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Xiang W, Li L, Hong F, Zeng Y, Zhang J, Xie J, Shen G, Wang J, Fang Z, Qi W, Yang X, Gao G, Zhou T. N-cadherin cleavage: A critical function that induces diabetic retinopathy fibrosis via regulation of β-catenin translocation. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22878. [PMID: 36939278 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201664rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Retinal fibrosis is a severe pathological change in the late stage of diabetic retinopathy and is also the leading cause of blindness. We have previously revealed that N-cadherin was significantly increased in type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice retinas and the fibrovascular membranes from proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. However, whether N-cadherin directly induces retinal fibrosis in DR and the related mechanism is unknown. Here, we investigated the pathogenic role of N-cadherin in mediating retinal fibrosis and further explored the relevant therapeutic targets. We found that the level of N-cadherin was significantly increased in PDR patients and STZ-induced diabetic mice and positively correlated with the fibrotic molecules Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF) and fibronectin (FN). Moreover, intravitreal injection of N-cadherin adenovirus significantly increased the expression of FN and CTGF in normal mice retinas. Mechanistically, overexpression of N-cadherin promotes N-cadherin cleavage, and N-cadherin cleavage can further induce translocation of non-p-β-catenin in the nucleus and upregulation of fibrotic molecules. Furthermore, we found a novel N-cadherin cleavage inhibitor, pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF), which ameliorated the N-cadherin cleavage and subsequent retinal fibrosis in diabetic mice. Thus, our findings provide novel evidence that elevated N-cadherin level not only acts as a classic EMT maker but also plays a causative role in diabetic retinal fibrosis, and targeting N-cadherin cleavage may provide a strategy to inhibit retinal fibrosis in DR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longhui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fuyan Hong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongcheng Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinye Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gang Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoquan Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Gene Manipulation and Biomacromolecular Products, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ti Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- China Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Sadasivam R, Packirisamy G, Shakya S, Goswami M. Non-invasive multimodal imaging of Diabetic Retinopathy: A survey on treatment methods and Nanotheranostics. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:166-181. [PMID: 33564616 PMCID: PMC7868006 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.56015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most prominent microvascular complications of diabetes. It is one of the pre-eminent causes for vision impairment followed by blindness among the working-age population worldwide. The de facto cause for DR remains challenging, despite several efforts made to unveil the mechanism underlying the pathology of DR. There is quite less availability of the low cost pre-emptive theranostic imaging tools in terms of in-depth resolution, due to the multiple factors involved in the etiology of DR. This review work comprehensively explores the various reports and research works on all perspectives of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and its mechanism. It also discusses various advanced non-destructive imaging modalities, current, and future treatment approaches. Further, the application of various nanoparticle-based drug delivery strategies used for the treatment of DR are also discussed. In a nutshell, the present review work bolsters the pursuit of the development of an advanced non-invasive optical imaging modal with a nano-theranostic approach for the future diagnosis and treatment of DR and its associated ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Sadasivam
- Divyadrishti Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Gopinath Packirisamy
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
| | - Snehlata Shakya
- Department of clinical physiology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Skåne, Sweden
| | - Mayank Goswami
- Divyadrishti Imaging Laboratory, Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand-247667, India
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3
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Apolipoprotein(a), an enigmatic anti-angiogenic glycoprotein in human plasma: A curse or cure? Pharmacol Res 2020; 158:104858. [PMID: 32430285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a finely co-ordinated, multi-step developmental process of the new vascular structure. Even though angiogenesis is regularly occurring in physiological events such as embryogenesis, in adults, it is restricted to specific tissue sites where rapid cell-turnover and membrane synthesis occurs. Both excessive and insufficient angiogenesis lead to vascular disorders such as cancer, ocular diseases, diabetic retinopathy, atherosclerosis, intra-uterine growth restriction, ischemic heart disease, stroke etc. Occurrence of altered lipid profile and vascular lipid deposition along with vascular disorders is a hallmark of impaired angiogenesis. Among lipoproteins, lipoprotein(a) needs special attention due to the presence of a multi-kringle protein subunit, apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], which is structurally homologous to many naturally occurring anti-angiogenic proteins such as plasminogen and angiostatin. Researchers have constructed different recombinant forms of apo(a) (rhLK68, rhLK8, RHACK2, KV-11, and AU-6) and successfully exploited its potential to inhibit unwanted angiogenesis during tumor metastasis and retinal neovascularization. Similar to naturally occurring anti-angiogenic proteins, apo(a) can directly interfere with angiogenic signaling pathways. Besides this, apo(a) can also exert its anti-angiogenic effect indirectly by inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, by inhibiting endothelial progenitor cell functions or by upregulating nuclear factors in endothelial cells via apo(a)-bound oxPLs. However, the impact of the anti-angiogenic potential of native apo(a) during physiological angiogenesis in embryos and wounded tissues is not yet explored. In this context, we review the studies so far done to demonstrate the anti-angiogenic activity of apo(a) and the recent developments in using apo(a) as a therapeutic agent to treat impaired angiogenesis during vascular disorders, with emphasis on the gaps in the literature.
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4
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Zhang Y, Zheng L. Apolipoprotein: prospective biomarkers in digestive tract cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:3712-3720. [PMID: 35117733 PMCID: PMC8799137 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-19-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Digestive tract cancer, which is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, seriously affects the quality of life of patients worldwide. The digestive tract has abundant blood supply and nutriment, providing a suitable environment for tumor cells. Under chemical, physical, and biological stimuli, the activated cancer-related genes promote tumorigenesis. The synthesis of apolipoprotein occurs in the liver, intestine, and other digestive organs. However, the functions of apolipoproteins are not limited to lipid metabolism. An increasing number of studies have revealed that apolipoproteins take part in the regulation of tumor behavior. Apolipoprotein A (apoA) has recently been acknowledged as a beneficial indicator of several cancers, including colon, hepatocellular, and pancreatic cancer. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) can affect tumor susceptibility on account of genetic polymorphism. Levels of apolipoprotein C (apoC), B (apoB), and D (apoD) also impact tumor progression and the prognosis of patients. However, because of individual, racial, and genetic differences, a consensus has not yet been reached. Based on clinical data and analysis, apolipoproteins could be a novel target and marker in tumor therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
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5
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Sun Q, Shen Y, Su L, Xu X. Inhibition of Pathological Retinal Neovascularization by a Small Peptide Derived from Human Tissue-Type Plasminogen Kringle 2. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1639. [PMID: 32063854 PMCID: PMC6997789 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neovascularization is a hallmark pathological process of numerous ocular diseases which comprise the most common causes of blindness and affect millions of people from infants to the elderly. Compared to large proteins, small peptides have advantages for therapeutic application in ocular diseases, especially for retinal diseases. In this study, we investigated a small peptide derived from human tissue-type plasminogen kringle 2 (t-PA kringle 2), named TKII-12, and investigated the effect of TKII-12 on various aspects of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that TKII-12 effectively inhibited VEGF-induced human retinal microvascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation on Matrigel dose-dependently as well as sequence-dependently. TKII-12 inhibited VEGF-induced formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions in vascular endothelial cells. Moreover, TKII-12 effectively inhibited retinal neovascularization in a mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model. Our study demonstrated that TKII-12 could effectively inhibit retinal angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by eliminating the formation of focal adhesion complexes and the organization of actin stress fibers. TKII-12 can serve as a prototype for retinal angiogenesis inhibitory drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinchen Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Lin W, Tu H, Zhu Y, Guan Y, Liu H, Ling W, Yan P, Dong J. Curcumolide, a unique sesquiterpenoid from Curcuma wenyujin displays anti-angiogenic activity and attenuates ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 64:152923. [PMID: 31450226 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor is a common treatment strategy for neovascular eye disease, a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. However, these approaches are limited or carry various complications. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of unique therapeutic approaches. PURPOSE To investigate the anti-angiogenic effects of curcumolide and its mechanism of action. METHODS /STUDY DESIGNS In this study, we examine the effects of curcumolide on the process of vasculature formation, including cell proliferation, migration, tube formation and apoptosis in vitro using human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). We also assess the anti-angiogenic effects of curcumolide in vivo using a mouse model of oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR). The mechanism of anti-angiogenic effects was investigated by measuring the expression level of various signaling proteins and the molecular docking simulations. RESULTS Intravitreal injection of curcumolide reduced the formation of retinal neovascular tufts and VEGFR2 phosphorylation in the murine OIR model at concentrations administered without definite cellular and retinal toxicities. Curcumolide suppressed VEGF-induced HRMECs proliferation, migration and tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, it promoted caspase-dependent apoptosis. Curcumolide also inhibited VEGF-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase, and suppressed downstream protein kinases of VEGFR2, including Src, FAK, ERK, AKT, and mTOR in HRMECs. In silico study revealed that curcumolide bound with ATP-binding sites of the VEGFR2 kinase unit by the formation of a hydrogen bond and hydrophobic interactions. CONCLUSION Curcumolide has anti-angiogenic activity in HUVECs and in a murine OIR model of ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization, and it might be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lin
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Hongfeng Tu
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Yao Zhu
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Yijian Guan
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Hui Liu
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Wei Ling
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Yan
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China
| | - Jianyong Dong
- Pharmacy School, Wenzhou Medical University, A509, Pharmacy School Building, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, PR China.
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7
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Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim JH. Targeting tyrosine kinases for treatment of ocular tumors. Arch Pharm Res 2018; 42:305-318. [PMID: 30470974 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-1094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is the most common intraocular primary malignant tumor in adults, and retinoblastoma is the one in children. Current mainstay treatment options include chemotherapy using conventional drugs and enucleation, the total removal of the eyeball. Targeted therapies based on profound understanding of molecular mechanisms of ocular tumors may increase the possibility of preserving the eyeball and the vision. Tyrosine kinases, which modulate signaling pathways regarding various cellular functions including proliferation, differentiation, and attachment, are one of the attractive targets for targeted therapies against uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma. In this review, the roles of both types of tyrosine kinases, receptor tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, were summarized in relation with ocular tumors. Although the conventional treatment options for uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma are radiotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively, specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors will enhance our armamentarium against them by controlling cancer-associated signaling pathways related to tyrosine kinases. This review can be a stepping stone for widening treatment options and realizing targeted therapies against uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Research Center, Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Research Center, Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Tumor Microenvironment Research Center, Global Core Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Jo DH, Bae J, Chae S, Kim JH, Han JH, Hwang D, Lee SW, Kim JH. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals β2 Integrin-mediated Cytoskeletal Rearrangement in Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)-induced Retinal Vascular Hyperpermeability. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1681-91. [PMID: 26969716 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vascular hyperpermeability causes macular edema, leading to visual deterioration in retinal diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and retinal vascular occlusion. Dysregulation of junction integrity between endothelial cells by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was shown to cause retinal vascular hyperpermeability. Accordingly, anti-VEGF agents have been used to treat retinal vascular hyperpermeability. However, they can confer potential toxicity through their deleterious effects on maintenance and survival of neuronal and endothelial cells in the retina. Thus, it is important to identify novel therapeutic targets for retinal vascular hyperpermeability other than VEGF. Here, we prepared murine retinas showing VEGF-induced vascular leakage from superficial retinal vascular plexus and prevention of VEGF-induced leakage by anti-VEGF antibody treatment. We then performed comprehensive proteome profiling of these samples and identified retinal proteins for which abundances were differentially expressed by VEGF, but such alterations were inhibited by anti-VEGF antibody. Functional enrichment and network analyses of these proteins revealed the β2 integrin pathway, which can prevent dysregulation of junction integrity between endothelial cells through cytoskeletal rearrangement, as a potential therapeutic target for retinal vascular hyperpermeability. Finally, we experimentally demonstrated that inhibition of the β2 integrin pathway salvaged VEGF-induced retinal vascular hyperpermeability, supporting its validity as an alternative therapeutic target to anti-VEGF agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- From the ‡Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; §Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jingi Bae
- ‖Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- **Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea; and
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- From the ‡Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jong-Hee Han
- ‖Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- **Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Korea; and
| | - Sang-Won Lee
- ‖Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- From the ‡Fight Against Angiogenesis-related Blindness Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; §Department of Biomedical Sciences and Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea; §§Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
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Size, surface charge, and shape determine therapeutic effects of nanoparticles on brain and retinal diseases. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1603-11. [PMID: 25989200 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Nanoparticles can be valuable therapeutic options to overcome physical barriers to reach central nervous system. Systemically administered nanoparticles can pass through blood-neural barriers; whereas, locally injected nanoparticles directly reach neuronal and perineuronal cells. In this review, we highlight the importance of size, surface charge, and shape of nanoparticles in determining therapeutic effects on brain and retinal diseases. These features affect overall processes of delivery of nanoparticles: in vivo stability in blood and other body fluids, clearance via mononuclear phagocyte system, attachment with target cells, and penetration into target cells. Furthermore, they are also determinants of nano-bio interfaces: they determine corona formation with proteins in body fluids. Taken together, we emphasize the importance of considerations on characteristics of nanoparticles more suitable for the treatment of brain and retinal diseases in the development of nanoparticle-based therapeutics. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The central nervous system (CNS) remains an area where drug access and delivery are difficult clinically due to the blood brain barrier. With advances in nanotechnology, many researchers have designed and produced nanoparticle-based systems in an attempt to solve this problem. In this concise review, the authors described the current status of drug delivery to the CNS, based on particle size and shape. This article should stimulate more research to be done on future drug design.
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Jo DH, Kim JH, Kim JH. A platform of integrative studies from in vitro to in vivo experiments: towards drug development for ischemic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2014; 69:367-73. [PMID: 25661384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathologic angiogenesis induced by hypoxia is a hallmark of ischemic retinopathy including diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity. These 2 diseases affect substantial number of working population and preterm babies, respectively, resulting in visual deterioration. It is essential for novel therapeutics for ischemic retinopathy to demonstrate the potency in reducing pathologic angiogenesis and the safety without definite toxicity on the retina and the whole body. In this review, we suggest a novel platform of integrative studies from in vitro to in vivo experiments on angiogenesis and toxicity with the aim of accelerating and facilitating the development of novel therapeutic agents for ischemic retinopathy. Robust in vitro and in vivo studies with bridging microfluidic and ex vivo systems help researchers to evaluate the efficacy and anticipate the toxicity of candidate drugs. We hope that novel therapeutic approach based on this platform will be developed in near future and reduce the incidence of vision loss from ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea; Protein Metabolism Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Park SW, Yun JH, Kim JH, Kim KW, Cho CH, Kim JH. Angiopoietin 2 induces pericyte apoptosis via α3β1 integrin signaling in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2014; 63:3057-68. [PMID: 24722242 DOI: 10.2337/db13-1942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pericyte loss is an early characteristic change in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Despite accumulating evidence that hyperglycemia-induced angiopoietin 2 (Ang2) has a central role in pericyte loss, the precise molecular mechanism has not been elucidated. This study investigated the role of Ang2 in pericyte loss in DR. We demonstrated that pericyte loss occurred with Ang2 increase in the diabetic mouse retina and that the source of Ang2 could be the endothelial cell. Ang2 induced pericyte apoptosis via the p53 pathway under high glucose, whereas Ang2 alone did not induce apoptosis. Integrin, not Tie-2 receptor, was involved for Ang2-induced pericyte apoptosis under high glucose as an Ang2 receptor. High glucose changed the integrin expression pattern, which increased integrin α3 and β1 in the pericyte. Furthermore, Ang2-induced pericyte apoptosis in vitro was effectively attenuated via p53 suppression by blocking integrin α3 and β1. Although intravitreal injection of Ang2 induced pericyte loss in C57BL/6J mice retina in vivo, intravitreal injection of anti-integrin α3 and β1 antibodies attenuated Ang2-induced pericyte loss. Taken together, Ang2 induced pericyte apoptosis under high glucose via α3β1 integrin. Glycemic control or blocking Ang2/integrin signaling could be a potential therapeutic target to prevent pericyte loss in early DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Park
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang-Hyuk Yun
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Won Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology and Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Inhibition of pathological corneal neovascularization by a small peptide derived from human apolipoprotein (a) Kringle V. Cornea 2014; 33:405-13. [PMID: 24452210 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of AU6, a novel 6-amino acid peptide derived from Kringle V of human apolipoprotein (a). METHODS RF/6A rhesus macaque choroid endothelial cells were used for in vitro studies. MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt] assays and modified Boyden chamber and Matrigel assays were used to evaluate the inhibitory effect of AU6 on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated endothelial cell functions, including cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. The chick chorioallantoic membrane model, micropocket corneal neovascularization (CNV) model, and alkali burn CNV model were evaluated in vivo. Bevacizumab (Avastin), the VEGF-neutralizing antibody, and a scrambled peptide (AU6s) were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. RESULTS AU6 inhibited VEGF-induced RF/6A cell migration, proliferation, and tube formation. It also reduced pathological neovascularization in the chorioallantoic membrane model and in the 2 CNV models, that is, the mouse corneal micropocket model and the rat cornea alkali burn model. CONCLUSIONS AU6 effectively inhibited pathogenic CNV. This novel peptide shows potential as a new treatment for ocular neovascularization.
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Gupta A, Mohanty P, Bhatnagar S. Integrative analysis of ocular complications in atherosclerosis unveils pathway convergence and crosstalk. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:149-64. [PMID: 25055025 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.942462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a life-threatening disease and a major cause of mortalities worldwide. While many of the atherosclerotic sequelae are reflected as microvascular effects in the eye, the molecular mechanisms of their development is not yet known. In this study, we employed a systems biology approach to unveil the most significant events and key molecular mediators of ophthalmic sequelae caused by atherosclerosis. Literature mining was used to identify the proteins involved in both atherosclerosis and ophthalmic diseases. A protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was prepared using the literature-mined seed nodes. Network topological analysis was carried out using Cytoscape, while network nodes were annotated using database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery in order to identify the most enriched pathways and processes. Network analysis revealed that mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1) and protein kinase C occur with highest betweenness centrality, degree and closeness centrality, thus reflecting their functional importance to the network. Our analysis shows that atherosclerosis-associated ophthalmic complications are caused by the convergence of neurotrophin signaling pathways, multiple immune response pathways and focal adhesion pathway on the MAPK signaling pathway. The PPI network shares features with vasoregression, a process underlying multiple vascular eye diseases. Our study presents a first clear and composite picture of the components and crosstalk of the main pathways of atherosclerosis-induced ocular diseases. The hub bottleneck nodes highlight the presence of molecules important for mediating the ophthalmic complications of atherosclerosis and contain five established drug targets for future therapeutic modulation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Gupta
- Division of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
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Allosteric regulation of pathologic angiogenesis: potential application for angiogenesis-related blindness. Arch Pharm Res 2014; 37:285-98. [PMID: 24395531 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis-related blindness (ARB) includes age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and retinopathy of prematurity, all of which are based on pathologic angiogenesis. Current treatment options such as surgery, laser photocoagulation, and steroid have shown limitations because they do not directly resolve the pathologic events in the retina. Furthermore, recently approved and developed therapeutic drugs only focus on direct inhibition of growth factors and suppression of downstream signaling molecules of activated receptor proteins by orthosteric ligands. In this regard, allosteric regulation of receptors and ligands can be a valuable mechanism in the development of novel drugs for ARB. In this review, we briefly address the clinical significance of ARB for further discussion on allosteric regulation of pathologic angiogenesis for ARB. Interestingly, key molecules in the pathogenesis of ARB can be targets for allosteric regulation, sharing characteristics as allosteric proteins. With investigation of allostery by introducing well-established models for allosteric proteins and currently published novel allosteric modulators, we discuss the potential of allosteric regulation for ARB. In conclusion, we hope that allosteric regulation of pathologic angiogenesis in ARB can open new opportunities for drug development.
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Jo DH, Cho CS, Kim JH, Jun HO, Kim JH. Animal models of diabetic retinopathy: doors to investigate pathogenesis and potential therapeutics. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:38. [PMID: 23786217 PMCID: PMC3694455 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and validated animal models are valuable to investigate the pathogenesis and potential therapeutics for human diseases. There is much concern for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in that it affects substantial number of working population all around the world, resulting in visual deterioration and social deprivation. In this review, we discuss animal models of DR based on different species of animals from zebrafish to monkeys and prerequisites for animal models. Despite criticisms on imprudent use of laboratory animals, we hope that animal models of DR will be appropriately utilized to deepen our understanding on the pathogenesis of DR and to support our struggle to find novel therapeutics against catastrophic visual loss from DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Liu L, Boffa MB, Koschinsky ML. Apolipoprotein(a) inhibits in vitro tube formation in endothelial cells: identification of roles for Kringle V and the plasminogen activation system. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52287. [PMID: 23326327 PMCID: PMC3543409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated plasma concentrations of lipoprotein(a) are associated with increased risk for atherothrombotic diseases. Apolipoprotein(a), the unique glycoprotein component of lipoprotein(a), is characterized by the presence of multiple kringle domains, and shares a high degree of sequence homology with the serine protease zymogen plasminogen. It has been shown that angiostatin, a proteolytic fragment of plasminogen containing kringles 1–4, can effectively inhibit angiogenesis. Moreover, proteolytic fragments of plasminogen containing kringle 5 are even more potent inhibitors of angiogenesis than angiostatin. Despite its strong similarity with plasminogen, the role of apolipoprotein(a) in angiogenesis remains controversial, with both pro- and anti-angiogenic effects reported. In the current study, we evaluated the ability of apolipoprotein(a) to inhibit VEGF- and angiopoietin-induced tube formation in human umbilical cord endothelial cells. A 17 kringle-containing form of recombinant apo(a) (17K), corresponding to a well-characterized, physiologically-relevant form of the molecule, effectively inhibited tube formation induced by either VEGF or angiopoietin-1. Using additional recombinant apolipoprotein(a) (r-apo(a)) variants, we demonstrated that this effect was dependent on the presence of an intact lysine-binding site in kringle V domain of apo(a), but not on the presence of the functional lysine-binding site in apo(a) kringle IV type 10; sequences within in the amino-terminal half of the molecule were also not required for the inhibitory effects of apo(a). We also showed that the apo(a)-mediated inhibition tube formation could be reversed, in part by the addition of plasmin or urokinase plasminogen activator, or by removal of plasminogen from the system. Further, we demonstrated that apo(a) treated with glycosidases to remove sialic acid was significantly less effective in inhibiting tube formation. This is the first report of a functional role for the glycosylation of apo(a) although the mechanisms underlying this observation remain to be determined in the context of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B. Boffa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Marlys L. Koschinsky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Kim SJ, Jin J, Kim YJ, Kim Y, Yu HG. Retinal proteome analysis in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:5186-203. [PMID: 23039900 DOI: 10.1021/pr300389r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
To identify proteins that are involved in the molecular mechanisms of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), a well-established model of blinding ischemic retinopathy, we quantitatively analyzed the retinal proteome in a mouse model of OIR. OIR was induced by exposing C57BL/6 mice on postnatal day 7 (P7) to 75% hyperoxia for 5 days, followed by 5 days in room air. Retinas from mice on P12 and P17, the hyperoxic and hypoxic phases, respectively, and control groups were examined using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. In total, 1422 retinal proteins were identified: 699 from the iTRAQ experiment and 1074 by nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Compared with control retinas in the iTRAQ study, OIR retinas upregulated and downregulated 21 and 17 proteins, respectively, in P17 retinas and 25 and 14 proteins, respectively, in P12 retinas. Of the differentially expressed proteins, the retinal expression of crystallin proteins, Müller cell-associated proteins, neurodegeneration-associated proteins, and angiogenesis-associated proteins, such as 150-kDa oxygen-regulated protein (ORP150), were analyzed. ORP150 colocalized to the neovascular tufts, and knockdown of ORP150 by siRNA decreased the levels of secreted VEGF in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Moreover, intravitreal administration of siRNA targeting ORP150 significantly reduced the retinal neovascularization in OIR. In conclusion, our proteomic discovery method, coupled with targeted approaches, revealed many proteins that were differentially regulated in the mouse model of OIR. These proteins, including ORP150, are potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of proliferative ischemic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Song HB, Park KD, Kim JH, Kim DH, Yu YS, Kim JH. Tissue factor regulates tumor angiogenesis of retinoblastoma via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2057-62. [PMID: 23007470 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma, a well-vascularized tumor that is dependent on a very robust angiogenic response, is the most common intraocular malignancy in children. Tissue factor (TF) is known to regulate tumor progression and in the present study we demonstrated that TF regulates tumor angiogenesis of retinoblastoma. In an orthotopic transplantation model of retinoblastoma, TF was selectively expressed in the proliferative area of retinoblastoma including tumor vessels as well as tumor cells, where TF expression was co-localized with endothelial cells of tumor vessels. TF expression progressively increased with fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2)-induced proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which was effectively inhibited by blockade of the TF pathway by TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI). In addition, FGF-2-induced angiogenic processes of migration and tube formation of vascular endothelial cells were also effectively suppressed by TFPI, which would be mediated by inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Therefore, further to our previous report that TF is involved in tumor cell proliferation of retinoblastoma, our current data suggest that blockade of the TF pathway by TFPI could effectively inhibit tumor growth by suppressing tumor cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Beom Song
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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