP receptor antagonist) were injected into periodontal tissues to verify the roles of periodontal CGRP in orofacial pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Periodontal CGRP expression levels and orofacial pain levels were elevated on 1d, 3d, 5d, and 7d following experimental tooth movement. The two indices were significantly correlated with each other and fitted into a dose-response model. Periodontal administration of CGRP could elevate periodontal CGRP expressions and exacerbate orofacial pain. Moreover, olcegepant administration could decrease periodontal CGRP expressions and alleviate orofacial pain. Therefore, periodontal CGRP plays an important role in pain transmission and modulation following experimental tooth movement. We suggest that it may participate in a positive feedback aiming to amplify orofacial pain signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lina Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meiya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenqiang Ma
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Qiao H, Gao Y, Zhang C, Zhou H. Increased expression of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion is involved in orofacial pain during experimental tooth movement in rats. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 123:17-23. [PMID: 25407056 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) is involved in pain induced by experimental tooth movement, experiments were performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250 g. Directed face-grooming behavior was used to evaluate nocifensive behavior in rats during experimental tooth movement. The distribution of TRPV1 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and its expression was detected by western blotting at several time points following the application of various magnitudes of force during tooth movement. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that TRPV1 was expressed in TG, and its expression was increased after experimental tooth movement. Western blot results also showed that experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in expression of TRPV1 protein in TG. Meanwhile, the time spent on directed face-grooming peaked on day 1 and thereafter showed a gradual decrease. In addition, both the change in TRPV1 expression in the TG and directed face-grooming behavior were modulated in a force-dependent manner and in concert with initial orthodontic pain responses. Our results reveal that TRPV1 expression is modulated by experimental tooth movement and is involved in tooth-movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qiao
- Department of Orthodontics, the Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, China
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Liao L, Long H, Zhang L, Chen H, Zhou Y, Ye N, Lai W. Evaluation of pain in rats through facial expression following experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2014; 122:121-4. [PMID: 24428464 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Helin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Niansong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; Department of Orthodontics; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu China
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Yang Z, Luo W, Wang J, Tan Y, Fu R, Fang B. Chemokine ligand 2 in the trigeminal ganglion regulates pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:730-6. [PMID: 24417496 DOI: 10.2319/090213-643.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the chemokine ligand 2/chemokine receptor 2 (CCL2/CCR2) signaling pathway plays an important role in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of CCL2/CCR2 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was determined by Western blotting 0 hours, 4 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after tooth movement. CCL2 localization and cell size distribution were revealed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of increasing force on CCL2 expression and behavioral changes were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of CCL2/CCR2 antagonists on these changes in pain behaviors were all evaluated. Exogenous CCL2 was injected into periodontal tissues and cultured TG neurons with different concentrations, and then the pain responses or c-fos expression were assessed. RESULTS Experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in CCL2/CCR2 expression from day 3 to day 7, especially in small to medium-sized TG neurons. It also triggered an increase in the time spent on directed face-grooming behaviors in a force magnitude-dependent and CCL2 dose-dependent manner. Pain induced by experimental tooth movement was effectively blocked by a CCR2 antagonist and by CCL2 neutralizing antibody. Also, exogenous CCL2 led to an increase in c-fos expression in cultured TG neurons, which was blocked by CCL2 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral CCL2/CCR2 axis is modulated by experimental tooth movement and involved in the development of tooth movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- a Research Scientist and Instructor, Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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Luo W, Fu R, Tan Y, Fang B, Yang Z. Chemokine CCL2 up-regulated in the medullary dorsal horn astrocytes contributes to nocifensive behaviors induced by experimental tooth movement. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 122:27-35. [PMID: 24206110 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Department of Orthodontics; Shanghai Stomatological Disease Center; Shanghai China
| | - Runqing Fu
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Yu Tan
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Bing Fang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Oral & Cranio-Maxillofacial Science; Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital; School of Medicine; Shanghai Jiaotong University; Shanghai China
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Liao L, Hua X, Long H, Ye N, Zhou Y, Wang S, Lai W. Expression patterns of nociceptin in rats following experimental tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:1022-6. [PMID: 23650934 PMCID: PMC8722828 DOI: 10.2319/020913-119.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the expression levels of nociceptin following experimental tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups: sham and experimental groups. For the experimental group, closed coil springs were used to mimic orthodontic force (80 g) between upper incisors and first molars, and the rats were killed at 0 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 2 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 14 days. All of these procedures were similar for the sham group, except for that no force was applied. The four rats killed at 0 hours without any intervention were used as the baseline control in each group. Trigeminal nucleus caudalis from both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of force applications were obtained for immunostaining. RESULTS Nociceptin was expressed in both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of each group. Its expression levels started to increase on day 2, peaked on day 7, and returned to baseline on day 10 in the experimental group, while expression levels started to decrease on day 1 and returned to baseline on day 10 in the sham group. Moreover, the expression levels were similar between the ipsilateral and contralateral sides in each group. CONCLUSION The expression levels of nociceptin were elevated following experimental tooth movement. The anesthetic agent used in this study (chloral hydrate) may have an antagonism with nociceptin. Due to bilateral innervation of anterior teeth and bilateral projection of nerve fibers, the expression levels of nociceptin were similar between ipsilateral and contralateral sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liao
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaochuan Hua
- Masters Graduate Student, Huiying Dental Clinic, 55# Huashan Nan Road, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hu Long
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Niansong Ye
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Masters Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- PhD Graduate Student, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- Professor, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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