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Functionally Significant Variants in Genes Associated with Abdominal Obesity: A Review. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13030460. [PMID: 36983642 PMCID: PMC10056771 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of obesity and of its associated diseases is a major problem worldwide. Genetic predisposition and the influence of environmental factors contribute to the development of obesity. Changes in the structure and functional activity of genes encoding adipocytokines are involved in the predisposition to weight gain and obesity. In this review, variants in genes associated with adipocyte function are examined, as are variants in genes associated with metabolic aberrations and the accompanying disorders in visceral obesity.
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Aisyah R, Sadewa AH, Patria SY, Wahab A. The PPARGC1A Is the Gene Responsible for Thrifty Metabolism Related Metabolic Diseases: A Scoping Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1894. [PMID: 36292779 PMCID: PMC9601628 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The "thrifty genotype" hypothesis has thus far described the relationship between specific genes and the population's resilience to food scarcity circumstances, but its link to the widespread prevalence of genetic diseases and metabolic syndrome has not been adequately mapped. The purpose of the study was to discover genes responsible for thrifty metabolism. A systematic search with keywords was performed for relevant titles. This study used the article's database published by Pubmed, Proquest, and EBSCO from January, 2009 to September, 2022. Out of 418 papers screened for eligibility, the final evaluation determined that five studies should be included in the analysis. Results indicated that PPARGC1A Gly482Ser led to high BMI in the Tongans population but was unrelated to the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus, but this was not the case in the Maori population. Significantly differing frequencies of PPAR C1431T and Pro12Ala gene polymorphisms were observed in the Iranian population. GWAS identification of additional genes in Asian and European populations did not produce consistent findings. As a summary, PPARGC1A Gly482Ser addresses as the gene responsible for thrifty metabolism in the Pacific population although some studies show inconsistent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riandini Aisyah
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Surakarta 57169, Indonesia
- Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Ahmad Hamim Sadewa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Suryono Yudha Patria
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
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Wells JCK, Stock JT. Life History Transitions at the Origins of Agriculture: A Model for Understanding How Niche Construction Impacts Human Growth, Demography and Health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:325. [PMID: 32508752 PMCID: PMC7253633 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over recent millennia, human populations have regularly reconstructed their subsistence niches, changing both how they obtain food and the conditions in which they live. For example, over the last 12,000 years the vast majority of human populations shifted from foraging to practicing different forms of agriculture. The shift to farming is widely understood to have impacted several aspects of human demography and biology, including mortality risk, population growth, adult body size, and physical markers of health. However, these trends have not been integrated within an over-arching conceptual framework, and there is poor understanding of why populations tended to increase in population size during periods when markers of health deteriorated. Here, we offer a novel conceptual approach based on evolutionary life history theory. This theory assumes that energy availability is finite and must be allocated in competition between the functions of maintenance, growth, reproduction, and defence. In any given environment, and at any given stage during the life-course, natural selection favours energy allocation strategies that maximise fitness. We argue that the origins of agriculture involved profound transformations in human life history strategies, impacting both the availability of energy and the way that it was allocated between life history functions in the body. Although overall energy supply increased, the diet composition changed, while sedentary populations were challenged by new infectious burdens. We propose that this composite new ecological niche favoured increased energy allocation to defence (immune function) and reproduction, thus reducing the allocation to growth and maintenance. We review evidence in support of this hypothesis and highlight how further work could address both heterogeneity and specific aspects of the origins of agriculture in more detail. Our approach can be applied to many other transformations of the human subsistence niche, and can shed new light on the way that health, height, life expectancy, and fertility patterns are changing in association with globalization and nutrition transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jonathan C. K. Wells
| | - Jay T. Stock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
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Helmy M, Hatlen A, Marco A. The Impact of Population Variation in the Analysis of microRNA Target Sites. Noncoding RNA 2019; 5:E42. [PMID: 31234531 PMCID: PMC6630466 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna5020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of population variation in the analysis of regulatory interactions is an underdeveloped area. MicroRNA target recognition occurs via pairwise complementarity. Consequently, a number of computational prediction tools have been developed to identify potential target sites that can be further validated experimentally. However, as microRNA target predictions are done mostly considering a reference genome sequence, target sites showing variation among populations are neglected. Here, we studied the variation at microRNA target sites in human populations and quantified their impact in microRNA target prediction. We found that African populations carry a significant number of potential microRNA target sites that are not detectable in the current human reference genome sequence. Some of these targets are conserved in primates and only lost in Out-of-Africa populations. Indeed, we identified experimentally validated microRNA/transcript interactions that are not detected in standard microRNA target prediction programs, yet they have segregating target alleles abundant in non-European populations. In conclusion, we show that ignoring population diversity may leave out regulatory elements essential to understand disease and gene expression, particularly neglecting populations of African origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohab Helmy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Andrea Hatlen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Antonio Marco
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Cheng TYD, Shankar J, Zirpoli G, Roberts MR, Hong CC, Bandera EV, Ambrosone CB, Yao S. Genetic variants in the mTOR pathway and interaction with body size and weight gain on breast cancer risk in African-American and European American women. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:965-76. [PMID: 27314662 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-016-0774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Positive energy imbalance and growth factors linked to obesity promote the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. As the obesity-breast cancer associations differ between European American (EA) and African-American (AA) women, we investigated genetic variants in the mTOR pathway and breast cancer risk in these two racial groups. METHODS We examined 400 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 31 mTOR pathway genes in the Women's Circle of Health Study with 1263 incident breast cancers (645 EA, 618 AA) and 1382 controls (641 EA, 741 AA). Multivariable logistic regression was performed separately within racial groups. Effect modification was assessed for measured body size and weight gain since age 20. RESULTS In EA women, variants in FRAP1 rs12125777 (intron), PRR5L rs3740958 (synonymous coding), and CDKAL1 rs9368197 (intron) were associated with increased breast cancer risk, while variants in RPTOR rs9900506 (intron) were associated with decreased risk (nominal p-trend for functional and FRAP1 SNPs or p adjusted for correlated test [p ACT] < 0.05). For AA women, variants in RPTOR rs3817293 (intron), PIK3R1 rs7713645 (intron), and CDKAL1 rs9368197 were associated with decreased breast cancer risk. The significance for FRAP1 rs12125777 and RPTOR rs9900506 in EA women did not hold after correction for multiple comparisons. The risk associated with FRAP1 rs12125777 was higher among EAs who had body mass index ≥30 kg/m(2) (odds ratio = 7.69, 95 % CI 2.11-28.0; p-interaction = 0.007) and gained weight ≥35 lb since age 20 (odds ratio = 3.34, 95 % CI 1.42-7.85; p-interaction = 0.021), compared to their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS The mTOR pathway may be involved in breast cancer carcinogenesis differently for EA and AA women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yuan David Cheng
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | | | - Gary Zirpoli
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Michelle R Roberts
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Song Yao
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
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Nakayama K, Watanabe K, Boonvisut S, Makishima S, Miyashita H, Iwamoto S. Common variants of GIP are associated with visceral fat accumulation in Japanese adults. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G1108-14. [PMID: 25324507 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00282.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies have demonstrated that glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and GIP receptor (GIPR) contribute to the etiology of obesity. In humans, genomewide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the GIPR gene that are strongly associated with body mass index (BMI); however, it is not clear whether genetic variations in the GIP gene are involved in the development of obesity. In the current study, we assessed the impact of GIP SNPs on obesity-related traits in Japanese adults. Six tag SNPs were tested for associations with obesity-related traits in 3,013 individuals. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that rs9904288, located at the 3'-end of GIP, was significantly associated with visceral fat area (VFA). Moreover, rs1390154 and rs4794008 showed significant associations with plasma triglyceride levels and hemoglobin A1c levels, respectively. Among the significant SNPs, rs9904288 and rs1390154 were independently linked with SNPs in active enhancers of the duodenum mucosa, the main GIP-secreting tissue. The haplotypes of these two SNPs exhibited stronger associations with VFA. Numbers of VFA-increasing alleles of rs9904288 and BMI-increasing alleles of previously identified GIPR SNPs showed a strong additive effect on VFA, waist circumference, and BMI in the subject population. These novel results support the notion that the GIP-GIPR axis plays a role in the etiology of central obesity in humans, which is characterized by the accumulation of visceral fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakayama
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Kazuhisa Watanabe
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Supichaya Boonvisut
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | - Saho Makishima
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
| | | | - Sadahiko Iwamoto
- Division of Human Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; and
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Adaptive human CDKAL1 variants underlie hormonal response variations at the enteroinsular axis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105410. [PMID: 25222615 PMCID: PMC4164438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent analyses have identified positively selected loci that explain differences in immune responses, body forms, and adaptations to extreme climates, but variants that describe adaptations in energy-balance regulation remain underexplored. To identify variants that confer adaptations in energy-balance regulation, we explored the evolutionary history and functional associations of candidate variants in 207 genes. We screened single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that had been associated with energy-balance regulation for unusual genetic patterns in human populations, followed by studying associations among selected variants and serum levels of GIP, insulin, and C-peptide in pregnant women after an oral glucose tolerance test. Our analysis indicated that 5′ variants in CDKAL1, CYB5R4, GAD2, and PPARG are marked with statistically significant signals of gene–environment interactions. Importantly, studies of serum hormone levels showed that variants in CDKAL1 are associated with glucose-induced GIP and insulin responses (p<0.05). On the other hand, a GAD2 variant exhibited a significant association with glucose-induced C-peptide response. In addition, simulation analysis indicated that a type 2 diabetes risk variant in CDKAL1 (rs7754840) was selected in East Asians ∼6,900 years ago. Taken together, these data indicated that variants in CDKAL1 and GAD2 were targets of prior environmental selection. Because the selection of the CDKAL1 variant overlapped with the selection of a cluster of GIP variants in the same population ∼11,800 to 2,000 years ago, we speculate that these regulatory genes at the human enteroinsular axis could be highly responsive to environmental selection in recent human history.
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Li H, Zuo X, Ouyang P, Lin M, Zhao Z, Liang Y, Zhong S, Rao S. Identifying functional modules for coronary artery disease by a prior knowledge-based approach. Gene 2013; 537:260-8. [PMID: 24389497 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, the underlying genetic mechanisms for coronary artery disease (CAD) have been largely unknown, with just a list of genes identified accounting for very little of the disease in the population. Hence, a systematic dissection of the sophisticated interplays between these individual disease genes and their functional involvements becomes essential. Here, we presented a novel knowledge-based approach to identify the functional modules for CAD. First, we selected 266 disease genes in CADgene database as the initial seed genes, and used PPI knowledge as a guide to expand these genes into a CAD-specific gene network. Then, we used Newman's algorithm to decompose the primary network into 14 compact modules with high modularity. By analysis of these modules, we further identified 114 hub genes, all either directly or indirectly associated with CAD. Finally, by functional analysis of these modules, we revealed several novel pathogenic mechanisms for CAD (for examples, some yet rarely concerned like peptide YY receptor activity, Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and actin cytoskeleton regulation etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoli Li
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology and Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zuo
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology and Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ping Ouyang
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology and Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Meihua Lin
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology and Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology and Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China; Department of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Shouqiang Zhong
- Department of Internal Cardiovascular Medicine, Maoming People's Hospital, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Shaoqi Rao
- Institute for Medical Systems Biology and Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan 523808, China; Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Statistical Sciences, School of Mathematics and Computational Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Cho YM, Merchant CE, Kieffer TJ. Targeting the glucagon receptor family for diabetes and obesity therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:247-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tjota MY, Kozak BM, Chang EM, Close KL. 4th International Conference on Advanced Technologies and Treatments for Diabetes. J Diabetes 2011; 3:95-102. [PMID: 21599863 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-0407.2011.00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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